The purpose of this thesis is to investigate radio systems for the protection of vehicles and grade crossings. The protection function used with wireless communication, associated with grade crossings (the vehicles), uses the radio propagation to dispatch message (data) from the radio facilities to the vehicles when the emergency button is pushed to enable the operator to assess the emergency situation in advance. The rule for static and non-static measurements of the radio system, concerned with the crossing, is able to offer an improved spectrum assignment tool. All measurement data was derived from measurements performed for the trains of The Taiwan Railway Administration. The results are compared with the European Norm and China National Standard. Thus, the electromagnetic interferences due to trains can be analyzed. In order to estimate the radio propagation distances, we particularize the several modes of radio propagation in detail, and use the Lagrange method to analyze and determine the distance.

<p>Both optimal disturbances and optimal control are studied by means of numerical simulations for the case of the flat-plate boundary-layer flow. The optimisation method is the Lagrange multiplier technique where the objective function is the kinetic energy of the flow perturbations and the constraints involve the linearised Navier–Stokes equations. We consider both the optimal initial condition leading to the largest growth at finite times and the optimal time-periodic forcing leading to the largest asymptotic response. The optimal disturbances for spanwise wavelengths of the order of the boundary layer thickness are streamwise vortices exploiting the lift-up mechanism to create streaks. For long spanwise wavelengths it is the Orr mechanism combined with the amplification of oblique wave packets that is responsible for the disturbance growth. Control is applied to the bypass-transition scenario with high levels of free-stream turbulence. In this scenario low frequency perturbations enter the boundary layer and streamwise elongated disturbances emerge due to the non-modal growth. These so-called streaks are growing in amplitude until they reach high enough energy levels and breakdown into turbulent spots via their secondary instability. When control is applied in the form of wall blowing and suction, within the region that it is active, the growth of the streaks is delayed, which implies a delay of the whole transition process. Additionally, a comparison with experimental work is performed demonstrating a remarkable agreement in the disturbance attenuation once the differences between the numerical and experimental setup are reduced.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Both optimal disturbances and optimal control are studied by means of numerical simulations for the case of the flat-plate boundary-layer flow. The optimisation method is the Lagrange multiplier technique where the objective function is the kinetic energy of the flow perturbations and the constraints involve the linearised Navier–Stokes equations. We consider both the optimal initial condition leading to the largest growth at finite times and the optimal time-periodic forcing leading to the largest asymptotic response. The optimal disturbances for spanwise wavelengths of the order of the boundary layer thickness are streamwise vortices exploiting the lift-up mechanism to create streaks. For long spanwise wavelengths it is the Orr mechanism combined with the amplification of oblique wave packets that is responsible for the disturbance growth. Control is applied to the bypass-transition scenario with high levels of free-stream turbulence. In this scenario low frequency perturbations enter the boundary layer and streamwise elongated disturbances emerge due to the non-modal growth. These so-called streaks are growing in amplitude until they reach high enough energy levels and breakdown into turbulent spots via their secondary instability. When control is applied in the form of wall blowing and suction, within the region that it is active, the growth of the streaks is delayed, which implies a delay of the whole transition process. Additionally, a comparison with experimental work is performed demonstrating a remarkable agreement in the disturbance attenuation once the differences between the numerical and experimental setup are reduced.

A análise isogeométrica (AIG) de estruturas consiste em construir a geometria exata ou aproximada de um modelo computacional a partir de funções criadas por meio de tecnologias de Computer Aided Design (CAD), tais como B-Splines, NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational BSplines) e T-splines, e aplicar o conceito de análise isoparamétrica, ou seja, representar o espaço de solução para as variáveis independentes em termos das mesmas funções que representam a geometria. O presente trabalho visa o estudo da análise isogeométrica aplicada a vigas planas, com a utilização de B-Splines e NURBS para aproximação de deslocamentos. São desenvolvidos modelos isogeométricos de vigas planas baseados nas hipóteses de Bernoulli- Euler e Timoshenko, e alguns exemplos de aplicação são realizados a fim de comparar os resultados numéricos com soluções analíticas, mostrando boa concordância. Uma questão pertinente à AIG corresponde à imposição de vínculos em pontos do domínio em que as funções básicas não sejam interpolatórias ou os vínculos desejados não forem diretamente relacionados aos graus de liberdade do elemento, que é o caso do elemento de viga de Bernoulli-Euler, já que as rotações geralmente não são tidas como graus de liberdade mas há a necessidade de se prescrever condições de contorno/conexão nas mesmas para descrever problemas físicos. Essa questão é tratada no presente trabalho através dos Métodos de Lagrange e de penalidade. São realizados exemplos de aplicação construídos com elementos de viga de Bernoulli-Euler utilizando os métodos de Lagrange e de penalidade na imposição de vínculos e na conexão entre pontos de regiões de domínio. / Isogeometric analysis (IGA) consists on building the geometry of the computational model with functions created by Computer Aided Design (CAD) technologies, such as B-Splines, NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) and T-Splines. Then, isoparametric concept is employed, that is, the solution space is represented by means of the same functions used to describe the geometry. The aim of the present contribution is the study of isogeometric analysis applied to 2D beams with interpolation via B-splines and NURBS. Two-dimensional isogeometric beam formulations based on Bernoulli-Euler and Timoshenko assumptions are presented. Some examples of application are given and results are compared to analytical solutions, showing good agreement. An important issue about IGA corresponds to the imposition of constraints at points of domain in which the shape functions are not interpolatory, or the desired constraints are not directly related to the degrees of freedoms. This may occur for Bernoulli-Euler beams since rotations are not usually defined as degrees of freedom, but they need to be assessed for prescription of some boundary/connection conditions. This is done in present contribution by employing both Lagrange and penalty methods. Some examples of structures composed by 2D isogeometric Bernoulli-Euler beam elements are solved by using Lagrange and Penalty methods to impose constraints and to make the connection between domain regions.

Transition to turbulence and flow control are studied by means of numerical simulations for different simple shear flows. Linear and non-linear optimisation methods using the Lagrange multiplier technique are employed. In the linear framework as objective function the standard disturbance kinetic energy is chosen and the constraints involve the linearised Navier–Stokes equations. We consider both the optimal initial condition leading to the largest disturbance energy growth at finite times and the optimal time-periodic forcing leading to the largest asymptotic response for the case of the flat plate boundary layer excluding the leading edge. The optimal disturbances for spanwise wavelengths of the order of the boundary layer thickness are streamwise vortices exploiting the lift-up mechanism to create streaks. For long spanwise wavelengths it is the Orr mechanism combined with the amplification of oblique wave packets that is responsible for the disturbance growth. Also linear optimal disturbances are computed around a leading edge and the effect of the geometry is considered. It is found that two-dimentional disturbances originating upstream, relative to the leading edge of the plate are inefficient at generating a viable disturbance, while three dimentional disturbances are more amplified. In the non-linear framework a new approach using ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics is developed. We determine the initial condition on the laminar/turbulent boundary closest to the laminar state. Starting from the general evolution criterion of non-equilibrium systems we propose a method to optimise the route to the statistically steady turbulent state, i.e. the state characterised by the largest entropy production. This is the first time information from the fully turbulent state is included in the optimisation procedure. The method is applied to plane Couette flow. We show that the optimal initial condition is localised in space for realistic flow domains, while the disturbance visits bent streaks before breakdown. Feedback control is applied to the bypass-transition scenario with high levels of free-stream turbulence. The flow is the flat-plate boundary layer. In this scenario low frequency perturbations enter the boundary layer and streamwise elongated disturbances emerge due to non-modal growth. The so-called streaky structures are growing in amplitude until they reach high enough energy levels and break down into turbulent spots via their secondary instability. When control is applied in the form of wall blowing and suction, the growth of the streaks is delayed, which implies a delay of the whole transition process. Additionally, a comparison with experimental work is performed demonstrating a remarkable agreement in the disturbance attenuation once the differences between the numerical and experimental setup are reduced. Open-loop control with wall travelling waves by means of blowing and suction is applied to a separating boundary layer. For downstream travelling waves we obtain a mitigation of the separation of the boundary layer while for upstream travelling waves a significant delay in the transition location accompanied by a modest reduction of the separated region. / QC 20110518

This thesis is motivated by practical problems encountered in handling live products in the poultry processing industry, where live birds are manually transferred by human labors. As the task of handling live products is often unpleasant and hazardous, it is an ideal candidate for automation. To reduce the number of configurations and live birds to be tested, this thesis focuses on developing analytical models based on the Lagrange method to predict the effect of mechanical inversion on the shackled bird. Unlike prior research which focused on the effect of different inversion paths on the joint force/torque of a free-falling shackled bird, this thesis research examines the effect of kinematic constraints (designed to support the bird body) on the shackled bird. Unlike free-falling, the imposed kinematic constraints enable the shackled bird to rotate about its center of mass, and thus minimize wing flapping. In this thesis, birds are geometrically approximated as ellipsoids while the lower extremity is modeled as a pair of multi-joint serial manipulators. With the constraint equations formulated into a set of differential algebraic equations, the equations of motion as well as Lagrange multipliers characterizing kinematical constraints are numerically solved for the bird motion, specifically the position, velocity, and orientation and hence the forces and torques of the joints. The dynamic models are verified by comparing simulation results against those obtained using a finite element method. The outcomes of this thesis will provide some intuitive insights essential to design optimization of a live-bird transfer system.

Construction of structural computational model of the tank with fluid using program package ANSYS based on the Finite Element Method. Solve eigen-vibration of the tank with or without effects of fluid. Application of Euler and Lagrange method for modeling fluid. Solve seismic response using response spectra. Verify of the tank in accordance to EC 3 and EC8.