Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-23T10:53:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 279904 bytes, checksum: 3991609e08cd53a2c2254ee8b5c15f1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T10:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 279904 bytes, checksum: 3991609e08cd53a2c2254ee8b5c15f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Dados de suínos Duroc, Landrace e Large White foram utilizados para estimar componentes de (co)variância para tamanho de leitegada ao nascimento e ao desmame, peso de leitegada ao nascimento e aos 21 dias de idade e mortalidade do nascimento ao desmame, pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). O teste da razão de verossimilhança foi aplicado para se verificar qual o modelo mais adequado na avaliação genética animal: o modelo1, que continha o efeito genético direto; o 2, que continha os efeitos genéticos direto e materno; o 3, que continha o efeito direto e permanente de meio; e o 4, que incluía os efeitos direto, materno e permanente de meio. As estimativas de tendências genéticas dos efeitos genéticos direto e materno foram obtidas por meio da regressão das médias dos valores genéticos das características em função do ano de nascimento da porca. As herdabilidades direta e total apresentaram valores baixos a médios: 0,00 a 0,30 e 0,00 a 0,22, respectivamente, destacando a importância da seleção com base nas informações de parentes para o melhoramento genético destas características. A herdabilidade materna foi geralmente baixa: 0,00 a 0,17; e as correlações entre os efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno foram, de modo geral, altas e negativas, evidenciando antagonismo entre estes efeitos. As correlações genéticas entre as características de peso e tamanho de leitegada foram positivas. Já as correlações genéticas entre essas características e taxa de mortalidade tenderam a ser negativas. Esses resultados indicam que devem ser utilizados procedimentos multivariados para que tais correlações não sejam desprezadas. Constatou-se que a inclusão do efeito materno, efeito permanente de meio ou de ambos, tendeu a obter valores maiores de loge L. O teste da razão de verossimilhança indicou diferentes modelos para diferentes características e raças, sendo o modelo 4 o mais adequado para a maioria das características. As estimativas de tendência genética dos efeitos diretos mostraram que pouco ou praticamente nenhum progresso ocorreu nas características de leitegada, e houve até mesmo tendências genéticas negativas, evidenciando a dificuldade de se obter ganhos genéticos expressivos nas características reprodutivas, concordando com as baixas herdabilidades apresentadas pelas mesmas. As estimativas de tendência genética dos efeitos genéticos materno apresentaram-se, em geral, negativas, possivelmente em função das correlações genéticas negativas entre os efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno. / Data of Duroc, Landrace and Large White breeds were used to estimate (co)variance components for birth litter size and at weaning, birth litter weight and at 21 days of age and mortality, from birth to weaning, using restricted maximum likelihood methodology. The likelihood ratio test was applied to verify, for each breed and trait, which model was more adapted, the model 1, that contains the direct genetic effect, the model 2, that contains the direct and maternal genetic effects, the model 3, that contains the direct and permanent environmental effect, and the model 4, that includes the effects direct, maternal and permanent environmental. Genetic direct and maternal trends estimates were obtained by regressing genetic values averages on dam birth year. The direct and total heritabilities had small to medium values, .00 to .30 and .00 to .22, respectively, highlighting the importance of relatives information in the selection program for improving these traits. The maternal heritability was generally low, .00 to .17; and the correlations among the additive direct and maternal genetic effects were, in general, high and negative, evidencing antagonism among these effects. The genetic correlations among litter weigh and size traits were positive. The genetic correlations between those traits and mortality rate tended to be negative. These results indicate that should be used multivariate methodologies that do not despise such correlations. The inclusion of the genetic maternal effect, permanent environmental effect or both effects, tended to obtain larger values of ln L. The likelihood ratio test indicated different models for different traits and breeds, and the model 4 was more adapted for most of the traits. Genetic direct trends estimates showed no progress or very small progress for litter traits, and in some cases there were even negatives, indicating the difficulty to get high genetic gain in reproductive traits, in agreement with small heritabilities presented by them. Genetic maternal trends estimates were, in general, negatives, possibly in function of negatives genetics correlations among direct and maternal genetic additive effect.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T15:03:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissODG.pdf: 1134069 bytes, checksum: 201d9c8d363647a5dae351bd0d541d13 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:23:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissODG.pdf: 1134069 bytes, checksum: 201d9c8d363647a5dae351bd0d541d13 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:23:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissODG.pdf: 1134069 bytes, checksum: 201d9c8d363647a5dae351bd0d541d13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T18:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissODG.pdf: 1134069 bytes, checksum: 201d9c8d363647a5dae351bd0d541d13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-13 / Não recebi financiamento / Maize is one of the most cultivated cereal in the world for its wide range of use in food, feed and industrial use. The production of grain and maize silage in organic system is essencial for the production of organic meat, milk and eggs, because this cereal makes up most of the rations and roughages used in a animal feed The objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance and bromatological parameters of silage of five commercial varieties (AL Avaré, AL Bandeirante, Cativerde 02, AL Piratininga and UFVM 200 - Soberano) and two maize landraces (Santa Rita 1 and Santa Rita 2), in two locations with climatic conditions and different altitudes (Araras / SP, 665 m altitude and Muzambinho / MG, 1100 m altitude) in organic production system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2x7 factorial with four replications. For evaluating the agronomic performance, was measured stalk diameter, plants height, insertion height of the upper ear, leaf number above the upper ear, Falker index of total chlorophyll, leaf nitrogen content, number of rows per ear, number of grain by row and grains per ear, lodging, final stand, 1000 grain weight and productivity. For the evaluation of bromatological parameters of silages was evaluated the productivity of green (GM) and dry matter (DM) and percentage of total dry matter (TDM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHOT), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in silage. By results obtained, it was concluded that the agronomic performance of corn grain and the production of green and dry matter silages were influenced by environmental conditions, especially temperature and solar radiation, with better results in Muzambinho. But the environmental conditions not affected the bromatological parameters of silages, which were suitable for all varieties, in both locations. Under the experimental conditions, the landraces showed agronomic performance and bromatological parameters of silage similar to that of commercial varieties in two locations evaluated, indicating that they can be used in commercial crops under organic management. / O milho está entre os cereais mais cultivados no mundo, em função da versatilidade de usos na alimentação humana, ração animal e industrial. A produção de milho grão e silagem em sistema orgânico é essencial para a produção de carnes, leites e ovos orgânicos, uma vez que esse cereal compõe a maior parte das rações e volumosos utilizados na alimentação animal. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho agronômico e os parâmetros bromatológicos da silagem de cinco variedades comerciais (AL Avaré, AL Bandeirante, Cativerde 02, AL Piratininga e UFVM 200 - Soberano) e duas variedades crioulas (Santa Rita 1 e Santa Rita 2) de milho, em duas localidades com condições climáticas e altitudes distintas (Araras/SP, altitude de 665 m e Muzambinho/MG, altitude de 1100 m), em sistema orgânico de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x7 com quatro repetições. Para a avaliação do desempenho agronômico, mensurou-se o diâmetro de colmo, altura de plantas, altura de inserção da espiga superior, número de folhas acima da espiga superior, índice Falker de clorofila total, teor de nitrogênio foliar, número de fileiras por espiga, de grãos por fileira e de grãos por espiga, acamamento de plantas, estande final, peso de 1000 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Para a avaliação dos parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens, avaliou-se a produtividade de matéria verde (MV) e seca (MS) e porcentagens de matéria seca total (MST), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) na silagem. Pelos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o desempenho agronômico do milho grão e a produção de matéria verde e seca das silagens foram influenciados pelas condições ambientais, principalmente radiação solar e temperatura, com melhores resultados obtidos em Muzambinho. Porém, as condições ambientais não influenciaram os parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens, que se mostraram adequados, para todas as variedades, nos dois locais de condução. As variedades crioulas apresentaram desempenho agronômico e parâmetros bromatológicos das silagens semelhante ao das variedades comerciais nos dois locais avaliados, indicando que as mesmas podem ser utilizadas em plantios comerciais sob manejo orgânico.

The diploma thesis is devided into two parts – theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with fatty acids, their nomenclature and chemical composition. Further the diploma thesis focuses on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) – their analytical determination, metabolism, important representatives and influence on human nutrition. The practical part deals with the experiment, in which the fatty acids content was determined in mg/100 g using gas chromatography. Testing was carried out using model animals – rats Wistar Albino and pigs Landrace and Large White. By using statistical processing, the differences in the deposition of PUFAs in the livers of these animals, were compared.

Due to their resilience, durability, and broad genetic variations, increasing the production and consumption of landrace cereals has been highlighted as a solution to handle increasing environmental variability resulting from climate change. However, the consumption of landrace cereals remains low due to limited production and purchase availability for consumers. To increase knowledge and possibly the production and consumption of landrace cereals, the overall aim of the study was to investigate the influence of terroir and the addition of ingredients on consumers' perception and acceptance of sensory qualities in cookies prepared from the landrace cereal swidden rye. Rye (Secale cereale) has been pointed out as a wonder crop and is of historical importance in the Nordic region. The study analyses the application of swidden rye (Swedish: Svedjeråg), a landrace variety of rye, in cookies by investigating how consumers perceive and describe its sensory characteristics. Additionally, the study explores how terroir relates to sensory perceptions. Five samples of swidden rye and a conventional rye sample have been included in the study. The study used a mixed methods approach with a Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®), a hedonic liking test, a focus group, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) data. Different sensory profiles could be detected for the cookies produced with swidden rye, and a descriptive vocabulary and sensory profiles have been developed to describe the swidden rye cookies. Common descriptors were a browned butter aroma, a colour that ranged between golden and grey, roasted nutty and rye flavours, with a coarser or oily texture. All cookies were considered liked and acceptable by consumers, and cookies produced with swidden rye and the addition of butter and sugar could meet future consumers' expectations. There were relationships between terroir and sensory perceptions of swidden rye cookies. Relationships were found for increases and decreases in intensities of different sensory attributes. The geographical location on the latitude was only related to a decrease in the liking for texture; otherwise, differences in the consumer's liking were not related to the farm's geographical location. Showing that soil texture and land types are more related to differences in consumer liking and that the geographical location was less so. However, all parameters representing terroir were related to perceived sensory attribute intensities. The knowledge gained can be applied in the efforts to increase the production and consumption of landrace cereals. Communicating both the history, the historical importance, and the different sensory characteristics of swidden rye through terroir could be one way to increase consumers' interests and consumption.

Thesis (M. A. Agriculture (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Maize seeds differ according to varieties.The traditional maize varieties(also referred to as (Landraces)are maize varieties that have been cultivated and subjected to selection by farmers for generations.They retain a distinct identity and lack formal crop improvement. Improved maize varieties,on the other hand,are bred with characteristics such as drought and disease tolerance. This research was conducted to determine the attributes preferred by farmers when making a maize varietal choice.To be specific, the study aimed to achieve the following objectives:(i) Identify and describe socio economic characteristics of smallholder maize farmers’ in Mogalakwena Municipality; (ii) Analyse socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder maize farmers in Mogalakwena Municipality; (iii) Identify different maize varieties grown by smallholder farmers in Mogalakwena Municipality,and (iv) determine and analyse factors influencing farmers’choice ofa maize variety. Descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model were used for data analysis.The results of the study revealed that 64% of the respondents had formal education.This meant that they have the capability to grasp more information, if provided with trainings. It was found that 75% of the farmers did not have access to extension service which is supposed to play a significant role in agricultural information dissemination.The most grown maize variety was land race varieties which constituted 59.5%. This percentage was said to be resultant from limited access to the seed market. Infact,80% of the farmers had to travel an average of 42 kilomteres to access the market which also had a limited number of varieties.The Multinomial Logistic Regression Model revealed that only 5 variables (Educational level, farm size, yield, extension contact and knowledge of maize varieties )were significantat1%,5%,1%,1% and1%, respectively.The majority of farmers were old people with little access to extension service and an inadequate farming knowledge which lead to a highper centage of farmers continuing to grow landrace varieties. Based on the findings, this study recommend further research on attributes that influence farmers varietal choice and Government intervention in provision for resources and development of existing and new infracstrcture to encourage extension service delivery. Keywords:Landrace,improvemaizevariety,smallholderfarmer

The aim of work – to determine the amount of cholesterol in the meat of different pig breeds. The task of research: 1. To analyse the literature about the effect of cholesterol on the human organism and also the peculiarity of concentration in the humans and animals. 2. To determine the amount of cholesterol in the Lithuanian White, Large White, Landrace and Yorkshire meat. Methodology. The samples were used from four different pig breeds: Lithuanian White, Large White, Landrace and Yorkshire of boars (castrates) and gilts. 20 samples were taken from each breed: 10 samples of bears and 10 samples of gilts. Pigs were fattened up at the State Pig Breeding Station in Baisiogala. The amount of cholesterol in pork was determined by using R–Biopharm GmbH company’s „Cholesterin–Testkontroll–Lösung“cholesterol assay control solution made in Germany and in spectrophometrical way, also. Conclusions: 1. The biggest amount of cholesterol was determined in the meat of Yorkshire pigs – 54.3 mg/100g P<0.01 and the smallest amount of cholesterol was found in the meat of Large White pigs–51.0 mg/100 g P<0.01. 2. Almost in all pig breeds the bigger amount of cholesterol was found in the meat of boars 0.1 – 3.7 mg/100 g or 0.2-7 % P>0.05, except Landrace pig breed. 3. According to the data of dispersive analysis breed had more influence P<0.05 than sex P>0.05 on the amount of cholesterol, but however it was dependent on the individual features of animal most.

This study addresses food security in three communities in rural, central Honduras by looking at the interrelationships among nutritious food, environmental and political forces, and cultural behaviours through the collection and analysis of local knowledge and laboratory data. Evaluation of ethnographic research were combined with analysis of policy documents and the nutritional analysis of ninety local varieties of corn. Research showed how households in three rural communities in the mountains of Honduras, struggle to access sufficient, safe and nutritious food while respecting cultural and agricultural diversity. Policies to address food security need to not only address the diversity of environmental niches, and a history of disenfranchisement of most rural farmers from the political process, but also the cultural ideals that impact definitions of hunger and nutrition. Analysis of 90 varieties of local landraces show that coloured varieties of maize have higher nutritional value for protein, anthocyanin, and vitamin A content. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Ontario Graduate Scholarship, CIDA's CGIAR-Canada Linkage Fund (CCLF)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da leitegada na qual as leitoas nasceram e do peso individual ao nascer sobre a mortalidade e descarte até o momento da seleção e sobre a ocorrência da puberdade. Foram avaliadas 1525 leitoas Landrace identificadas e pesadas até 18 h após o nascimento. As fêmeas foram também pesadas ao desmame (n=1379), na saída da creche (n=1198) e na saída da recria (n=940). Foram criadas três classes de tamanho da leitegada: Pequena (7 a 11 leitões); Média (12 a 13 leitões) e Grande (14 a 19 leitões). As leitoas avaliadas foram também analisadas em três classes, de acordo com o peso ao nascimento: Leves (530-1200 g); Médias (1205-1600 g) e Pesadas (1605-2535 g). O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior (P<0,05) nas leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias e Grandes, em comparação às leitoas Pesadas, mas não nas leitegadas Pequenas. Foi observado aumento de Ganho de Peso Diário (GPD) e de peso (P<0,05), de acordo com o aumento de peso ao nascimento, nas diversas medidas efetuadas do nascimento até a seleção. O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior ou tendeu a ser maior para leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias (P<0,05) e de leitegadas Grandes (P= 0,079), em comparação às leitoas Leves de leitegadas Pequenas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do peso ao nascimento ou do tamanho da leitegada nos percentuais de leitoas que morreram ou foram descartadas nas fases de creche e recria, no percentual de leitoas aprovadas na seleção e no percentual de leitoas em anestro até 30 dias após o estímulo com o macho. O risco de não chegar até a seleção foi maior (P<0,085) nas leitoas Leves do que nas Pesadas, em todos as classes de tamanho da leitegada. Leitoas Leves tiveram maior idade de estímulo com macho (IEM) e menor intervalo macho-puberdade (IMP) do que fêmeas Pesadas (P<0,05), mas não houve efeito do peso ao nascimento na idade à puberdade (P>0,05). Os resultados mostram que o peso ao nascimento é mais importante do que o tamanho da leitegada de origem da leitoa em termos de sobrevivência até o desmame, ganho de peso e retenção no plantel até a fase de seleção. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of litter size in which gilts were born and of their individual birth weight on mortality and cullingof these gilts until the moment of selection and on occurrence of puberty. The study evaluated 1525 landrace gilts, identified and weighted until 18 hours after birth. The gilts were also weighed on weaning (n=1379), nursery ending (n=1198) and rearing ending (n=940). Three classes of litter size were created: Small (7-11 piglets), Medium (12-13 piglets) and Large (14-19 piglets). Evaluated giltswere also divided into three other classes according to birth weight: Light (530-1200 g), Medium (1205-1600 g) and Heavy (1605-2535 g). The risk of death in maternity was higher (P<0,05) in Lightweight gilts from Medium and Large litters compared to Heavy ones, but not in gilts from Small litters. It was observed an increasing of ADG (Average Daily Gain) and weight (P<0,05), according to the increasing of birth weight, from birth to selection. The risk of death in maternity was also higher or tended to be higher in Lightweight gilts from Medium (P<0,05) and Large (P=0,079) litters compared to those from Small ones. There was no effect of birth weight or litter size on the percentage of dead or culling gilts at nursery and rearing, on the percentage of selected gilts and on the percentage of gilts in anestrous until 30 days after stimulation with a male. The risk of not reaching the selection was higher (P<0,085) in Lightweight gilts than in Heavy ones, in all litter size classes. Lightweight gilts had higher ASM (Age of Stimulus with a Male) and lower MPI (Male-Puberty Interval) compared to Heavy ones (P<0,05), but there was no effect of birth weight on puberty age (P<0,05). The results show that birth weight is more important than the litter size in which the gilt was born in terms of survival until weaning, weight gain and permanence in the herd until selection.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to characterize the two landrace common bean flour (in shell and shelled) and then apply one of them in partial replacement of mayonnaise in egg yolk. After obtaining the flour, it was performed performance analysis, chemical composition, pH, color, total phenolic compounds, flavonoid and antioxidant activity in vitro (DPPH and FRAP) and technological functional properties of absorbency for water and oil and emulsifying properties. The results show that the chemical composition of the landrace common bean flour (LCBF) is an important source of protein and fiber. Phenolic compounds were higher than in the LCBF in shell, and to cultivar Manteigão showed the highest reducing power by FRAP method, higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the Carioca. The LCBF in shell from two cultivars showed better water absorption capacity and capacity oil absorption, indicating that can be used in food systems such as soups, bakeries, meat products which require high absorption of water and fat. As the results preliminary, the LCBF in shell Carioca was chosen flour for the preparation of mayonnaise. Mayonnaise were developed four formulations: T1 (Default) 100% egg yolk (EY); T2 75% EY and 25% LCBF; T3 50% EY and 50% LCBF; T4 25% EY and 75% LCBF. Analyses of chemical composition were held, calories, cholesterol, microbiological analysis, microscopy, rheology study, pH, Aw, color, stability and sensory analysis. The partial replacement of the EY by LCBF improved nutritional characteristics of mayonnaise, increased protein content and decreased the content of lipids and cholesterol. All samples showed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior, yet, all samples showed the hysteresis phenomenon. The values of n were increased and K showed a decrease over storage. There was a decrease in apparent viscosity values for all the mayonnaise samples. The pH and Aw values decreased during storage, as well as the values of L * indicates a darkening of the product over the 30 days of storage. For the stability of the emulsion, treatment with a higher proportion of LCBF was less stable during storage. In sensory evaluation, the tasters did not notice difference between treatments for the color, odor, and overall appearance. In purchase intent test, T1, T2 and T3 showed the highest response rates for the score "Probably buy." The replacement of 50% of egg yolk by 50% landrace common bean flour (T3) showed up a good alternative for the production of mayonnaise, as obtained good acceptability, showed an increase in protein content, total dietary fiber and decrease the included lipids and cholesterol content of the product. / O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a farinha de duas cultivares de feijão crioulo (com casca e sem casca) e posteriormente aplicar uma delas em substituição parcial da gema de ovo em maionese. Após a obtenção das farinhas, foram realizadas as análises de rendimento, composição centesimal, pH, cor, conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante in vitro (DPPH e FRAP) e as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas de capacidade de absorção de água e óleo e propriedades emulsificantes. Os resultados obtidos na composição química demonstram que as farinhas de feijão crioulo (FFC) são importantes fontes de proteínas e fibra alimentar. Os compostos fenólicos foram superiores nas FFC com casca, sendo que a cultivar Manteigão apresentou maior poder redutor pelo método FRAP, maior teor de compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante que a cultivar Carioca. As FFC com casca das duas cultivares apresentaram melhores capacidade de absorção de água e capacidade de absorção de óleo, o que indica que podem ser utilizados em sistemas alimentares como sopas, panificação e produtos cárneos que requerem alta absorção de água e gordura. A FFC com casca da cultivar Carioca foi a farinha escolhida para a elaboração da maionese devido aos resultados de cor e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas. Foram desenvolvidas quatro formulações de maionese: T1 (Padrão) 100% gema de ovo (GO); T2 75% GO e 25% FFC; T3 50% GO e 50% FFC; T4 25% GO e 75% FFC. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal, valor calórico, colesterol, análises microbiológicas, microscopia, reologia, viscosidade, pH, atividade de água (Aw), cor, estabilidade e análise sensorial. A substituição parcial da GO por FFC aumentou o teor proteico e diminuiu o teor de lipídios e colesterol das maioneses. Observou-se uma diminuição dos valores de viscosidade aparente para todas as amostras de maionese. Os valores de pH e Aw diminuíram durante o armazenamento, assim como os valores de L* indicando um escurecimento do produto ao longo dos 30 dias de armazenamento. Para a estabilidade da emulsão, o tratamento com maior proporção de FFC se mostrou menos estável durante o armazenamento. Na análise sensorial, os provadores não notaram diferença entre os tratamentos para os atributos de cor, odor e aparência global. No teste de intenção de compra, o T1, T2 e T3 apresentaram os maiores percentuais de resposta para a afirmativa "Provavelmente compraria . A substituição de 50% de gema de ovo por 50% de farinha de feijão crioulo (T3) mostrou-se uma ótima alternativa para a produção de maionese, visto que obteve boa aceitação sensorial, apresentou um aumento no teor proteico, inclusão de fibra alimentar total e diminuição do teor de lipídios e colesterol do produto.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da leitegada na qual as leitoas nasceram e do peso individual ao nascer sobre a mortalidade e descarte até o momento da seleção e sobre a ocorrência da puberdade. Foram avaliadas 1525 leitoas Landrace identificadas e pesadas até 18 h após o nascimento. As fêmeas foram também pesadas ao desmame (n=1379), na saída da creche (n=1198) e na saída da recria (n=940). Foram criadas três classes de tamanho da leitegada: Pequena (7 a 11 leitões); Média (12 a 13 leitões) e Grande (14 a 19 leitões). As leitoas avaliadas foram também analisadas em três classes, de acordo com o peso ao nascimento: Leves (530-1200 g); Médias (1205-1600 g) e Pesadas (1605-2535 g). O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior (P<0,05) nas leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias e Grandes, em comparação às leitoas Pesadas, mas não nas leitegadas Pequenas. Foi observado aumento de Ganho de Peso Diário (GPD) e de peso (P<0,05), de acordo com o aumento de peso ao nascimento, nas diversas medidas efetuadas do nascimento até a seleção. O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior ou tendeu a ser maior para leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias (P<0,05) e de leitegadas Grandes (P= 0,079), em comparação às leitoas Leves de leitegadas Pequenas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do peso ao nascimento ou do tamanho da leitegada nos percentuais de leitoas que morreram ou foram descartadas nas fases de creche e recria, no percentual de leitoas aprovadas na seleção e no percentual de leitoas em anestro até 30 dias após o estímulo com o macho. O risco de não chegar até a seleção foi maior (P<0,085) nas leitoas Leves do que nas Pesadas, em todos as classes de tamanho da leitegada. Leitoas Leves tiveram maior idade de estímulo com macho (IEM) e menor intervalo macho-puberdade (IMP) do que fêmeas Pesadas (P<0,05), mas não houve efeito do peso ao nascimento na idade à puberdade (P>0,05). Os resultados mostram que o peso ao nascimento é mais importante do que o tamanho da leitegada de origem da leitoa em termos de sobrevivência até o desmame, ganho de peso e retenção no plantel até a fase de seleção. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of litter size in which gilts were born and of their individual birth weight on mortality and cullingof these gilts until the moment of selection and on occurrence of puberty. The study evaluated 1525 landrace gilts, identified and weighted until 18 hours after birth. The gilts were also weighed on weaning (n=1379), nursery ending (n=1198) and rearing ending (n=940). Three classes of litter size were created: Small (7-11 piglets), Medium (12-13 piglets) and Large (14-19 piglets). Evaluated giltswere also divided into three other classes according to birth weight: Light (530-1200 g), Medium (1205-1600 g) and Heavy (1605-2535 g). The risk of death in maternity was higher (P<0,05) in Lightweight gilts from Medium and Large litters compared to Heavy ones, but not in gilts from Small litters. It was observed an increasing of ADG (Average Daily Gain) and weight (P<0,05), according to the increasing of birth weight, from birth to selection. The risk of death in maternity was also higher or tended to be higher in Lightweight gilts from Medium (P<0,05) and Large (P=0,079) litters compared to those from Small ones. There was no effect of birth weight or litter size on the percentage of dead or culling gilts at nursery and rearing, on the percentage of selected gilts and on the percentage of gilts in anestrous until 30 days after stimulation with a male. The risk of not reaching the selection was higher (P<0,085) in Lightweight gilts than in Heavy ones, in all litter size classes. Lightweight gilts had higher ASM (Age of Stimulus with a Male) and lower MPI (Male-Puberty Interval) compared to Heavy ones (P<0,05), but there was no effect of birth weight on puberty age (P<0,05). The results show that birth weight is more important than the litter size in which the gilt was born in terms of survival until weaning, weight gain and permanence in the herd until selection.