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11	A Marxist Reading Of Things Fall Apart In The Esl Classrom : Exploring Colonial Socio-economic Exploitation in the Nigerian Context Nkalubo, Arthur E. January 2021 (has links) This thesis aims to explore how a critical reading of the novel Things Fall Apart (1958) can provide valuable perspective for educators and students when examining socio-economic issues in a colonial context in the ESL classroom. The main issues being analysed are how the novel reveals and explores socio-economic forms of exploitation under colonialism, and how a critical reading of the novel can be used in teaching to inform and persuade learners about social injustices. To show this, the essay examines the novel from a marxist perspective, and more specifically by drawing on the concept of primitive accumulation to understand and explain the changes brought about by the introduction of colonial rule. The changes in this context include the Igbo community's relation to land, its socio-economic and cultural aspects as well as the introduction of trade. The discussion and analysis of the novel centre on social injustices due to land expropriation, breakdown of traditional values and customs, and economic changes brought about by the arrival of Europeans in the context of colonialism. Expanding on this, the essay also reflects on the pedagogical implications of its arguments by showing how a critical reading of Things Fall Apart might provide an opportunity for teachers to underline issues of social injustice, material, and economic forms of exploitation under colonialism and beyond. This literary analysis also discusses and reflects on the practical challenges and possibilities of teaching such issues in the ESL classroom by using the concept of critical literacy. Things Fall Apart Capitalism colonialism community critical literacy CLP and ESL land expropriation Marxism Primitive accumulation socio-economic social class Languages and Literature Språk och litteratur
12	Trabalho análogo ao de escravo rural no Brasil do século XXI: novos contornos de um antigo problema / Rural labor analogous in Brazil of 21 st century: new contours of an old problem SILVA, Marcello Ribeiro 20 May 2010 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao marcello r silva - direito agrario.pdf: 1651095 bytes, checksum: 6a168758b79192fae8667db7459a03ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-20 / The objective of this paper is the study of rural labor analogous to slavery in Brazil of the 21st century. The goal of the research is to analyze the concept, characterization and the current mechanisms to combat this legal, social and economic phenomenon. Since some of the main obstacles to eradicating slavery-like working conditions are the absence of a precise concept of the phenomenon and the difficulty of its characteristics, this paper seeks to introduce the concept and identify the main features of this slavery-like labor, in hopes of contributing to its elimination. According to this paper, the concept of working conditions analogous to slavery outlined in article 149 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, with the wording of Law nº 10.803/2003, is broader than the concept of forced labor conceived by International Labor Organization. Thus, concludes this paper that the Brazilian Criminal Code´s Laws prohibit labor that is either forced or degrading, in essence using the concept of human dignity as its basis for outlawing all forms of modern slavery. This paper also concludes that although Brazil has achieved a prominent position in the fight against slavery-like labor, the legal mechanisms currently in existence to combat contemporary forms of slavery are not sufficient to solve the problem, a problem that is not only legal in scope, but also economic and social. Therefore, this paper defends the use of land expropriation as a mechanism to combat rural working conditions analogous to slavery for two reasons. First, because it represents the main instrument to implement agrarian reform, and, second, because land expropriation constitutes a penalty to the rural property owner who, ignoring the social function, forces workers to labor under slavery-like conditions. This paper uses the deductive method, relying on a qualitative research conducted from a bibliographic review of part of the available legal literature on the subject and from documents obtained in civil investigations and civil actions conducted by the public labor prosecutor. / O objeto da presente dissertação é o estudo do trabalho análogo ao de escravo rural no Brasil do século XXI. O ensaio tem por objetivo analisar o conceito, a caracterização e os mecanismos atualmente utilizados para combater esse fenômeno jurídico, social e econômico. Como dentre os principais entraves à erradicação do trabalho análogo ao de escravo contemporâneo encontram-se a ausência de um conceito preciso do fenômeno e a dificuldade de sua caracterização, a pesquisa procura definir trabalho análogo ao de escravo e indicar suas principais características, na esperança de contribuir para sua eliminação. Para o ensaio, de acordo com o art. 149 do CP, com a redação da Lei nº 10.803/2003, o conceito de trabalho análogo ao de escravo é mais amplo que o conceito de trabalho forçado concebido pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, abrangendo tanto o trabalho forçado quanto o degradante, já que o principal fundamento para a vedação de todas as formas contemporâneas de escravidão é a dignidade da pessoa humana. Entende-se, ainda, que embora o Brasil tenha alcançado posição de destaque na luta contra o trabalho análogo ao de escravo, os atuais mecanismos jurídicos de combate às formas contemporâneas de escravidão não são suficientes para resolver o problema, que não é apenas de âmbito jurídico, mas também econômico e social. Assim, o estudo defende a utilização da desapropriação agrária como mecanismo de combate ao trabalho análogo ao de escravo rural por duas razões. Primeiro, por ela representar o principal instrumento de implementação da reforma agrária, e, segundo, porque a desapropriação agrária constitui uma pena ao titular do imóvel rural que, descumprindo a função social, explora o trabalho análogo ao de escravo. A dissertação utiliza o método dedutivo, apoiando-se numa pesquisa qualitativa, realizada a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica de parte da literatura jurídica disponível sobre o tema e a partir de documentos obtidos em inquéritos civis e ações civis públicas a cargo do Ministério Público do Trabalho. Trabalho análogo ao de escravo Trabalho forçado Trabalho degradante Dignidade da pessoa humana Desapropriação agrária Função social Labor analogous to slavery Forced labor Degrading labor Human dignity Land expropriation Social function
13	土地徵收補償之地價分析 / An Analysis on Land Value of Land Expropriation Compensation 劉庭如, Liu, Ting Ju Unknown Date (has links) 2013年9月1日起，土地徵收將改採「市價」作為地價補償之基準，期以實現土地之「公平正義」。在文獻回顧中，本文歸納合理的徵收補償為在符合現行法令下，交易市場中最可能的價格。即不論由時間軸，亦或地區範圍軸作觀察，都應為合理之價格，不存在非正常上漲之情形。本文蒐集2011年至2013年桃園航空城範圍內外之成交案例，運用獨立樣本t檢定，分析範圍內之成交價格是否會受到其開發計畫之影響。研究結果顯示，無論是區分範圍內外，抑或從土地使用分區或分季觀察，範圍內之平均成交價格皆受到航空城計畫之影響，與範圍外相同用地之成交價格，呈現非常顯著之差異。若依據現行的土地徵收補償市價查估辦法，在限制案例蒐集時間下，估算補償價格時無法避免參考非正常上漲之成交價格；此外，將收益法視為配角，亦會導致當比較法之估算價格有所偏頗時，無法由收益法作為權衡，合理的估算補償價格。 / From September 1st on , the government changed to adopt market value as expropriation compensation, in order to practice justice of land. In Literature Reviews, this paper generalize the definition of reasonable expropriation compensation is the most probable price in the market according to current law. In other words , this reasonable price can not rise sharply through the aspect of time and region. This paper collected the transaction price of Taoyuan Air City from 2011 to 2013, then using independent t-test to analyze that will Taoyuan Air City have impact on the transaction price. The empirical results showed that whether from the inside or outside of Taoyuan Air City or zoning or observation from different period, the transaction price must be influenced by Taoyuan Air City, resulting in manifest difference between the inside transaction price and the outside transaction price. Under the limited time of collecting market cases, the government can not avoid estimating unreasonable expropriation compensation according to the current law; Besides, the Income Capitalization Approach is treated as a supporting role which would lead to unreasonable expropriation compensation because of unbalanced prices. 土地徵收補償市價查估辦法桃園航空城徵收補償獨立樣本t檢定 Taoyuan Air City expropriation compensation independent t-test
14	Highway Development Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: Analysis, Critique and Advancement El-Khatib, Mayar January 2010 (has links) While decision-making under uncertainty is a major universal problem, its implications in the field of transportation systems are especially enormous; where the benefits of right decisions are tremendous, the consequences of wrong ones are potentially disastrous. In the realm of highway systems, decisions related to the highway configuration (number of lanes, right of way, etc.) need to incorporate both the traffic demand and land price uncertainties. In the literature, these uncertainties have generally been modeled using the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) process, which has been used extensively in modeling many other real life phenomena. But few scholars, including those who used the GBM in highway configuration decisions, have offered any rigorous justification for the use of this model. This thesis attempts to offer a detailed analysis of various aspects of transportation systems in relation to decision-making. It reveals some general insights as well as a new concept that extends the notion of opportunity cost to situations where wrong decisions could be made. Claiming deficiency of the GBM model, it also introduces a new formulation that utilizes a large and flexible parametric family of jump models (i.e., Lévy processes). To validate this claim, data related to traffic demand and land prices were collected and analyzed to reveal that their distributions, heavy-tailed and asymmetric, do not match well with the GBM model. As a remedy, this research used the Merton, Kou, and negative inverse Gaussian Lévy processes as possible alternatives. Though the results show indifference in relation to final decisions among the models, mathematically, they improve the precision of uncertainty models and the decision-making process. This furthers the quest for optimality in highway projects and beyond. highway development decision making under uncertainty real options jump processes infinitely divisible distributions Lévy processes measure theory characteristic function characteristic exponent Lévy jump measure probability measure cádlág stochastic process Wiener process Poisson process compound Poisson process finite activity models jump diffusion models Merton model Gaussian jump process Kou model double exponential jump process leptokurtic volatility smile infinite activity models pure jumps process generalized hyperbolic model modified Bessel function negative inverse Gaussian model geometric Brownian motion model log-normal distribution model normality assumption heavy-tailed distribution asymmetric distribution quantile-quantile plot Rydberg algorithm parameter calibration moments cummulants sum of squares Monte Carlo simulation least-squares regression backward dynamic programming discrete-time Markov chain land price traffic demand highway service quality index data collection traffic volume Annual Average Daily Traffic Ontario Ministry of Transportation Land Registry Office Freedom of Information Act seasonality value of transportation types of transportation systems importance of highway systems cost of wrong decisions monetary cost private sector cost human cost land expropriation environmental cost irreversibility cost factor time cost factor political cost factor opportunity cost opportunity cost of wrong decisions economic cost of wrong decisions economic cost of mis-estimation economic profit of wrong decisions cost of inaction price of making right decisions scope of decisions rehabilitation decision land acquisition decision expansion decision uncertainty modeling land acquisition cost expropriation cost construction cost material cost Montréal-Mirabel International Airport Pickering Airport 407 Express Toll Route Highway 407 Statistics
15	Highway Development Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: Analysis, Critique and Advancement El-Khatib, Mayar January 2010 (has links) While decision-making under uncertainty is a major universal problem, its implications in the field of transportation systems are especially enormous; where the benefits of right decisions are tremendous, the consequences of wrong ones are potentially disastrous. In the realm of highway systems, decisions related to the highway configuration (number of lanes, right of way, etc.) need to incorporate both the traffic demand and land price uncertainties. In the literature, these uncertainties have generally been modeled using the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) process, which has been used extensively in modeling many other real life phenomena. But few scholars, including those who used the GBM in highway configuration decisions, have offered any rigorous justification for the use of this model. This thesis attempts to offer a detailed analysis of various aspects of transportation systems in relation to decision-making. It reveals some general insights as well as a new concept that extends the notion of opportunity cost to situations where wrong decisions could be made. Claiming deficiency of the GBM model, it also introduces a new formulation that utilizes a large and flexible parametric family of jump models (i.e., Lévy processes). To validate this claim, data related to traffic demand and land prices were collected and analyzed to reveal that their distributions, heavy-tailed and asymmetric, do not match well with the GBM model. As a remedy, this research used the Merton, Kou, and negative inverse Gaussian Lévy processes as possible alternatives. Though the results show indifference in relation to final decisions among the models, mathematically, they improve the precision of uncertainty models and the decision-making process. This furthers the quest for optimality in highway projects and beyond. highway development decision making under uncertainty real options jump processes infinitely divisible distributions Lévy processes measure theory characteristic function characteristic exponent Lévy jump measure probability measure cádlág stochastic process Wiener process Poisson process compound Poisson process finite activity models jump diffusion models Merton model Gaussian jump process Kou model double exponential jump process leptokurtic volatility smile infinite activity models pure jumps process generalized hyperbolic model modified Bessel function negative inverse Gaussian model geometric Brownian motion model log-normal distribution model normality assumption heavy-tailed distribution asymmetric distribution quantile-quantile plot Rydberg algorithm parameter calibration moments cummulants sum of squares Monte Carlo simulation least-squares regression backward dynamic programming discrete-time Markov chain land price traffic demand highway service quality index data collection traffic volume Annual Average Daily Traffic Ontario Ministry of Transportation Land Registry Office Freedom of Information Act seasonality value of transportation types of transportation systems importance of highway systems cost of wrong decisions monetary cost private sector cost human cost land expropriation environmental cost irreversibility cost factor time cost factor political cost factor opportunity cost opportunity cost of wrong decisions economic cost of wrong decisions economic cost of mis-estimation economic profit of wrong decisions cost of inaction price of making right decisions scope of decisions rehabilitation decision land acquisition decision expansion decision uncertainty modeling land acquisition cost expropriation cost construction cost material cost Montréal-Mirabel International Airport Pickering Airport 407 Express Toll Route Highway 407 Statistics

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