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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Jim L. Nelssen / A total of 188 sows and their litters were used in 2 experiments to evaluate methods to induce estrus and ovulation in lactating sows and effects on pig growth. In Exp. 1, an altered suckling method (ALT) was designed to combine split-weaning and intermittent suckling as a means to reduce the suckling stimulus in primi- and multiparous sows during the last week of lactation (d 18 to 25). The ALT sows were also removed for daily boar exposure. The ALT treatment produced lactational estrus in 75% and 95% of primiparous and multiparous sows, respectively. The ALT sows were in estrus earlier (P < 0.01) than controls post-farrowing, with no effect on subsequent reproductive performance. From d 18 to 32, the ALT treatment benefited (P < 0.01) growth of lightweight pigs but decreased (P < 0.01) BW gain of heavyweight pigs, resulting in overall similar growth. However, variation in BW was reduced (P < 0.01) by 50% for ALT litters. In Exp. 2, varying suckling reduction strategies were applied to boar-exposed lactating sows. Overall, 76% of sows in suckling reduction treatments expressed estrus in lactation. Split-weaned and ALT sows performed reproductively similar to controls, whereas sows with daily litter separation or a single 24 h litter removal tended (P < 0.10) to have reduced conception rates versus controls or split-weaned sows. Reduced suckling treatments differed in their ability to induce lactational estrus and impact on pig BW gain immediately post-weaning. However, no evidence was found of benefit for pig growth to market weight or litter BW variation. Four additional experiments using 902 nursery pigs were conducted to test the efficacy of potential detoxifying agents against deoxynivalenol (DON) in swine diets. The effects of DON were not offset by adding an algae-modified montmorillonite clay nor by a proprietary blend of preservatives and clays. However, hydrothermally treating DON-contaminated diets with sodium metabisulfite modified the structure of DON to a non-toxic DON-sulfonate adduct and restored nursery pig growth via improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI and G:F.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) ist ein gefä?aktives Peptid, welches zusätzlich verschiedenste nicht kardiovaskuläre physiologische und pathophysiologische Effekte besitzt. So wurde z.B. beschrieben, dass ET-1 in der Brustdrüse während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit exprimiert wird. Zusätzlich zu den bekannten Nährstoffen und Wachstumsfaktoren konnte auch ET-1 in der Muttermilch nachgewiesen werden, was auf eine physiologische Rolle von ET-1 für die Laktation und den säugenden Nachwuchs hinweist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Funktion von ET-1 in der Brustdrüsenentwicklung mit Hilfe von ET-1 transgenen Mäusen aufgeklärt werden. Die eingesetzten transgenen Tiere überexprimieren humanes ET-1 mit den entsprechenden 5''- und 3'' regulatorischen Sequenzen. Mit Hilfe dieser Strategie sollen die ET-1 spezifischen Funktionen während der Brustdrüsenentwicklung untersucht werden. Transgenes ET-1 wurde während der Tragzeit und Stillzeit in der Brustdrüse detektiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass säugende Neugeborene der ET-1 transgenen Mäuse eine geringere Gewichtszunahme und eine erhöhte Mortalität aufwiesen, welches auf einen Laktationsdefekt hinweist. Die histologische Untersuchung der Brustdrüse während der Tragzeit ergab eine reduzierte Milchkanalausbildung, kollabierte und nicht expandierende Alveoli, vermehrte Adipozytenausbildung und fortbestehende zytoplasmatische Lipidtropfen (CLDs). Zusätzlich war die Expression des Milchproteins WAP reprimiert. Interessanterweise wurde diese Repression nicht durch STAT5, einem beschriebenem Regulator der Milchproteinexpression und Alveolarexpansion, vermittelt, da dessen Aktivität unverändert war. Als Konsequenz dieses Laktationsdefekts konnte eine verfrühte Rückbildung der Brustdrüse festgestellt werden. Diese ging mit einer erhöhten Expression von STAT3 einher. Interessanterweise wies der bekannte Aktivator von STAT3, LIF, ebenfalls eine gesteigerte Aktivität auf, sowohl während der Tragzeit als auch während der Laktation. Zusätzlich zu den beschriebenen Defekten bei der Milchabgabe zeigten histologische Untersuchungen der Brustdrüse eine Laktationshyperplasie während der mittleren Laktationsphase. In diesem Zusammenhang wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ET-1 Rezeptoren, neben den klassischen Signalwegen dieser G Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren, auch mit Tyosinkinaserezeptoren wie z. B. dem EGFR interagieren können. Brustdrüsen von ET-1 transgenen Tieren zeigten eine erhöhte Aktivität sowohl von EGFR als auch von ERK1/2, welches im Zusammenhang mit dem hyperplastischen Phänotyp stehen könnte. Die mögliche tumorfördernde Wirkung von ET-1 wird ferner durch die erhöhte Expression von Amphiregulin, einem EGFR-Liganden, während der Tragzeit und der Laktation verstärkt. Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden, dass ET-1 sowohl die Milchsekretion als auch den Milcheinschuss negativ beeinflusst, so dass eine ausreichende Versorgung säugender Jungtiere in der 1. Hälfte der Laktationsperiode nicht mehr gewährleistet ist. Zusätzlich verursachte ET-1 eine Laktationshyperplasie, welche auf die Induktion der EGFR-Achse zurückzuführen ist. Zusammenfassend kann somit festgestellt werden, dass die Ergebnisse auf eine wichtige Rolle von ET-1 in der Brüstphysiologie des Säugers hinweisen. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoactive peptide having wide physiological effects on vascular homeostasis and on a variety of pathophysiological processes unrelated to cardiovascular system. It has been noted that ET-1 is expressed in mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation periods. Furthermore, ET-1 is secreted into milk, suggesting additional physiological roles in the lactating mother and in the suckling neonate. Hence, the present study was proposed to elucidate the possible functional roles of ET-1 in mammary gland development employing ET-1 transgenic mice. ET-1 transgenic mice had been generated by using a human genomic ET-1 construct containing 5´ and 3´ regulatory sequences. This transgenic construction strategy grants to analyse the specific functions of ET-1 in normal mammary gland physiology. The transgene expression was found in mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. ET-1 transgenic mice exhibited a lactational incompetence with reduced weight gain and increased mortality of their newborns, as a result of a secretory defect. In virtue of this defect, ET-1 transgenic mammary glands histologically revealed a reduced ductal outgrowth, collapsed alveoli with a reduced expansion capacity, increased adipocyte accumulation, and persistence of cystoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) during lactation. In addition, the expression of the milk protein, WAP, was found to be constantly suppressed in ET-1 mammary glands although the activity of STAT5, which is known to be a regulator of the expression of milk proteins and alveolar expansion, was found to be normal. Furthermore, as a consequence of the secretory defect, ET-1 transgenic mammary glands exhibited focal precocious involution during early stages of lactation along with an increased activity of STAT3. Consistently, the known activator of STAT3, LIF, was strongly upregulated during lactation and pregnancy. Besides the secretory defect of ET-1 transgenic mammary glands, histological analysis revealed a local lactational hyperplasia during the middle of lactation. Alternatively to the classical G protein-coupled receptors GPCR signalling pathways, endothelin receptors are able to communicate with tyrosine kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for which the term receptor transactivation was coined. Mammary glands of ET-1 transgenic animals exhibited an increased activity of the EGFR and ERK1/2, which could contribute to the observed hyperplastic phenotype. In support of the potential tumourigenicity of ET-1, one of the EGFR ligands, amphiregulin, was found significantly upregulated in ET-1 transgenic mammary glands, both during pregnancy and lactation periods. In summary, high levels of ET-1 affect the secretion and the milk let down process. Consequently the normal support of milk for the suckling neonates is severely impaired during the first half of the lactation period. In addition, ET-1 caused lactational hyperplasia in the mammary glands due to the induction of the EGFR axis. This suggests an important role for ET-1 in mammary gland physiology.

Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow release urea (SRU; Optigen) and ruminal escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in high-forage [(54% of total dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, lactational performance of dairy cows, and their impacts on income-over feed costs. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR, SRUT), 3) YMP-supplemented TMR (YMPT), and 4) SRU and YMP-supplemented TMR (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal (SBMCM) in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49% and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared to those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10-16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed with protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased in YMPT. Cows fed SRUT or YMPT tended to improve income-over feed costs. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBMCM with SRU and YMP in high-forage dairy diets can be a good approach to enhance dairy profitability through improved nutrient utilization efficiencies by lactating dairy cows.

Forages containing condensed tannins (CT) have potential to reduce the environmental impact of dairy farming. In 3 studies, I hypothesized that feeding CTcontaining birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus, BFT) would result in improved nutrient utilization and lactational performance of dairy cows compared with control forages of the respective experiments. Improved milk components, reduction in waste N, and overall improved N efficiency were hypothesized for BFT-fed cows compared to those cows fed alfalfa hay (Study 1) or grass-based diets (Study 2). In addition, a decrease in in vitro methane production and improved rumen fermentation due to diets based on BFT pasture and concentrate supplementation compared with grass pasture-based diets was the hypothesis of the third study. Study 1 showed BFT-hay diets improved lactational performance through increased energy-corrected milk yield and increased milk protein yield, resulting in improved N utilization efficiency compared with the alfalfa hay diet. Total volatile fatty acids concentration tended to increase, and greater microbial protein yield was exhibited by cows fed BFT compared to other diets tested. Therefore, BFT can replace alfalfa hay in dairy diets and showed improved feed and N utilization efficiencies and lactational performance. Study 2 determined that pasture nutrient content increased for BFT pasture compared to the mixed grass control, contributing to increases in milk yield most weeks during the 2-year study. Energy-corrected milk yield increased most weeks by BFT-grazed cows due to increased milk yield, although milk protein concentration was similar between treatments. Cows grazing BFT pasture increased N efficiency coupled with decreased milk urea N secretion in the first, but not the second year, suggesting an environmental advantage over traditional grass-based pastures depending on the effect of growing conditions on pasture quality at time of grazing. Study 3 showed that offering BFT pasture to continuous cultures without or with barley grain or total mixed ration supplements reduced methane production and altered rumen microbial populations. The reduced methane production on the continuous cultures was likely due to direct and/or indirect effects of CT on rumen microbiota. Overall, diets including BFT showed improved nutritive, lactational, and environmental benefits by decreasing N waste and methane production over typical alfalfa hay-based dairy diets and grass pastures.

O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a baixa produtividade com perdas corporais lactacionais, caracterizando o perfil das fêmeas propensas ao risco, estudar detalhadamente este grupo de fêmeas e avaliar possíveis alternativas para minimizar os efeitos do catabolismo. O primeiro experimento analisou fêmeas de diferentes ordens de parto (OP) e perda de peso na lactação. Houve efeito da interação entre ordem de parto e perda de peso na taxa de parto das fêmeas (P<0,05) em fêmeas OP1 e OP2. Não houve interação da classe de OP com classe de perda de peso (P>0,05) para IDE e total de leitões nascidos. Fêmeas OP1 apresentaram IDE mais longo e menor tamanho da leitegada no parto subsequente (P<0,05) em comparação às fêmeas OP2 e OP3-5. As perdas corporais na lactação não afetaram o IDE (P>0,05), mas reduziram o tamanho da leitegada do parto seguinte (P<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que as fêmeas mais jovens são mais sensíveis ao catabolismo, afetando o desempenho reprodutivo após o desmame. Além disso, perdas corporais lactacionais reduzem o tamanho da leitegada subsequente. O segundo experimento estudou o efeito do peso ao parto (PP) e consumo energético em relação à mantença (CEM) na lactação de fêmeas OP1 e OP2 no desempenho reprodutivo. O baixo CEM afetou as perdas corporais em ambas as OP (P<0,05). O peso ao parto não afetou o consumo alimentar em fêmeas OP1, mas influenciou a ingestão de OP2. A concentração sérica de NEFA foi influenciada pelo CEM em OP1 e OP2. Alto CEM de OP1 implicou em aumento de ureia. Em OP1, o tamanho da leitegada não foi afetado pelo PP ou CEM, mas foi reduzida em OP2 com baixo PP ou CEM. O terceiro trabalho investigou o efeito de atrasar o primeiro serviço de OP1 após o desmame com tratamento com altrenogest (ALT) ou cobertura do segundo estro após o desmame (SKIP), comparado à inseminação no primeiro estro (CON). A restrição alimentar de 60% na última semana de lactação induziu uma perda média de peso corporal de 17kg. Quanto maior foi o intervalo desmame-serviço, maior foi a recuperação do peso à inseminação. O grupo ALT foi mais síncrono na entrada ao estro após a retirada do produto. A taxa de prenhez foi maior no SKIP e CON. ALT teve maior peso de corpora lutea e níveis de progesterona até 120h pós-ovulação. Não foi observada diferenças na taxa de ovulação, embriões viáveis, sobrevivência embrionária, tamanho dos embriões ou volume de fluido placentário. Dependendo do sistema de produção, estas estratégias podem trazer benefícios econômicos, quando aplicadas com critério em fêmeas com maior risco à baixa produtividade, uma vez que custo deve ser considerado. / The aim of this work was to relate low productivity to lactational weight loss, identifying the profile of females with more risk, study in details this cohort of sows and evaluate possible alternatives to minimize the effects of catabolism. The first trial evaluated females of different parity order (PO) and weight loss during lactation. There was interaction effect between parity order and weight loss on farrow rate (P<0.05) in PO1 and PO2 females. There was no interaction between PO and weight loss class (P>0.05) on WEI and subsequent total born. PO1 females presented longer WEI and lower litter size on subsequent farrowing compared to PO2 and PO3-5 females. Weight loss did not affect WEI (P>0.05), but it was related to a decrease of litter size in the subsequent farrowing (P<0.05). Results suggest young females are more sensitive to catabolism, affecting reproductive performance post weaning. The second experiment studied the effect of body weight at farrowing (BWF) and energy intake related to maintenance (MEIM) during lactation on subsequent reproductive performance of PO1 and PO2 sows. Low MEIM affected body weight loss in both PO (P<0.05). BWF did not affect energy intake in PO1 sows but influenced the consumption in PO2 sows. Serum NEFA concentration was influenced by MEIM in PO1 and PO2 sows. High MEIM PO1 sows showed higher urea concentration. In PO1, litter size was not affected by BWF or MEIM but was reduced in PO2 with Low BWF or MEIM. Third trial investigated the effect of delayed breeding in weaned PO1 sows with altrenogest treatment (ALT) or breeding at second estrus after weaning (SKIP), compared to breeding at first estrus after weaning (CON). Feed restriction at 60% during last week of lactation induced 17kg of body weight loss. The longer weaning to service interval resulted in greater recover of body weight at breeding. ALT group was more synchronized in estrus after altrenogest withdrawal. Pregnancy rate was greater in SKIP and CON. ALT had higher corpora lutea weight and progesterone levels at 120h post-ovulation. No differences in ovulation rate, live embryos, embryo survival, embryo size, or placental fluid volume were detected. Depending on the production system, these strategies may offer economic benefits, when carefully applied in a cohort of females with more risk to low productivity, since costs must be considered.

O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a baixa produtividade com perdas corporais lactacionais, caracterizando o perfil das fêmeas propensas ao risco, estudar detalhadamente este grupo de fêmeas e avaliar possíveis alternativas para minimizar os efeitos do catabolismo. O primeiro experimento analisou fêmeas de diferentes ordens de parto (OP) e perda de peso na lactação. Houve efeito da interação entre ordem de parto e perda de peso na taxa de parto das fêmeas (P<0,05) em fêmeas OP1 e OP2. Não houve interação da classe de OP com classe de perda de peso (P>0,05) para IDE e total de leitões nascidos. Fêmeas OP1 apresentaram IDE mais longo e menor tamanho da leitegada no parto subsequente (P<0,05) em comparação às fêmeas OP2 e OP3-5. As perdas corporais na lactação não afetaram o IDE (P>0,05), mas reduziram o tamanho da leitegada do parto seguinte (P<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que as fêmeas mais jovens são mais sensíveis ao catabolismo, afetando o desempenho reprodutivo após o desmame. Além disso, perdas corporais lactacionais reduzem o tamanho da leitegada subsequente. O segundo experimento estudou o efeito do peso ao parto (PP) e consumo energético em relação à mantença (CEM) na lactação de fêmeas OP1 e OP2 no desempenho reprodutivo. O baixo CEM afetou as perdas corporais em ambas as OP (P<0,05). O peso ao parto não afetou o consumo alimentar em fêmeas OP1, mas influenciou a ingestão de OP2. A concentração sérica de NEFA foi influenciada pelo CEM em OP1 e OP2. Alto CEM de OP1 implicou em aumento de ureia. Em OP1, o tamanho da leitegada não foi afetado pelo PP ou CEM, mas foi reduzida em OP2 com baixo PP ou CEM. O terceiro trabalho investigou o efeito de atrasar o primeiro serviço de OP1 após o desmame com tratamento com altrenogest (ALT) ou cobertura do segundo estro após o desmame (SKIP), comparado à inseminação no primeiro estro (CON). A restrição alimentar de 60% na última semana de lactação induziu uma perda média de peso corporal de 17kg. Quanto maior foi o intervalo desmame-serviço, maior foi a recuperação do peso à inseminação. O grupo ALT foi mais síncrono na entrada ao estro após a retirada do produto. A taxa de prenhez foi maior no SKIP e CON. ALT teve maior peso de corpora lutea e níveis de progesterona até 120h pós-ovulação. Não foi observada diferenças na taxa de ovulação, embriões viáveis, sobrevivência embrionária, tamanho dos embriões ou volume de fluido placentário. Dependendo do sistema de produção, estas estratégias podem trazer benefícios econômicos, quando aplicadas com critério em fêmeas com maior risco à baixa produtividade, uma vez que custo deve ser considerado. / The aim of this work was to relate low productivity to lactational weight loss, identifying the profile of females with more risk, study in details this cohort of sows and evaluate possible alternatives to minimize the effects of catabolism. The first trial evaluated females of different parity order (PO) and weight loss during lactation. There was interaction effect between parity order and weight loss on farrow rate (P<0.05) in PO1 and PO2 females. There was no interaction between PO and weight loss class (P>0.05) on WEI and subsequent total born. PO1 females presented longer WEI and lower litter size on subsequent farrowing compared to PO2 and PO3-5 females. Weight loss did not affect WEI (P>0.05), but it was related to a decrease of litter size in the subsequent farrowing (P<0.05). Results suggest young females are more sensitive to catabolism, affecting reproductive performance post weaning. The second experiment studied the effect of body weight at farrowing (BWF) and energy intake related to maintenance (MEIM) during lactation on subsequent reproductive performance of PO1 and PO2 sows. Low MEIM affected body weight loss in both PO (P<0.05). BWF did not affect energy intake in PO1 sows but influenced the consumption in PO2 sows. Serum NEFA concentration was influenced by MEIM in PO1 and PO2 sows. High MEIM PO1 sows showed higher urea concentration. In PO1, litter size was not affected by BWF or MEIM but was reduced in PO2 with Low BWF or MEIM. Third trial investigated the effect of delayed breeding in weaned PO1 sows with altrenogest treatment (ALT) or breeding at second estrus after weaning (SKIP), compared to breeding at first estrus after weaning (CON). Feed restriction at 60% during last week of lactation induced 17kg of body weight loss. The longer weaning to service interval resulted in greater recover of body weight at breeding. ALT group was more synchronized in estrus after altrenogest withdrawal. Pregnancy rate was greater in SKIP and CON. ALT had higher corpora lutea weight and progesterone levels at 120h post-ovulation. No differences in ovulation rate, live embryos, embryo survival, embryo size, or placental fluid volume were detected. Depending on the production system, these strategies may offer economic benefits, when carefully applied in a cohort of females with more risk to low productivity, since costs must be considered.

O objetivo do trabalho foi relacionar a baixa produtividade com perdas corporais lactacionais, caracterizando o perfil das fêmeas propensas ao risco, estudar detalhadamente este grupo de fêmeas e avaliar possíveis alternativas para minimizar os efeitos do catabolismo. O primeiro experimento analisou fêmeas de diferentes ordens de parto (OP) e perda de peso na lactação. Houve efeito da interação entre ordem de parto e perda de peso na taxa de parto das fêmeas (P<0,05) em fêmeas OP1 e OP2. Não houve interação da classe de OP com classe de perda de peso (P>0,05) para IDE e total de leitões nascidos. Fêmeas OP1 apresentaram IDE mais longo e menor tamanho da leitegada no parto subsequente (P<0,05) em comparação às fêmeas OP2 e OP3-5. As perdas corporais na lactação não afetaram o IDE (P>0,05), mas reduziram o tamanho da leitegada do parto seguinte (P<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que as fêmeas mais jovens são mais sensíveis ao catabolismo, afetando o desempenho reprodutivo após o desmame. Além disso, perdas corporais lactacionais reduzem o tamanho da leitegada subsequente. O segundo experimento estudou o efeito do peso ao parto (PP) e consumo energético em relação à mantença (CEM) na lactação de fêmeas OP1 e OP2 no desempenho reprodutivo. O baixo CEM afetou as perdas corporais em ambas as OP (P<0,05). O peso ao parto não afetou o consumo alimentar em fêmeas OP1, mas influenciou a ingestão de OP2. A concentração sérica de NEFA foi influenciada pelo CEM em OP1 e OP2. Alto CEM de OP1 implicou em aumento de ureia. Em OP1, o tamanho da leitegada não foi afetado pelo PP ou CEM, mas foi reduzida em OP2 com baixo PP ou CEM. O terceiro trabalho investigou o efeito de atrasar o primeiro serviço de OP1 após o desmame com tratamento com altrenogest (ALT) ou cobertura do segundo estro após o desmame (SKIP), comparado à inseminação no primeiro estro (CON). A restrição alimentar de 60% na última semana de lactação induziu uma perda média de peso corporal de 17kg. Quanto maior foi o intervalo desmame-serviço, maior foi a recuperação do peso à inseminação. O grupo ALT foi mais síncrono na entrada ao estro após a retirada do produto. A taxa de prenhez foi maior no SKIP e CON. ALT teve maior peso de corpora lutea e níveis de progesterona até 120h pós-ovulação. Não foi observada diferenças na taxa de ovulação, embriões viáveis, sobrevivência embrionária, tamanho dos embriões ou volume de fluido placentário. Dependendo do sistema de produção, estas estratégias podem trazer benefícios econômicos, quando aplicadas com critério em fêmeas com maior risco à baixa produtividade, uma vez que custo deve ser considerado. / The aim of this work was to relate low productivity to lactational weight loss, identifying the profile of females with more risk, study in details this cohort of sows and evaluate possible alternatives to minimize the effects of catabolism. The first trial evaluated females of different parity order (PO) and weight loss during lactation. There was interaction effect between parity order and weight loss on farrow rate (P<0.05) in PO1 and PO2 females. There was no interaction between PO and weight loss class (P>0.05) on WEI and subsequent total born. PO1 females presented longer WEI and lower litter size on subsequent farrowing compared to PO2 and PO3-5 females. Weight loss did not affect WEI (P>0.05), but it was related to a decrease of litter size in the subsequent farrowing (P<0.05). Results suggest young females are more sensitive to catabolism, affecting reproductive performance post weaning. The second experiment studied the effect of body weight at farrowing (BWF) and energy intake related to maintenance (MEIM) during lactation on subsequent reproductive performance of PO1 and PO2 sows. Low MEIM affected body weight loss in both PO (P<0.05). BWF did not affect energy intake in PO1 sows but influenced the consumption in PO2 sows. Serum NEFA concentration was influenced by MEIM in PO1 and PO2 sows. High MEIM PO1 sows showed higher urea concentration. In PO1, litter size was not affected by BWF or MEIM but was reduced in PO2 with Low BWF or MEIM. Third trial investigated the effect of delayed breeding in weaned PO1 sows with altrenogest treatment (ALT) or breeding at second estrus after weaning (SKIP), compared to breeding at first estrus after weaning (CON). Feed restriction at 60% during last week of lactation induced 17kg of body weight loss. The longer weaning to service interval resulted in greater recover of body weight at breeding. ALT group was more synchronized in estrus after altrenogest withdrawal. Pregnancy rate was greater in SKIP and CON. ALT had higher corpora lutea weight and progesterone levels at 120h post-ovulation. No differences in ovulation rate, live embryos, embryo survival, embryo size, or placental fluid volume were detected. Depending on the production system, these strategies may offer economic benefits, when carefully applied in a cohort of females with more risk to low productivity, since costs must be considered.

Overall hypothesis in a series of lactation studies reported in this dissertation was that supplementing different rumen modifiers would have consistent responses on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance under optimal ruminal fermentative conditions. First experiment investigated the influence magnesium exchanged zeolite on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance. Intake of dry matter (DM), milk yield, milk fat concentration, and feed efficiency were not affected. Milk protein concentration tended (P = 0.15) to be higher for the zeolite total mixed ration (TMR). Ruminal pH tended to increase (P = 0.11) by feeding the sodium bicarbonate or the zeolite. A second lactation experiment determined the influence of quebracho condensed tannin extract (CTE) on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance. Supplementing CTE decreased intakes of DM and nutrients regardless of forage level thereby increasing feed efficiency. Milk yield and components were not affected. Milk urea N (MUN) and total VFA concentration decreased by supplementing CTE. Cows fed CTE had decreased ruminal ammonia-N and MUN concentrations, indicating that less ruminal N was lost as ammonia. A third lactation trial assessed whole safflower seeds (SS) on ruminal fermentation, lactational performance, and milk fatty acids. Feeding the Nutrasaff SS TMR (NSST) decreased intake of neutral detergent fiber. Digestibilities of nutrients, milk yield and components, ruminal pH, ruminal VFA, and ammonia-N were similar. Ruminal C16:0 fatty acid (FA) concentration increased with the cottonseed TMR (CST), while C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 n-6 tended (P = 0.10 and P = 0.09, respectively) to increase with SS supplementation. Supplementing SS decreased milk C16:0 concentration, whereas it increased C18:1 cis-9 and C18:1 trans-9. Milk C18:1 trans-11 FA and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid increased and tended (P = 0.07) to increase with feeding the NSST. Feeding zeolite would cost-effectively replace sodium bicarbonate as a ruminal buffer, whereas CTE may change the route of N excretion, having less excretion into urine, but more into feces. Whole SS can be an effective fat supplement to lactating dairy cows without negative impacts on lactational performance and milk FA. These studies demonstrate that the three rumen modifiers can positively manipulate ruminal fermentation.

The purpose of my graduation theses on the theme {\clqq} sheep breending at the ecological farm`` was to analyze the level of uses properities sheep at the ecological farm Slunečná situated in mountain part of Šumava. The detail information from studies of the technical literature specialized on ecological agriculture were brought out to analyze the whole questions of sheep breending at the ecological farm Slunečná. Lacteous utility was judged in term of amount of drawen milk, process of lactational curve was judged in the following way. The evaluation of reproduction was based on four basic reproductive indexes. The weight of 100 days old sheep and the production of wool were detected by scaling. Detected values were lower in most of indexes than published indexes. This fact is connected with detected inadequacies of lairage, nutrition and breending organization. Steps were suggested to eliminate these inaquacies and to innovate the level of breending in conclusion.