Low birth weight has detrimental consequences for postnatal well being and survival. Therefore greater understanding of the factors that govern birth weight are important. There are many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that ensure the adequate growth of an offspring; these include maternal nutrition, maternal health, placental size, surface area and placental transport capacity. This study has used the runt pig fetus as a naturally occurring model of low weight; to better understand intrinsic factors that may contribute to low birth weight. The lightest fetuses and a normal size fetus from Large while X Landrace pig were studied at day 45,65 and 100 of gestation (term being 112-115 days). Placental sodium transport was examined. In relation to sodium transport it was observed that the short circuit current across the pig placenta was predominantly carried by sodium in a fetal maternal direction and involved both the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and the sodium pump This thesis is the first to report the presence of ENaC in the pig placenta. However fetal growth depends not just on the ability of the placental to grow to an appropriate size and to transfer nutrients to the fetus, but fetal growth must be appropriate to nutrient supply if the fetus is to survive to term. Therefore by looking at fetal concentrations of hormones that regulate fetal grow and differentiation we may better understand what causes low birth weight in pigs. In this thesis it was observed that no relationship existed between fetal size and fetal plasma insulin, T3 and T4 concentrations at day 100 of gestation. However low weight pig fetuses were found to have lower plasma cortisol concentration on day 45 of gestation and higher plasma cortisol concentrations of day 100 of gestation compared to their normal size littermates. Elevated cortisol concentrations on day 100 of gestation were not related to changes in fetal plasma ACTH concentrations.

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Les truies Yorkshire-Landrace doivent être saillies avant 260 jours d'âge afin de s'assurer qu'elles ne soient ni trop lourdes et/ou ni trop grasses au moment de la saillie, et ainsi obtenir une bonne productivité. La longévité des truies pour les quatre premières parités est influencée par l'âge et le poids à la première mise bas. Le poids des truies augmente de manière quadratique, alors que l'épaisseur de gras dorsal demeure constante d'une parité à l'autre, pour un même stade physiologique. Une perte d'appétit en lactation a pour effet d'augmenter de façon linéaire les pertes de poids ou d'épaisseur de gras dorsal durant cette période. D'ailleurs, plus la perte de poids durant la lactation est importante, plus l'intervalle sevrage saillie fécondante suivant cette lactation est élevée pour certaines parités. Cette étude a donc permis d'établir certaines recommandations permettant d'optimiser davantage la productivité et la longévité des truies Yorkshire-Landrace.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 736869 bytes, checksum: 413ced1b32a07615b7f853dfb708691e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study was to genetically evaluate litter traits in Landrace pigs using bi-trait, multi-trait and repeatability models and to estimate the dominance effect with and without the inclusion of polygenic effect for growth and carcass traits in a F2 pig population. For Landrace pigs, the following traits were evaluated: number of piglets born at first (NLN1), second (NLN2) and third (NLN3) farrowings; number of piglets weaned at first (NLD1), second (NLD2) and third (NLD3) farrowings; litter weight at birth at first (PLN1), second (PLN2) and third (PLN3) farrowings; litter weight at weaning at first (PLD1), second (PLD2) and third (PLD3) farrowings; average piglets weight at birth at first (PMLN1), second (PMLN2) and third (PMLN3) farrowings; average piglets weight at weaning at first (PMLD1), second (PMLD2) and third (PMLD3) farrowings. The analysis among farrowings using multi-trait and repeatability models showed that the additive genetic variance and heritability for the first farrowing were lower than those estimated in the other farrowings, indicating that the expression of the studied traits at first farrowing is propably controlled by different genes or differents genes combinations from those that regulate the expression of the second and third farrowings. The genetics correlations among the three farrowings, using multi-trait model for average piglets weight at birth (0.9809 to 0.9970) and average piglets weight at weaning (0.9610 to 0.9800), were high, but different from the unit. The other traits showed correlations with lower magnitude. These results are insufficient to consider these traits in the three farrowing orders as being genetically the same trait. We conclude that the multi-trait model is recommended for genetic evaluation of these traits in different farrowings, considering different farrowings as different traits. The traits were also analyzed within each farrowing with a bi-trait animal model. These analyses showed that the genetic correlations between birth and weaning traits were positive and high in all farrowings, which indicates that selection for improving the traits at birth results in genetic gain of the same traits at weaning. However, these traits at birth should be included in the analyses due to negative genetic correlations between litter size and average piglet weight at birth and at weaning, number of piglets weaned and average piglet weight at birth and at weaning and between litter weight at birth and number of weaned piglets. We conclude that methods that consider the correlations among these traits in this population should be used for genetic evaluation of the traits. In another approach, the combination of genomic data and pedigree was used to study the importance of additive and dominance genetic variances of growth and carcass traits in a F2 pig population. Two GBLUP models were used, a model without inclusion of the polygenic effect (ADM) and a model with the polygenic effect (ADMP). Additive effects showed a greater contribution towards the control of growth and carcass traits. Moreover, the dominance effect was important for all traits, showing a more relevant role in backfat thickness. The narrow-sense and broad-sense heritability estimates for growth (0.06 to 0.42; 0.10 to 0.51, respectively) and carcass (0.07 to 0.37; 0.10 to 0.76, respectively) traits showed wide variation. The inclusion of the polygenic effect in the ADMP model changed the broad-sense heritability estimates only for birth weight and weight at 21 days of age. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar geneticamente características de leitegada em suínos da raça Landrace e estimar via análise genômica o efeito de dominância com e sem a inclusão do efeito poligênico em suínos F2. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características em animais da raça Landrace, utilizando modelos bicaracteristico, multicaracterístico e de repetibilidade: número de leitões nascidos no primeiro (NLN1), segundo (NLN2) e terceiro (NLN3) partos; número de leitões desmamados no primeiro (NLD1), segundo (NLD2) e terceiro (NLD3) partos; peso da leitegada ao nascimento no primeiro (PLN1), segundo (PLN2) e terceiro (PLN3) partos; peso da leitegada ao desmame no primeiro (PLD1), segundo (PLD2) e terceiro (PLD3) partos; peso médio dos leitões ao nascimento no primeiro (PMLN1), segundo (PMLN2) e terceiro (PMLN3) partos; peso médio dos leitões ao desmame no primeiro (PMLD1), segundo (PMLD2) e terceiro (PMLD3) partos. As análises entre partos com os modelos multicaracterístico e de repetibilidade, via REML, mostraram que a variância genética aditiva e a herdabilidade para a primeira ordem de parto foram menores que as estimadas nas demais ordens de parto, o que indica que, provavelmente, a expressão dessas características estudadas no primeiro parto é controlada por genes ou combinações gênicas diferentes daquelas que regulam a expressão das mesmas no segundo e no terceiro parto. correlações genéticas entre as três ordens de parto no As modelo multicaracterístico para as características peso médio do leitão ao nascimento (PMLN) e peso médio do leitão ao desmame (PMLD) foram altas variando de 0,9809 a 0,9970 para PMLN e de 0,9610 a 0,9800 para PMLD, mas diferente da unidade, as demais características apresentaram correlações de menor magnitude. Esses resultados são insuficientes para considerar estas características nas três ordens de parto como sendo, geneticamente, a mesma característica. Conclui-se que o modelo multicaracterístico é recomendado para avaliações genéticas das características número de leitões nascidos e desmamados, peso da leitegada e peso médio do leitão ao nascimento e a desmama nas diferentes parições, tratando diferentes parições como características diferentes. As características foram analisadas também dentro de cada parto com o modelo animal bicaracterístico. Nestas análises observou- se que as correlações genéticas entre as características de nascimento e de desmama foram positivas e altas no primeiro, segundo e terceiro parto para a maioria das características, o que indica que a seleção para aumento número de leitões nascidos, peso da leitegada e peso médio do leitão ao nascimento resultará em ganho genético das mesmas características a desmama, porém as três características devem ser incluídas nas análises devido às correlações genéticas negativas entre número de leitões nascidos e peso médio do leitão ao nascimento e ao desmame, número de leitões desmamados e peso médio do leitão ao nascimento e ao desmame e entre peso da leitegada ao nascimento e número de leitões desmamados. Conclui-se que devem ser utilizadas para avaliação genéticas destas características metodologias que não desprezem as correlações existentes entre elas na população em questão. Foi utilizada a combinação de dados genômicos e pedigree para estudar a importância das variâncias genéticas aditivas e de dominância de características de crescimento e de carcaça em uma população de suínos F2. Foram utilizados dois modelos GBLUP, um modelo sem a inclusão do efeito poligênico (ADM) e um modelo com o efeito poligênico (ADMP). Efeitos aditivos apresentaram maior contribuição para o controle de características de crescimento e de carcaça. Além disso, o efeito de dominância foi importante para todas as características, mostrando um papel mais relevante na espessura de toucinho. As herdabilidades no sentido restrito e no sentido amplo para as características de crescimento variaram de 0,06 a 0,42 e de 0,10 a 0,51, respectivamente e para as características de carcaça de 0,07 a 0,37 no sentido restrito e de 0,10 a 0,76 no sentido amplo, mostrando grande variação. A inclusão do efeito poligênico no modelo ADMP mudou as estimativas de herdabilidade no sentido amplo apenas para peso ao nascimento e peso aos 21 dias de idade.

Le présent travail a pour objectif de mesurer les effets du sevrage précoce des porcelets sur la taille de portée suivante d'une truie dans le but de tenir compte de cet effet environnemental dans les évaluations génétiques à l'aide d'un modèle animal-BLUP. Les effets de la longueur de lactation et de l'intervalle sevrage-saillie fécondante (ISSF) sur la taille de portée subséquente d'une truie ont d'abord été estimés en utilisant un modèle animal à partir de données provenant de deux troupeaux de sélection de Génétiporc pratiquant simultanément deux types de sevrage : le MMEW (lactation de moins de 14 jours, habituellement pas d'accouplement avant le deuxième œstrus) ou le sevrage conventionnel (truies sevrées après au moins 14 jours de lactation, habituellement accouplement au premier œstrus). Ces effets ont été estimés séparément pour les races Landrace et Yorkshire. Des effets linéaire, quadratique et logarithmique de la longueur de lactation sur la taille de portée suivante ont été examinés. L'effet de l'ISSF sur la taille de portée suivante a été étudié en utilisant une méthode basée sur des variables à seuil et une approche utilisant des polynômes segmentés. Dans le but de valider si les effets du type de sevrage pouvaient être généralisés à un ensemble de troupeaux ayant des techniques d'élevage différentes, les mêmes types d'analyses ont été faits, cette fois-ci en considérant des portées provenant d'une centaine de troupeaux québécois du programme PEG (Programme d'Évaluation Génétique). L'analyse des données de deux troupeaux de Génétiporc a montré des effets importants de la longueur de la lactation et de l'ISSF sur la taille de portée suivante. Ces effets, allant jusqu'à 0,8 porcelet/portée pour la longueur de la lactation et jusqu'à 1 porcelet/portée pour l'ISSF, étaient beaucoup plus prononcés chez les Landrace que chez les Yorkshire. Les effets estimés pour la longueur de la lactation et l'ISSF sur la taille de portée suivante étaient similaires à ceux obtenus dans l'analyse des données de plus de 100 troupeaux québécois. La longueur de la lactation et l'ISSF devraient donc être considérés dans les modèles d'évaluation génétique des tailles de portée des porcs afin d'augmenter la précision des valeurs génétiques prédites par le modèle. La méthode des polynômes segmentés peut être utilisée pour prédire la taille de portée suivante comme une fonction continue de l'ISSF ou pour déduire des facteurs d'ajustement pour corriger la taille de portée pour l'ISSF précédent.

Object of work. 1. To review and compare the productivity qualities of the pig breeds bred in Vilnius zone (Lithuanian white, Yorkshyre, Landrace, and Pjetren); 2. To determine the impact of the age, sex, and breed on the pig muscularity. Conclusions. 1. The highest muscularity within the weight limit 95-100 kg makes 53.1 percent, and at the weight of 110-115 kg the muscularity amounts to only 47.5 per cent. While the weight of piglets is increasing, the amount of muscles decreases but the amount of fat increases. It was established that at every 5 kg the fat thickness increases by 1 mm. 2. The weight had the highest influence on the piglets of the Landrace and Pjetren breeds. Based on the research, it can be stated that while the weight increases from 90 kg to 110 kg, the fat layer of the Landrace piglets decreases from 16.1 mm to 14.4 mm, and the fat layer of the Pjetren piglets, on the contrary, increases from 11.1 mm to 14 mm. 3. The highest muscularity is achieved when the age of the Pjetren and Landrace piglets is within 175-190 days, making respectively 59.9 percent and 56.2 percent. The lowest muscularity in Pjetren piglets standing at 58.5 percent is found at the age of 205-220 days. Among Landrace, the lowest muscularity of 52.4 percent is fixed at the age of 220-235 days. 4. The muscularity of the Yorkshire piglets is the highest at the weight level of 85-90 kg by making respectively 55.6 percent and 54.9 percent. While the weight is increasing, as provided by the... [to full text]

In the thesis work have been compared with parameters of reproduction in sows of different genotype in the enterprise AGROPIG CZ s. r. o. in Velešín. There are in breeding were monitored achieved the performance parameters in sows of Czech white noble breed and crossbreed Czech white noble breed with landrace insemination hybrid boars. At the conclusion of the work was designed recommendations for the improvement of those parameters in practice. In the enterprise AGROPIG CZ s. r. o. have been identified following the results of the reproduction: there is in 2014 the breed BU, the average was stillborn 1,2 piglet of all births and losses in the postpartum period were 2,3 piglet. Crossbreed BU x L in this year have better values, was born to them in average of 1 stillborn piglet and losses of piglets in the postnatal period were at an average of 1.8 piglet. In 2015 the results of both groups are identical. The diameter of stillborn piglets was 0,9 pieces of all births and losses in the postpartum period were 1.3 piglet. In 2014 breed of BU showed on average a lower number of live born piglets (11,7 pcs) compared to crossbreed BU x L (12,9 pcs, i.e. by 1.2 piglet more). Weaned piglets was on average 0.6 more at crossbreed BU x L. In the year 2015 should crossbreed in average by 0.4-born piglets more than purebred sows of Czech white noble breed. Live born piglets was in average 0.5 more and all born about 0,4 more. From the obtained data prove that the percentage of farrowing and service in 2014 and 2015 in gilts crossbreed breed white noble x landrace is better than for pure-bred gilts breed white noble. There is in the category of sows should be in 2015, better results pure male. Furthermore, it was found that sows in a given enterprise overrun most often in the range of 18. 24. day of gestation. This corresponds to the length of one reproductive cycle and may be due to the poor quality of the insemination dose, or the wrong technique of insemination. Percent overrun was in the two study groups almost equal in both monitored years. In contrast, in the value of the abortion the two groups differed. To abortion occurred in 2014 more often in crossbreed, in 2015 in purebred sows. Statistical evaluation shows that the gilts and sows crossbreed BU x L is less overrun, have better results of pregnancy rate and even better killing it. Crossbreed BU x L also had better indicators related to births. Crossbreed had on average more of all births, live born and weaned piglets (at least by 0.4 piglet more).

NERE, Daniel Rodrigues. Preferência do pulgão-preto por feijão-de-corda coletado em estados do Nordeste brasileiro. 2016. 43 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia / Fitotecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2016 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T13:44:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_drnere.pdf: 3432535 bytes, checksum: 660ade8ec7e83078383042947f3d2de4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-17T13:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_drnere.pdf: 3432535 bytes, checksum: 660ade8ec7e83078383042947f3d2de4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_drnere.pdf: 3432535 bytes, checksum: 660ade8ec7e83078383042947f3d2de4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The black aphid stands out as one of the most important pests of cowpea, as it causes direct and indirect damages to the plant. A measure of efficient control and easy to use by producers is resistant varieties, which have the ability to reduce infestation or damage caused by this insect. In this sense, this work had the purpose of seeking new sources of cowpea genotypes resistant to black aphid, preserved by farmers, in two distinct regions of the State of Ceará (Cariri and Curu Valley) and landraces collected sparsely in some states of the Northeast. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the UFC-Fortaleza and IFCE - Umirim with a randomized complete block design with four replications, testing seventy-one genotypes distributed in three tests according to the collection area. For comparison, in each assay, were used four genotypes with known resistance. To evaluate the resistance of genotypes, we used the following variables: number of live adults, number of live nymphs and the effective resistance. The results indicated 10 highly resistant genotypes: Rabo-de-tatu (CCE-115), Corujinha (CCE-055), Leandro-do-monte (CCE-112), Paulistinha (CCE-068) Branco-do-marinheiro (CCE-078), Costela-de-vaca (CCE-046), Recife-marrom (CCE-094) Rabo-de-peba (CCE-118), Moitinha (CCE-077) and Passo II (SCC-091), which represent a source resistance to black aphid and may be used in genetic improvement of the cowpea around the world, through backcrossing. Finally, it was found that in all regions studied, there was found cowpea genotypes resistant to Aphis craccivora and, independent of the area, where they were collected, it was found genetic diversity. The mechanisms involved in genotypes resistance to adult aphids may possible be antibiosis and / or antixenosis and for nymphs the results indicate antibiosis. / O pulgão-preto destaca-se como uma das mais importantes pragas do feijão-de-corda, por causar danos diretos e indiretos às plantas. Uma medida de controle eficiente e de fácil emprego pelo produtor é a utilização de variedades resistentes, que têm a possibilidade de reduzir a infestação ou os danos causados por este inseto. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa objetiva-se buscar novas fontes de resistência ao pulgão-preto e inferir que mecanismos de resistência poderiam estar envolvidos, em genótipos de feijão-de-corda preservados por agricultores, de duas regiões distintas do Estado do Ceará (região do Cariri e Vale do Curu) e em materiais coletados, dispersamente, por alguns estados do Nordeste. O experimento foi conduzido em telado na UFC-Fortaleza e no IFCE – Umirim, com delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e setenta e um tratamentos, distribuídos em três ensaios, conforme a região de coleta. Para efeito de comparação, em cada ensaio, foram testados quatro genótipos padrões, com resistência conhecida. Para avaliar a resistência dos genótipos, as seguintes variáveis foram usadas: número de adultos vivos, número de ninfas vivas e Resistencia efetiva. Os resultados indicaram 10 genótipos altamente resistentes, – Rabo-de-tatu (CCE-115), Corujinha (CCE-055), Leandro-do-monte (CCE-112), Paulistinha (CCE-068), Branco-do-marinheiro (CCE-078), Costela-de-vaca (CCE-046), Recife-marrom (CCE-094), Rabo-de-peba (CCE-118), Moitinha (CCE-077) e Passo II (CCE-091), e que representam fonte de resistência ao pulgão-preto e podem ser utilizados para melhoramento genético do feijão-de-corda, em todo o mundo, através de retrocruzamentos. Ao final, verificou-se que, em todas as regiões estudadas, foram encontrados genótipos de feijão-de-corda resistentes ao Aphis craccivora e que, independentemente das regiões de coleta, existe diversidade genética. Os prováveis mecanismos de resistência envolvidos são antibiose e/ou antixenose para adultos e antibiose para ninfas.