Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T14:41:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosePS_DISSERT.pdf: 1962165 bytes, checksum: 607132c0ebe04ab32605fb6e1b61fa15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / The term sustainable development appeared in 1980 and was consecrated in 1987 for the Brundtland Commission and comes gaining prominence, certainly for the intensification of the environmental problems, due to intensified industrialization, and the increase of the man intervention in the nature. The objective of this research is to construct and to analyze the Index of Microregional Sustainable Development of agrarian reform nesting; to determine the variations caused by oil income on the sustainability index of economic dimension; and to investigate the relation between the farming income and the total income in the nesting. The Unit of Analysis was the Project of Serra Vermelha Nesting of agrarian reform, Areia Branca/RN, formed for 51 piece of land with an area of 15 hectares each, where their owners were interviewed. In the geographic area of this nesting is located the Canto do Amaro Field of Oil, one of the main assets of oil production in the city of Mossoró. To obtain the data we chose the use of interviews with 18 closed questions. They had been used given collected through spontaneous comment. The results showed an Index of General Sustainable Development, considering the three analyzed dimensions was, of 0,543, that it discloses a level of acceptable sustainability. The three individually analyzed dimensions had presented the following results: The Environmental Dimension presented an index of 0,684, with a level of acceptable sustainability also considered; the Economic Dimension presented level of sustainability in alert, with index 0,276; for the Social Dimension the joined index of 0,668, was characterized as acceptable. The Index of Farming Income (relation between the Farming Income and the Total Income) performed 0,02 disclosing to high dependence of not agriculturists sources and low farming production. The oil income caused no change in the level of sustainability of the economic dimension, remaining on alert, with small variation in the index. Considering the royalties income, the index was 0,276; excluding this income, the index goes to 0,230. The data show a weakness the criterion for distribution of royalties, seen that the current practice is the equal division of the amount collected, however, the oil exploration, that generates this income, is markedly in 13% of the earth portions, where the majority of them, 87% only with the bond. The results confirm the so-called "resource curse" of world literature, for causing a visible discouragement to the farming production investment. Therefore, this loss of ability or incentive to agricultural production and high reliance on external sources of income, characterizes a weakness in the shares of the land reform policy on this specific Analysis Unit. Recommend future research in order to investigate the willingness of owners to participate in actions that promote agricultural production supported the practice of Local Productive Arrangement (LPA) / O termo desenvolvimento sustentável surgiu em 1980, foi consagrado em 1987 pela Comissão Brundtland e vem ganhando destaque, certamente pela intensificação dos problemas ambientais, frutos da intensificação da industrialização, e aumento da intervenção do homem na natureza. O objetivo desta pesquisa é construir e analisar o Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Microrregional do Assentamento de reforma agrária; verificar a variação provocada pela renda do petróleo sobre o índice de sustentabilidade da dimensão econômica; e investigar a relação entre a renda agropecuária e a renda total no assentamento. A Unidade de Análise foi Projeto de Assentamento de reforma agrária de Serra Vermelha, Areia Branca/RN, formado por 51 lotes de terra com uma área de 15 hectares cada, tendo os proprietários como entrevistados. No espaço geográfico deste assentamento está localizado o Campo de Petróleo de Canto do Amaro, um dos principais do Ativo de Produção de Mossoró. Para a obtenção dos dados optou-se pelo uso de entrevistas composta por 18 questões fachadas. Também foram utilizados dados coletados através de observação espontânea. Os resultados revelaram um Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Geral, considerando as três dimensões analisadas, de 0,543, que caracteriza um nível de sustentabilidade aceitável. As três dimensões analisadas individualmente apresentaram os seguintes resultados: A Dimensão Ambiental apresentou um índice de 0,684, com um nível de sustentabilidade também considerado aceitável; a Dimensão Econômica apresentou nível de sustentabilidade em alerta, com índice 0,276; para a Dimensão Social o índice encontrado foi de 0,668, caracterizado como aceitável. O Índice de Renda Agropecuária (relação entre a Renda Agropecuária e a Renda Total) foi de 0,02 revelando alta dependência de fontes não agrícolas e baixa produção agropecuária. A renda do petróleo não provocou variação no nível de sustentabilidade da dimensão econômica, permanecendo em estado de alerta, com pequena variação no índice, considerando a renda dos royalties o índice foi 0,276, excluindo esta renda, o índice passa para 0,230. Os dados mostram uma fragilidade quanto ao critério de distribuição dos royalties, visto que, a prática atual é a divisão igualitária do montante arrecadado, contudo, a exploração do petróleo, que gera esta renda, ocorre de forma acentuada em 13% dos lotes, ficando a maioria deles, 87% apenas com o bônus. Os resultados confirmam a chamada maldição dos recursos naturais da literatura mundial, por causar um visível desestímulo ao investimento na produção agropecuária. Diante disso, essa perda da capacidade ou estímulo à produção agropecuária e da alta dependência de rendas de fontes externas, caracteriza em uma fragilidade das ações da política da reforma agrária nesta Unidade de Análise. Recomendam-se pesquisas futuras para investigar a disposição dos proprietários em participar de ações que promovam a produção agropecuária apoiada na prática de Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL)

This thesis researches the land reform in the Czechoslovak Republic in the years 1918 -- 1923. The sence of this thesis was to find out how the land owners lived in the years 1918 - 1923 and how the land reform influenced them. The thesis also researches if the land owners involved themselves in politics and if the politicians influenced the land reform to their interest. The next point of the thesis describes activities of The Union Of Czechoslovak Land Owners - some problems that its' members had to solve. The second part of the thesis contains two cases of executing of the land reform. It is concerned of two large landed estates - Dobříš, owned by Colloredo Mannsfeld and Netolice-Libějice, owned by Schwarzenberg. In these cases the writer researches who was influenced by the land reform on these estates. The conclusion is that the employees of these estates were the most affected by the land reform. The land owners were not so much harmed, because they had other estates in other countries and many other pieces of land. But intervention to their ownership was big. The land reform in the Czechoslovak Republic in the years 1918 - 1923 harmed the people in whose favour was the reform made - small farmers and employees on the large landed estates.

Redevelopment of brownfield sites has become increasingly popular since the inception of voluntary cleanup programs in the early to mid 1990’s. Local governments have begun to offer incentives to private developers or land owners to offset costs associated with contamination and encourage the redevelopment of properties that are typically underutilized. Incentives may take several forms including, but not limited to, fast-tracked project approval, risk based cleanup standards, liability relief, tax breaks, and direct funding assistance. This study investigates how incentives that are offered by local governments to private developers or land owners influence the rate of redevelopment in their sphere of influence. A survey was administered to local governments throughout the State of California to determine how incentives are used for the redevelopment of brownfields. Results from this study show a preference by participating local governments to offer direct funding assistance, which may be directly linked to a relative level of inexperience.

Thesis (MDev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this study was to assess the socio-economic effects of farm evictions in Mogale City Local Municipality, Gauteng Province. Most of the land owners do not adhere to the legislations which govern evictions in general and to the Extension of Security of Tenure Act which governs farm eviction on specific. The key objectives of the study were to identify the socio-economic effects of farm evictions and to analyse how the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of evictions. The key questions were what are the socio-economic effects do eviction have on farm dwellers and how have the affected communities responded to the phenomenon of eviction. The literature revealed that evictions around the world started decades ago and to date are still happening. In Zimbabwe, evictions were initiated by white farmers as a way of redressing the imbalance of the land ownership; in China evictions are mainly caused by rapid population growth and expansion of cities, in Namibia, Germans expropriated land and forcefully removed original owners of such land. Since independence, Namibia has no legislation governing evictions and this pose a thread of tenure insecurity. Although South Africa has legislations which govern the evictions, evictions are still taking place and mostly initiated by white land owners. The quantitative survey study was conducted to determine the distribution of socio-economic variables before and after the eviction. The primary data was collected, using semi-structured questionnaires which the interviewer administered to the evicted households. The findings revealed that electricity supply, garbage collection, personal care, household income, access to health facilities are negatively affected and the condition of the households deteriorated after the eviction. The main recommendation on the basis of the findings is that the MCLM, DRDLR and NDHS should adhere to the principles outlined in the article 25(1) of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. This would reduce the negative impact of evictions.

Under senare tid har allt fler företag börjat utöva verksamhet där mark nyttjas för olika aktiviteter med stöd av allemansrätten. HD har bedömt att sådant nyttjande; kanalisering, är tillåtet med stöd av allemansrätten, men uttalade i NJA 1996 s. 495 (”Forsränningsmålet”) samtidigt att nyttjandet bara är tillåtet så länge marken inte skadas. Eftersom skadeståndsfrågan aldrig har prövats i samband med allemansrätten har föremålet för denna uppsats varit att utreda möjligheterna att utfå ersättning för skador via allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga regler, skadestånds- och avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken samt för intrång i äganderätten via expropriationslagen och möjligheten att få ersättning ur en försäkring. Expropriationsalternativet kan inte användas idag, eftersom marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten är ett icke ersättningsgillt intrång i äganderätten. Möjligheterna till att betrakta en skada på marken som en sakskada är stora. Det finns emellertid omständigheter som skapar komplikationer för båda skadeståndsansvarsformerna. En allmän skadeståndstalan kräver att culpa hos skadevållaren kan bevisas, vilket kan vara svårt när många människor vistas på en plats samtidigt. Kanalisatören kan betraktas som culpös enligt principerna om kumulativ eller anonym culpa, enligt vilka en principal blir ansvarig, trots att de individer han ansvarar för inte, var och en för sig, varit culpösa. Det miljörättsliga skadeståndsansvaret bygger på ersättning för störningar som inte är orts- eller allmänvanliga. När det gäller allemansrättsligt nyttjande torde många störningar betraktas som just orts- eller allmänvanliga. Avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken bygger på ersättning för miljöfarlig verksamhet, och det är tveksamt om det kan tillämpas på kanalisatörens verksamhet. Expropriationsersättning på grund av allemansrättsligt nyttjande tillerkänns inte markägaren enligt gällande rätt, vilket kan tyckas märkligt eftersom många nyttjandeformer som påminner om allemansrätten, t.ex. servitut, medför sådan ersättningsrätt. Det finns vissa möjligheter att ersätta markskador ur försäkringar. Dock är de flesta skador följden av invasionsproblematik, som är mycket svårt försäkra. Samtliga ersättningsformer har visat sig otillräckliga för att ersätta skador som är estetiska och ideella, eftersom sådana skador inte kan beräknas i pengar. Beroende på hur marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten betraktas har man olika åsikt om i vad mån kanalisatören borde ersätta markägaren för skador på marken. Om nyttjandet uppfattas som någonting som finns vid sidan av markäganderätten är endast konkreta skador ersättningsgilla. Om man anser att nyttjandet är ett intrång i äganderätten och en förmögenhetsöverföring från markägaren till kanalisatören bör emellertid redan rätten att nyttja marken föranleda ersättning. Den ersättningsform som bäst tillgodoser markägarens intresse av att få skador på marken åtgärdade och få ersättning för ekonomisk förlust är avhjälpandeansvaret. Endast det ansvaret reparerar till fullo skador på miljön. Det krävs emellertid ett domstolsavgörande för att slutligen klargöra avhjälpandeansvarets tillämplighet. / Recently, more and more companies have come to exercise activities under the right of public access on land that belongs to whomever. The High Court has assessed that such use of land; channeling, is permitted, but in NJA 1996 s. 495 (“The Rafting Case”) also announced that this use is only allowed as long as the land remains unharmed. Since the question of damages in the context of the right of public access has not yet been treated in jurisprudence, the object of this thesis has been to investigate the possibilities to obtain restitution for damages via tort law, liability under the environment act as well as for proprietary intrusions under the expropriation act and restitution via insurance. Expropriation, however, cannot currently be made use of, since the right of public access is an intrusion which does not entail restitution. There are extensive possibilities for considering damage to the land as damage to property. However, there are ramifications for both the legal options for damages: the tort law and the environmental act. The tort law requires tortuous behaviour from the tortfeasor to be established, which is difficult when several persons stay at one place simultaneously. The canalizer may be considered tortuous under the principle of vicarious liability and cumulative or anonymous tort. According to these principles, the canalizer is responsible for the actions of certain individuals, even though they have not, individually, been negligent. The environmental liability for damage is based on restitution for disturbances that are not common to the place nor to the general public. This fact is difficult to establish in the context of the right of public access. The remedial responsibility of the environmental act is constructed for operations that are harmful to the environment, which is why it is dubious whether the responsibility is applicable to the canalizer’s activities. Currently, compensation for expropriation cannot result of use of land under the right of public access. This is peculiar, since many usufructs reminiscent of the right of public access, i.e. the easement, result in such compensation. Some forms of damage to the land can be insured. Although, most damage in this context arise from invasion, a cause of damage which is nearly impossible to insure. All forms of restitution have proven insufficient for compensating damage that is esthetic or otherwise non-pecuniary. Depending on if the right of public access is regarded as proprietary intrusion or something that exists alongside the right to property, one comes to different conclusions about the extent of compensation for damage. In the former case, only substantial damage is compensable. In the latter case, even the right to use the land occasions compensation. The liability which best meets the needs of the proprietor: compensation and restoration of damage to his property, is the remedial responsibility of the environmental code. This responsibility alone fully restores harm to the environment. However, the applicability of the remedial responsibility needs to be established in jurisprudence.