A number of methods are being undertaken in New Zealand to achieve sustainable land transport outcomes. Lower urban speeds (less than 50 km/h) are increasingly being used to improve safety, but may also contribute to other sustainable land transport outcomes. This research includes: a literature review, case studies, a survey of industry professionals and comparative analysis, to consider the potential effectiveness and efficiency of reducing urban speeds1 to achieve sustainable land transport outcomes. There is reasonable consistency between the findings of the survey, case studies and literature review. The key areas of difference relate to the survey responses potentially under-estimating political and public support for reducing speeds. The responses also over-estimate the current contribution of industry knowledge, and the adverse effects of travel times, vehicle emissions, and fuel usage. In respect to efficiency, reducing urban speeds can be successfully implemented in New Zealand, time and cost requirements are achievable, and legislation is permissive, but additional guidance and industry knowledge is required. Political and public opinions are difficult to determine but there is nothing to suggest that there is widespread opposition to reducing urban speeds, particularly in residential, high pedestrian and business areas. In respect to effectiveness, reducing urban speeds can contribute to improving: safety, public health, accessibility, integrated urban form, environmental sustainability2 and economic development. The impact of increased travel times on functional transport networks is likely to result in some adverse effects, but these are not likely to be significant. Compared to the provision of walking and cycling infrastructure, from the information available, reducing urban speeds is considered to be at least as effective at achieving sustainable land transport outcomes. Reducing urban speeds could also be as efficient, as provision of walking and cycling infrastructure, with more consistent political support, more guidance on the use of legislation, and once the level of industry knowledge improves.

Os acidentes com produtos químicos e seus riscos para sociedade, principalmente quando estes são classificados como perigosos para transporte pela ONU, são o objeto deste estudo descritivo da atividade de transporte rodoviário no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados estudados foram as ocorrências registradas pela Setor de Atendimento à Emergências da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) em seu Sistema de Informações de Emergência Químicas (SIEQ). Neste foram analisados 2.432 eventos na atividade de transporte rodoviário do início de 2005 ao final do ano de 2015. A metodologia contou com a pesquisa e revisão bibliográfica de normas técnicas e legislações de destaque, materiais impressos e digitais (manuais, guias e Fichas de Informações de Segurança de Produtos Químicos), sistemas de informações sobre produtos químicos e emergências ambientais disponíveis na internet, bem como as dissertações e teses acadêmicas relacionadas ao objeto deste estudo. Como resultado da análise dos dados constatou-se que 59,6% dos acidentes ocorreram nas atividades de transporte, sendo que 53,6 %, no transporte rodoviário. Os produtos de maior ocorrência foram os líquidos inflamáveis (classe 3) com 47,5 %, as substâncias corrosivas (classe 8) com 14,1% e os não classificados como perigosos com 28,3 %. O número de vítimas no período (505) foi alto para este tipo de acidente, correspondendo a 8,7% do total de vítimas das emergências químicas no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados finais mostraram que apesar da importância fundamental do transporte rodoviário de produtos químicos para a indústria química e a economia do país, há riscos significativos inerentes a essa atividade, os quais não podem ser negligenciados, devem ser conhecidos e divulgados à sociedade, devendo ainda ser alvo de políticas públicas específicas. Para facilitar a divulgação desses riscos junto à população, foram estudados mecanismos de comunicação. O produto final obtido foi uma plataforma digital composta por página no Facebook, aplicativo (celulares e tablets) e blog contendo informações simplificadas e fichas sobre os riscos dos principais produtos químicos envolvidos nestas ocorrências rodoviárias. / Accidents with chemical products and their risks to society, especially when classified as dangerous for transport by the UN, are the object of this descriptive study of road transport activity in the State of São Paulo. The data studied were the occurrences recorded by the Emergency Operations Division of the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) in the Emergency Chemical Information System (SIEQ). In this system 2,432 events were analyzed on the activity of road transportation from the beginning of 2005 to the end of the year 2015. The methodology included the research and bibliographic reviews of technical standards and prominent legislation, printed and digital materials (manuals, guides and chemical safety data sheets), chemical and environmental emergency data systems available on the internet, as well as dissertations and academic theses related to the object of this study. As a result of these data analysis, it was found that 59.6% occurred in transportation activities, 53.6% in road transport. The most frequent products were flammable liquids (class 3) with 47.5%, corrosive substances (class 8) with 14.1% and those not classified as dangerous with 28.3%. The number of victims in the period (505) was high for this type of accident, corresponding to 8.7% of the total number of chemical emergencies in the State of São Paulo. The final results showed that despite the fundamental importance of road transport of chemical products to the chemical industry and the economy of the country, there are significant risks inherent to this activity, which can\'t be neglected, must be known and disseminated to society, and specific public policies. To facilitate the dissemination of these risks to the population, communication mechanisms were studied. The final product was a digital platform composed of a Facebook page, an application (cell phones and tablets) and a blog containing simplified information and safety data sheets containing the risks of the main chemicals involved in these road events.

Os acidentes com produtos químicos e seus riscos para sociedade, principalmente quando estes são classificados como perigosos para transporte pela ONU, são o objeto deste estudo descritivo da atividade de transporte rodoviário no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados estudados foram as ocorrências registradas pela Setor de Atendimento à Emergências da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) em seu Sistema de Informações de Emergência Químicas (SIEQ). Neste foram analisados 2.432 eventos na atividade de transporte rodoviário do início de 2005 ao final do ano de 2015. A metodologia contou com a pesquisa e revisão bibliográfica de normas técnicas e legislações de destaque, materiais impressos e digitais (manuais, guias e Fichas de Informações de Segurança de Produtos Químicos), sistemas de informações sobre produtos químicos e emergências ambientais disponíveis na internet, bem como as dissertações e teses acadêmicas relacionadas ao objeto deste estudo. Como resultado da análise dos dados constatou-se que 59,6% dos acidentes ocorreram nas atividades de transporte, sendo que 53,6 %, no transporte rodoviário. Os produtos de maior ocorrência foram os líquidos inflamáveis (classe 3) com 47,5 %, as substâncias corrosivas (classe 8) com 14,1% e os não classificados como perigosos com 28,3 %. O número de vítimas no período (505) foi alto para este tipo de acidente, correspondendo a 8,7% do total de vítimas das emergências químicas no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados finais mostraram que apesar da importância fundamental do transporte rodoviário de produtos químicos para a indústria química e a economia do país, há riscos significativos inerentes a essa atividade, os quais não podem ser negligenciados, devem ser conhecidos e divulgados à sociedade, devendo ainda ser alvo de políticas públicas específicas. Para facilitar a divulgação desses riscos junto à população, foram estudados mecanismos de comunicação. O produto final obtido foi uma plataforma digital composta por página no Facebook, aplicativo (celulares e tablets) e blog contendo informações simplificadas e fichas sobre os riscos dos principais produtos químicos envolvidos nestas ocorrências rodoviárias. / Accidents with chemical products and their risks to society, especially when classified as dangerous for transport by the UN, are the object of this descriptive study of road transport activity in the State of São Paulo. The data studied were the occurrences recorded by the Emergency Operations Division of the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) in the Emergency Chemical Information System (SIEQ). In this system 2,432 events were analyzed on the activity of road transportation from the beginning of 2005 to the end of the year 2015. The methodology included the research and bibliographic reviews of technical standards and prominent legislation, printed and digital materials (manuals, guides and chemical safety data sheets), chemical and environmental emergency data systems available on the internet, as well as dissertations and academic theses related to the object of this study. As a result of these data analysis, it was found that 59.6% occurred in transportation activities, 53.6% in road transport. The most frequent products were flammable liquids (class 3) with 47.5%, corrosive substances (class 8) with 14.1% and those not classified as dangerous with 28.3%. The number of victims in the period (505) was high for this type of accident, corresponding to 8.7% of the total number of chemical emergencies in the State of São Paulo. The final results showed that despite the fundamental importance of road transport of chemical products to the chemical industry and the economy of the country, there are significant risks inherent to this activity, which can\'t be neglected, must be known and disseminated to society, and specific public policies. To facilitate the dissemination of these risks to the population, communication mechanisms were studied. The final product was a digital platform composed of a Facebook page, an application (cell phones and tablets) and a blog containing simplified information and safety data sheets containing the risks of the main chemicals involved in these road events.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux modes de transport terrestre utilisés pour les biens et marchandises dans l’ancienne Égypte. On en dénombre plusieurs, dont les plus importants sont la palanche, la barre de portage, le traîneau, et le transport à dos d’âne. Cette recherche s’appuie principalement sur des ressources documentaires iconographiques et plastiques, provenant de mastabas et d’hypogées datés de l’Ancien et du Moyen Empire. Elle a pour enjeu de préciser les conditions d’utilisation des différents modes de transport, tant sur un plan chronologique, que sociologique, ou topographique. / This study deals with means of land transport used for goods and merchandises in ancient Egypt. We can count a few, among which the most important are yoke, carrying pole, sledge and donkeys. This research is mainly based on iconographic and sculptural documentary resources from mastabas and hypogea dating from the Old and Middle Kingdom. Its main concern is to explain the conditions of use of the different means of land transport, on a chronological, sociological as well as on a topographical level.

Extreme weather events and effects of climate change are threats to the transport sector’s functionality and safety. Risk management in this context implies a necessity to focus on the connection between near-term experiences and coping strategies on one hand, and long-term adaptation analyses on the other. How learning from past events and subsequent knowledge sharing can be adopted is a question that needs to be explored, discussed and tested. A systematic approach to lessons learned calls for measures of investigation, reporting, planning, implementation and evaluation. A qualitative case study approach was used in this thesis. In the first paper the practices of accident investigation in operation and maintenance were inventoried within the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). Three accident investigation methods were applied and tested on a cloudburst event, causing flooding in a railway tunnel in Sweden. In the second paper, semi-structured interviews, documents, and archival records were used as means for penetrating deeper into the attitudes and understanding of lessons learned concerning extreme weather events within a procured public-private partnership. The results of the two studies showed weak signals of feedback on lessons learned. Partly, these weak signals could be traced back to weak steering signals. Various obstacles impeded learning curves from lessons learned. The obstacles were of both hard and soft values, e.g. resources in time and equipment, systematic investigation methods, incentives for lessons learned, education and knowledge, values, norms and attitudes towards how and why identified problems should be solved. Successful knowledge sharing requires that close attention is paid to such obstacles and that an adaptive approach is adopted. / Den pågående och framtida klimatförändringen sätter press på aktörer att möta risker som associeras med klimatförändring. Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra med kunskap om lärande och kunskapsöverföring inom offentlig förvaltning av landtransportinfrastruktur. Eftersom lärande och kunskapsöverföring är grundläggande för planering och beslutsfattande om strategier och åtgärder som främjar ett robust transportsystem. Målet för detta arbete är att belysa lärande och kunskapsöverföring inom och mellan olika organisationer i det svenska samhället. Det socio-tekniska systemperspektivet - som används som analysram i båda studierna ger en djupare förståelse för bakomliggande faktorer. En kvalitativ ansats, som omfattar intervjuer, deltagande observationer och dokumentanalys, har används i detta licentiatarbete. I den första studien belyses möjligheten att använda sig av industriella utredningsmetoder på naturolyckor i en svensk kontext av en översvämning i en järnvägstunnel. De industriella utredningsmetoderna visade sig vara användbara för utredning av konsekvenser efter skyfall, med olika metodologiska fördelar och nackdelar. Den andra studien utforskar hur Trafikverkets verksamhetsområde Underhåll arbetar med lärande kopplat till väderextremer; hur de fångar upp erfarenheter och kunskap som finns hos kontrakterade entreprenörer, samt hur entreprenörerna uppfattar att lärande och erfarenhetsåterföring sker. Resultatet från båda studierna visar på både svaga styrsignaler och svaga återkopplingssignaler, vilket medför svaga lärandekurvor. Olika hinder sågs ligga bakom med svaga styr- och återkopplingssignaler bl.a. resurser i tid och processer, systematik i utredning av naturolyckor, incitament att lära av varandra, utbildning och kunskap, värderingar normer och attityder till hur och varför identifierade problem ska lösas. Ett adaptivt förhållningssätt innebär att man behöver ta hänsyn till dessa hinder på ett systematiskt sätt. / The agreement in Paris in 2015 was an historic manifestation that society has to work with both mitigation and adaptation to achieve a reduction of the adverse effects of climate change. One way to achieve adaptation is through the integration of present coping strategies. A first step is to study the existing processes and routines that support short-term coping. This licentiate thesis targets different aspects of learning as a strategy for coping and building adaptive capacity. Road infrastructure and maintenance in relation to extreme weather are used as the physical context and the Swedish Transport Administration as a case to study. Paper I shows the possibility to apply industrial accident investigation methods to an extreme weather event and get useful insights into underlying root causes. Paper II shows the intra- and interrelated patterns that exist in public-private partnerships (PPP) in Sweden. The paper describes a parallel of systems with infrequent overlaps regarding lessons learned.  In both papers the socio-technical perspective approach was used to highlight aspects of learning from and investigating damage due to extreme weather at different tiers in society. The socio-technical perspective provides an understanding of how decisions and legislation that affect our actions and behavior today may have been taken in different time and space settings. This thesis contributes to concept and theory building regarding the socio-technical system approach. / <p>Paper 2 ingick i licentiatuppsatsen som manuskript, nu publicerat.</p>

Mit dem vorliegenden Band wird ein Überblick über die Forschungsarbeit der Professur Verkehrsleitsysteme und -prozessautomatisierung an der Fakultät Verkehrswissenschaften „Friedrich List“ der Technischen Universität Dresden des Jahres 2012 geboten. Zwölf ausgewählte Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter, hauptsächlich von nationalen und internationalen Konferenzen wurden dafür zusammengestellt. Das breite, alle Landverkehrssysteme umfassende Forschungsgebiet des Lehrstuhls hat seine Schwerpunkte in den Bereichen energieoptimale Steuerung im Schienenverkehr und dem Verkehrsmanagement des Straßenverkehrs. Im Bereich der energieoptimalen Steuerung im Schienenverkehr werden die Aspekte Haltvermeidung und dynamische Fahrzeitenregelung beispielsweise im Artikel „Predictive Energy-Efficient Running Time Control for Metro Lines“ beschrieben. Der Beitrag „Pilotierung eines Assistenzsystems zur kraftstoffsparenden Fahrweise im SPNV“ fokussiert auf das Forschungs- und Anwendungsgebiet der Fahrerassistenz. Darüber hinaus sind auch die intermodalen Wechselwirkungen zwischen ÖPNV und MIV thematisiert. Die Ausführungen in „Cooperative Traffic Signals for Energy Efficient Driving in Tramway Systems“ verdeutlichen, wie mit Hilfe eines kooperativ arbeitenden Steuerungssystems für lichtsignalgesteuerte Verkehrsknoten diese Verkehrsmodi zum beiderseitigen Vorteil miteinander verknüpft werden können. Das Verkehrsmanagementsystem der Stadt Dresden VAMOS, das in “The Traffic Management System VAMOS - from Research to Regular Operation” vorgestellt wird, bildet die Grundlage für einen großen Teil der weiteren, hauptsächlich straßenverkehrsbezogenen Arbeiten. Innovative Ansätze zum Erfassen und Fusionieren relevanter Daten aus vorhandenen Detektoren und Erfahrungen aus dem Betrieb des Systems werden ergänzt durch die Präsentation weiterer Möglichkeiten zur Nutzung von Verkehrsdaten, wie beispielsweise im Beitrag „Microscopic Real-Time Simulation of Dresden Using VAMOS-Data“ dargestellt wird.

Infrastructure is presenting significant national and global challenges. Whilst often seen as performing well, infrastructure tends to do so against only limited terms of reference and short-term objectives. Given that the world is facing a new infrastructure bill of ~£40T, improving the benefits delivered by existing infrastructure is vital (Dobbs et al., 2013). This thesis investigates strategic intent and the management of infrastructure systems; how factors such as organisational structure and business practice affect outcomes and the ways in which those systems — not projects — are managed. To date, performance has largely been approached from the perspective of project investment and/or delivery, or the assessment of latent failures arising from specific shocks or disruptive events (e.g. natural disaster, infrastructure failures, climate change). By contrast, the delivery of system-level services and outcomes across the infrastructure system has been rarely examined. This is where infrastructure forms an enduring system of services, assets, projects, and networks each at different stages of their lifecycle, and affecting one another as they develop, then age. Yet system performance, which also includes societal, organisational, administrative and technical factors, is arguably the level relevant to, and the reality of, day-to-day public infrastructure management. This research firstly investigated industry perceptions in order to test and confirm the problem: the nub of which was the inability to fully deliver appropriate and relevant infrastructure outcomes over the long term. Three detailed studies then explored the reasons for this problem through different lenses; thereby providing an evidence-base for a range of issues that are shared by the wider infrastructure industry. In confirming its hypothesis that “the strategic intent and the day-to-day management of infrastructure systems are often misaligned, with negative consequences for achieving the desired long-term infrastructure system outcomes”, this research has increased our understanding of the ways in which that misalignment occurs, and the consequences that result. It found those consequences were material, and frequently not visible within the sub-system accountable for the delivery of those outcomes. That public infrastructure exists, not in its own right, but to be of benefit to society, is a central theme drawn from the definition of infrastructure itself. This research shows that it is not enough to be focused on technical outcomes. Infrastructure needs to move beyond how society interacts with an asset, to the outcomes that reflect the needs, beliefs, and choices of society as well as its ability to respond to change (aptitude). Although the research has confirmed its hypothesis and three supporting propositions, the research does not purport to offer ‘the solution’. Single solutions do not exist to address the challenges facing a complex adaptive system such as infrastructure. But the research does offer several system-oriented sense-making models at both the detailed and system-level. This includes the probing methodology by way of a diagnostic roadmap. These models aim to assist practitioners in managing the transition of projects, assets, and services into a wider infrastructure system, their potential, and in (re)orienting the organisation to the dynamic nature of the system and its societal imperative.