Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This research places in context a proposed case study of land and property rights of a dispossessed Stockenström (Eastern Cape) community forcibly removed to Friemersheim (Western Cape) during the apartheid era, between 1985 and 1986. This dispossessed community has yet to receive appropriate compensation for that expropriation in the form of restoration of their property rights. This study examines the specifics of the legislative framework, which underpinned the circumstances of their land expropriation, as well as the pattern of land dispossession in South Africa during this era. To this end, it examines the impact of land-related apartheid legislation, which directly and indirectly influenced this community. It focuses on discussions, many of the parliamentary proclamations and statutes such as those passed in 1913, and beyond, which provided the legal context for large-scale land grabs, and contrasts these with the post-1994 land reformation programme. Finally, this research examines the practical implementation of the 1994 land reform programme, especially the component of restitution, with particular reference to the displaced Stockenström community who find themselves facing huge challenges in a democratic South Africa, even after they applied the new rights accorded to them in the land reform programme. It outlines the significance of the new legislative rights conferred on those dispossessed and tracks their land claims successes and failures.

This thesis examines the theories and practices surrounding the rural land takings law in modern China. It identifies and rejects the dominant Transition Paradigm in the existing literature which treats the contemporary crisis of rural land expropriation in China as a case of unfulfilled constitutional promise and dispenses prescriptions aimed at developing the Chinese expropriation law towards the supposedly more advanced models of takings law found in other countries, especially the USA. By unearthing the long overlooked historical lineage within which the rural land takings law evolves over the past century in China, including the almost forgotten original takings clause in the 1954 PRC Constitution and the foundational theories propounded by both the communist and nationalist parties, this thesis offers a much richer picture on how and why the Chinese expropriation law has become the way it is today. It shows that the widely recognized phenomenon of “land finance” is a symptom rather than cause of the problem, which lies in the deeply entrenched tradition of rural land takings for the party-state’s social transformative programmes, rendering the Chinese experience incomparable to that of any other countries. The current takings clause in the 1982 PRC Constitution and the present law in this area, despite the relevant reforms over the past decade, remain to faithfully reflect such a tradition characterized by the state’s plan-based top-down control over rural land and the presumption of state expropriation in non-agricultural use of rural land. Since these have been the paramount features of the Chinese land regime for over half a century and are unlikely to change in the foreseeable future, most of the reform recommendations made in the existing scholarship are either irrelevant or unfeasible. However, this is not to say that no change is possible. A more modest yet more realistic reform proposal will be put forward.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to give a comprehensive view of the legal regulation of compensation for withdrawal and limitation of the ownership right to land. This thesis is divided into eight chapters, where the introductory part is followed by six chapters and the conclusion. The first chapter briefly explains the basic institutes with an emphasis on the uniqueness of the land. The second chapter discusses the conditions of expropriation. The third chapter focuses on compensation for land expropriation. The fourth chapter deals with the limitation of the ownership right to land. The fifth chapter analyzes compensation for the limitation of the ownership right to land. The sixth chapter describes selected Acts of environmental law in the perspective of fourth and fifth chapter. In conclusion, this diploma thesis summarizes the main findings. As regards compensation for expropriation, the legislation is not stable and allows unjustified differences between landowners. As for the limitation of the ownership right to land, the situation regarding the provision of compensation is not always clear and there are some gaps in the legislation. However, these can be overcome by case-law.

The thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters on land policy in developing countries. Chapter 1 examines the agricultural investment choices of small-scale farmers in Ethiopia whose land will be expropriated to provide space for a large factory. I use data from a survey of households conducted before expropriation occurred, but after the policy was announced. I identify the anticipation effects of land expropriation using variation in whether households own plots located inside or outside the proposed project boundary. Households facing immediate expropriation hedge against future income risk by using less fertilizer on their plots, and and growing less risky crops. These households are more likely to grow sorghum (a safe crop) and less likely to grow wheat (a relatively riskier crop). Households also respond to the threat of expropriation by reducing long-term investments in soil quality. Using two-stage least squares I show that subjective beliefs about the likelihood of expropriation act as a channel through which the threat of expropriation affects investment decisions. The results are robust to a number of other specifications, including some that account for unobservable geographic variation in plot characteristics. Chapter 2 explores the consequences of land expropriation for small-scale farmers in Ethiopia. Expropriation of farmland is used by all levels of government in Ethiopia as a tool for providing new land for industrial investors, commercial agriculture and expanding cities. Farmers usually receive a cash payment in exchange for their land based on a fixed formula to establish the price of land. I evaluate the impact of such a policy on a group of small-scale farmers and assess the extent to which they make the transition to new livelihoods. On average, households lose 70% of their land and receive compensation payments that are about 5 times the value of their annual consumption expenditure. Using data collected before and after the intervention I examine the impact of expropriation and compensation on household consumption, productive assets, livestock holdings, savings and labour market participation. Households in the treatment group increase their consumption, start more businesses and participate more in non-farm activities than households that do not lose farmland. These households also reallocate livestock portfolios away from oxen and towards small ruminants and cattle, reflecting a shift away from growing crops. However, these shifts to new livelihoods are relatively small compared to the amount of compensation kept as savings: with the exception of a few households, most of the compensation payment is left in commercial banks earning a negative real return. Chapter 3 focuses on the recent increase in large-scale agricultural land deals across Africa and the nature of the contracts reached by governments and foreign investors. In recent years, multi-national firms and foreign governments have entered into long term contracts with host countries in which large tracts of land are purchased or leased for commercial agricultural production in exchange for promises of infrastructure development, job creation and rural infrastructure improvement. The profitability of these projects is uncertain, especially at a time of increased agricultural commodity price volatility in world markets. Based on stylized facts about land deals I present a theoretical model of land contracts reached by host governments and foreign investors that explains the policy tradeoff between investment timelines, revenue generation and uncertainty. When agricultural projects require fixed infrastructure investment and yield uncertain payoffs, firms benefit from being able to complete the fixed investment in stages. If firms can learn more about payoffs by holding off on investment, they effectively hold an option to abandon the project. The value of this option provides a channel by which uncertainty affects the terms of the land contract. When host governments determine the terms of the contract by setting an income tax, a royalty rate and an investment timeline, the value of this option will affect government's optimal policy choice. In particular, I find that if governments benefit a great deal from investment spillovers the optimal contract will be designed to encourage firms not to abandon a project. But, if governments benefit relatively little from investment spillovers, governments will choose contract parameters to extract the value of the firm's option to abandon the project. I end by examining the effect of increasing uncertainty on the government's optimal policy choice.

No description available.

Le Vietnam connait un développement économique qui s’accompagne d’un phénomène d’expropriation des terres. Dans ce contexte, la puissance publique joue un rôle important de cadrage et d’accompagnement. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la délicate question de la mesure de l’impact de l’expropriation des terres sur le développement rural au Vietnam. L’étude se situe dans une logique d’intelligence territoriale. Elle consiste à mieux comprendre les réseaux d’acteurs (paysans, planificateur, investisseur), parties prenantes dans les logiques d’expropriation ainsi que les interactions entre variables (sociales, économiques, politiques) engagées dans le développement des zones rurales. L’approche est systémique. Elle cherche à rende compte de la complexité des interactions entre facteurs, aux jeux de pouvoirs et à l’asymétrie informationnelle entre acteurs. L’approche mobilise l’analyse structurelle qui comporte des outils dont l’objet est de clarifier le rôle des principaux acteurs et facteurs du territoire et leur influence sur le développement du territoire. Le travail s’appuie sur une étude de terrain de six mois qui a mobilisé un pluralisme méthodologique combinant approche quantitative par questionnaire et qualitative alimentant les matrices prospectives de l’analyse structurelle. Le travail de terrain a été difficile à réaliser en raison du caractère sensible du sujet. Il a porté sur deux districts ruraux du Nord et du sud Vietnam. Les résultats montrent que l’expropriation des terres, loin d’améliorer la situation des zones rurales, est un véritable choc dont les plus fragiles ont du mal à se remettre. L’asymétrie entre les acteurs du territoire, le déficit de communication entre les acteurs du territoire ont pu conduire à des conflits sociaux. Cette étude suggère d’établir des canaux de communication efficaces et montre que la clé est l’éducation des habitants des zones rurales. / Urban bias and rural industrialization are considered as two essential trends of rural development. In these processes, rural areas face with many problems such as the rural livelihood, the problems of economy and society. It creates which the controversy of how to develop rural areas and what is really suitable trend for rural development. This thesis contributes to the analysis of rural development against the land expropriation with the case study in Viet Nam. It analyses two main areas: (i) How does the land expropriation influence the rural development; (ii) what are the roles of major factors and actors that have influence on the development of rural areas. The study is based on six months of fieldwork during which both quantitative and qualitative research techniques were used. The research design combined the analysis of policy reform and policy performance, the scenarios of interaction between main actors/elements in the territory to highlight their influences on the rural development in the land expropriation process in two districts, the North of Viet Nam. The outstanding methods are Micmac method and Mactor method that are applied for the first time in research about rural development in Viet Nam.Fieldwork findings provide new and detailed evidences to support the view that the land expropriation for urban bias (urbanization) failed to spur rural economy and improve rural livelihood, contrary to what is argued in most of the literature and the planner’s view. They indicate that the land expropriation for urbanization may change quickly “the face” of rural areas such as modern infrastructure, high GDP, however the rural livelihood does not ensure in both capabilities, assets and activities required for means of living in the short term and long term. We found that the poor farmers were beggared gradually and they had lack of the assistants to cope and recover from the big shock in the land expropriation process. Thus, they led the increase of social conflicts. The survey showed that the main reason of social conflict in two villages are the limitation of policy, the unbalanced power between actors in the territory (use Mactor method) and the lack of efficient communication forum to exchange the actors’ needs. From above failures, it is vital to establish the efficient communication channels or program for actors in the development process and reform the policy by increasing the right of rural people who have the least power in the system. This study also proves that now the key asset to support rural livelihood is education instead of rice land as in the past. Finally, through the Micmac method, the thesis identifies the factor system and classifies the strongest power macro variables which influence the rural development into three groups: the variables of policy, the group of variables belonging to expression of urbanization and industrialization process, the group of variables with revolution characteristics. They are fundamental to suggest building the sustainable development strategy for rural areas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem como tema o processo de expropriação da terra e de exploração da força de trabalho enquanto estratégia de acumulação de capital. Tomando por base a apropriação da dinâmica de produção do espaço e de (re)produção das relações sociais pelo circuito de valorização do capital, tem como objetivo analisar as particularidades do processo de monopolização da terra no espaço urbano a partir da implementação da Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto, também conhecida como Porto Maravilha. Os resultados dessa pesquisa demonstram que, dada a forma como foi implementada e considerando a modelagem financeira que lhe dá sustentação, a Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto é exemplo de uma das estratégias do capital para superar suas crises internas via apropriação do espaço. Sendo assim, consideramos que essa operação urbana reforça o processo civilizatório do capital que, neste caso, se realiza por meio da acumulação por espoliação, do ajuste espacial, do empreendedorismo urbano, do controle e monopolização da terra para obtenção de renda capitalizada, e do uso do fundo público para se consolidar. / The subject of this dissertation is the process of expropriation of land and of exploration of the manpower as a strategy of capital accumulation. Using the appropriation of the space production dynamics and the (re)production of the social relationships by the capital valorization circuit, this dissertation aims to analyze the particulars aspects of the land monopolization process of the urban space through the implementation of the Partnership Urban Operation of the Port (Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto) also known as Porto Maravilha. The results of this search show that, in the way it was done and considering the financial modeling that gives its support, the Partnership Urban Operation of the Port (Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto) is an example of one of the capitals strategies to overcome his internal crises by the space appropriation. Considers that the Urban Operation reinforces process of civilization of the capital that, in this case, became real by the accumulation by spoliation, of the space adjusts, urban entrepreneurship, and of control and monopolization of the land to obtain capitalized income and to use the public fund to consolidate itself.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem como tema o processo de expropriação da terra e de exploração da força de trabalho enquanto estratégia de acumulação de capital. Tomando por base a apropriação da dinâmica de produção do espaço e de (re)produção das relações sociais pelo circuito de valorização do capital, tem como objetivo analisar as particularidades do processo de monopolização da terra no espaço urbano a partir da implementação da Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto, também conhecida como Porto Maravilha. Os resultados dessa pesquisa demonstram que, dada a forma como foi implementada e considerando a modelagem financeira que lhe dá sustentação, a Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto é exemplo de uma das estratégias do capital para superar suas crises internas via apropriação do espaço. Sendo assim, consideramos que essa operação urbana reforça o processo civilizatório do capital que, neste caso, se realiza por meio da acumulação por espoliação, do ajuste espacial, do empreendedorismo urbano, do controle e monopolização da terra para obtenção de renda capitalizada, e do uso do fundo público para se consolidar. / The subject of this dissertation is the process of expropriation of land and of exploration of the manpower as a strategy of capital accumulation. Using the appropriation of the space production dynamics and the (re)production of the social relationships by the capital valorization circuit, this dissertation aims to analyze the particulars aspects of the land monopolization process of the urban space through the implementation of the Partnership Urban Operation of the Port (Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto) also known as Porto Maravilha. The results of this search show that, in the way it was done and considering the financial modeling that gives its support, the Partnership Urban Operation of the Port (Operação Urbana Consorciada do Porto) is an example of one of the capitals strategies to overcome his internal crises by the space appropriation. Considers that the Urban Operation reinforces process of civilization of the capital that, in this case, became real by the accumulation by spoliation, of the space adjusts, urban entrepreneurship, and of control and monopolization of the land to obtain capitalized income and to use the public fund to consolidate itself.

This research aims to deepen the understanding of drivers of populism by analysing different camps in the debate around land reform, using South Africa as a case. The research is conducted through a critical discourseanalysis (CDA) of two actors that represent different positions in a deeply divided society. To analyse the data for this research, the methodological framework of CDA will be operationalised and tabulated against concepts drawn from the theoretical discussion of populism described in the literature review. The two actors in the analysis are the political party EFF and the civilrights organisation AfriForum. The research found that the drivers of populism connected to land reforms in South Africa are based on the discontent of the black African people who still live in poverty, do not own their own land and are forced to stay in temporary housing on illegally occupied land. On the other hand, the driver behind AfriForum concerns feelings of threat, due to racial violence and their land is at risk of being confiscated by the government. After analysing their discourses between each other, it demonstrates how their actions sustain and create racial tension in post-apartheid South Africa.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T11:28:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Chaveiro da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1376508 bytes, checksum: 17b0bac817f927e3695f61efc78149d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T11:29:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Chaveiro da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1376508 bytes, checksum: 17b0bac817f927e3695f61efc78149d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T11:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Chaveiro da Silva - 2017.pdf: 1376508 bytes, checksum: 17b0bac817f927e3695f61efc78149d8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The object of this work was to analyze, the agrarian environment of Goiás state, agribusiness and the social function of rural properties regarding agrarian reform. This research defends the idea that the concept of social function and its concretion serve as a means to promote and achieve sustainable development in rural areas because the concepts of both phenomena are similar. Through instruments of the law, the requirements that rural properties must concomitantly present to complete their social function were studied. In the same way, and with historical analysis, the Brazilian agrarian question was studied, along with land policy, agricultural policy, and agrarian reform. The research shows that, in Goiás, land acquisition by Incra through purchase and sale and expropriation, for the purpose of agrarian reform, is concentrated in the less developed regions, which have the highest number of settlements constituted. Land expropriation by the Union for not attending to the social function of the property and its purpose of agrarian reform is compromised in Brazil due to Incra's failure to comply with all the requirements that make up the social function. Thus, agrarian reform has been driven and limited by the predominant model of development in the Brazilian rural environment: agribusiness. If all these requirements were observed, a model of production different from that of agribusiness, one more just, legitimate, and egalitarian, could be implemented in the field by means of agrarian reform. / O presente trabalho objetivou analisar, a situação agrária do estado de Goiás, o agronegócio e a função social dos imóveis rurais perante a reforma agrária. Defende-se a ideia de que o conceito de função social e sua concretização servem como meio para se promover e alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável no meio rural, porque os conceitos de ambos os fenômenos são parecidos. A partir dos instrumentos do Direito foram estudados os requisitos que, concomitantemente, as propriedades rurais devem apresentar para que estejam cumprindo a sua função social. Do mesmo modo, e contando com o auxílio da história, foi estudada a questão agrária brasileira, e, nela, a política fundiária, a política agrícola e a reforma agrária. A pesquisa mostra que, em Goiás, a aquisição de terras pelo Incra, por meio de compra e venda e pela desapropriação, com fins de reforma agrária, concentra-se nas regiões menos desenvolvidas, que contam com maior quantidade de assentamentos assim constituídos. A desapropriação de terras pela União pelo não atendimento à função social da propriedade e sua destinação à reforma agrária está comprometida no Brasil devido à não observância pelo Incra de todos os requisitos que compõem a função social. Assim, a reforma agrária tem sido conduzida e limitada pelo modelo de desenvolvimento predominante no meio rural brasileiro: o agronegócio. Caso fossem observados todos os requisitos, poder-se-ia implantar no campo um modelo de produção diferente do modelo, do agronegócio, mais justo, legítimo e igualitário por meio da reforma agrária.