O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da leitegada na qual as leitoas nasceram e do peso individual ao nascer sobre a mortalidade e descarte até o momento da seleção e sobre a ocorrência da puberdade. Foram avaliadas 1525 leitoas Landrace identificadas e pesadas até 18 h após o nascimento. As fêmeas foram também pesadas ao desmame (n=1379), na saída da creche (n=1198) e na saída da recria (n=940). Foram criadas três classes de tamanho da leitegada: Pequena (7 a 11 leitões); Média (12 a 13 leitões) e Grande (14 a 19 leitões). As leitoas avaliadas foram também analisadas em três classes, de acordo com o peso ao nascimento: Leves (530-1200 g); Médias (1205-1600 g) e Pesadas (1605-2535 g). O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior (P<0,05) nas leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias e Grandes, em comparação às leitoas Pesadas, mas não nas leitegadas Pequenas. Foi observado aumento de Ganho de Peso Diário (GPD) e de peso (P<0,05), de acordo com o aumento de peso ao nascimento, nas diversas medidas efetuadas do nascimento até a seleção. O risco de morte na maternidade foi maior ou tendeu a ser maior para leitoas Leves de leitegadas Médias (P<0,05) e de leitegadas Grandes (P= 0,079), em comparação às leitoas Leves de leitegadas Pequenas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do peso ao nascimento ou do tamanho da leitegada nos percentuais de leitoas que morreram ou foram descartadas nas fases de creche e recria, no percentual de leitoas aprovadas na seleção e no percentual de leitoas em anestro até 30 dias após o estímulo com o macho. O risco de não chegar até a seleção foi maior (P<0,085) nas leitoas Leves do que nas Pesadas, em todos as classes de tamanho da leitegada. Leitoas Leves tiveram maior idade de estímulo com macho (IEM) e menor intervalo macho-puberdade (IMP) do que fêmeas Pesadas (P<0,05), mas não houve efeito do peso ao nascimento na idade à puberdade (P>0,05). Os resultados mostram que o peso ao nascimento é mais importante do que o tamanho da leitegada de origem da leitoa em termos de sobrevivência até o desmame, ganho de peso e retenção no plantel até a fase de seleção. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of litter size in which gilts were born and of their individual birth weight on mortality and cullingof these gilts until the moment of selection and on occurrence of puberty. The study evaluated 1525 landrace gilts, identified and weighted until 18 hours after birth. The gilts were also weighed on weaning (n=1379), nursery ending (n=1198) and rearing ending (n=940). Three classes of litter size were created: Small (7-11 piglets), Medium (12-13 piglets) and Large (14-19 piglets). Evaluated giltswere also divided into three other classes according to birth weight: Light (530-1200 g), Medium (1205-1600 g) and Heavy (1605-2535 g). The risk of death in maternity was higher (P<0,05) in Lightweight gilts from Medium and Large litters compared to Heavy ones, but not in gilts from Small litters. It was observed an increasing of ADG (Average Daily Gain) and weight (P<0,05), according to the increasing of birth weight, from birth to selection. The risk of death in maternity was also higher or tended to be higher in Lightweight gilts from Medium (P<0,05) and Large (P=0,079) litters compared to those from Small ones. There was no effect of birth weight or litter size on the percentage of dead or culling gilts at nursery and rearing, on the percentage of selected gilts and on the percentage of gilts in anestrous until 30 days after stimulation with a male. The risk of not reaching the selection was higher (P<0,085) in Lightweight gilts than in Heavy ones, in all litter size classes. Lightweight gilts had higher ASM (Age of Stimulus with a Male) and lower MPI (Male-Puberty Interval) compared to Heavy ones (P<0,05), but there was no effect of birth weight on puberty age (P<0,05). The results show that birth weight is more important than the litter size in which the gilt was born in terms of survival until weaning, weight gain and permanence in the herd until selection.

Submitted by Leonardo Lima (leonardoperlim@gmail.com) on 2016-04-25T13:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Entre humanos, deuses e plantas.pdf: 5693423 bytes, checksum: d3411ba574caf6f6e01191fc7abf7fe8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T14:09:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Entre humanos, deuses e plantas.pdf: 5693423 bytes, checksum: d3411ba574caf6f6e01191fc7abf7fe8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-04-26T14:14:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Entre humanos, deuses e plantas.pdf: 5693423 bytes, checksum: d3411ba574caf6f6e01191fc7abf7fe8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Entre humanos, deuses e plantas.pdf: 5693423 bytes, checksum: d3411ba574caf6f6e01191fc7abf7fe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-10 / Sem bolsa / Esta dissertação apresenta informações a respeito das experiências vivenciadas em campo sobre a dimensão da práxis e as perspectivas Mbyá Guarani no mundo de conhecimentos e reciprocidades entre humanos, Deuses e plantas (‗sementes verdadeiras‘ e crioulas) nas tekoa (aldeias) do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Nesse contexto, buscou-se acompanhar e registrar as sabedorias e atividades desempenhadas pelos Mbyá Guarani, principalmente por intermédio de dois interlocutores, sobre a manutenção das suas kokue (roças) na atualidade. Assim, estão demonstradas aquelas atividades desempenhadas pelo grupo, por meio de seus relatos, quando os mesmos detinham o manejo de espaços maiores e ambientalmente constituídos de mata nativa. Esse trabalho também foi construído em torno das relações atuais que alguns Mbyá Guarani, localizados no contexto do empreendimento de duplicação da rodovia BR-116, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, têm vivenciado nas trocas de ‗regimes de conhecimentos‘ e sementes crioulas ocorridas com a Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), visando a diversificação dos cultivos agrícolas desse coletivo. A pesquisa concebida junto ao grupo ganha importância diante das atuais condições ambientais e fundiárias da maior parte das aldeias Mbyá Guarani, que têm vivenciado diversas dificuldades para a manutenção das kokue, fundamentais para a obtenção alimentar do corpoespírito Mbyá Guarani e manutenção da natureza-cultura do grupo. Deste modo, é fundamental a compreensão da ontologia implicada na conservação, segundo as perspectivas Mbyá, das ‗sementes verdadeiras‘, assim como as sementes crioulas, para que se possa, entre outras coisas, embasar e formular políticas públicas com o intuito de minimizar as atuais dificuldades vividas pelo grupo. / The present dissertation reveals information related to field experiences collected on Mbyá Guarani praxis dimension and perspectives in the world of knowledge and reciprocity among human beings, Gods and plants (―real seeds‖ and landraces) found in tekoa (indigenous settlements) located at Rio Grande do Sul (RS) coastal region. As part of this context, the wisdom and practices, mainly from two Mbyá Guarani persons, on the kokue maintenance were followed and registered as performed now and at the time the indigenous group had greater areas where native forests were found. The work also relates the relationship the Mbyá Guarani located by the BR 116 federal highway, under duplication, have established at this time with Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Enterprise) on ‗knowledge strategies‘ and landrace seeds in dealing with the Guarani cropping diversity. The work gains in relative importance due to current land and environmental conditions found at the Guarani settlements, which make it difficult the kokue maintenance, what is of paramount importance to feed the Mbyá Guarani body-spirit, keeping their natureculture. Under these assumptions, is of fundamental importance the undertanding of the ontology linked to the conservation of what is considered ‗real seeds‘ as well as landrace seeds, under the Mbyá perspective, in order to better design public policies to minimize the adverse reality the group is living.

Thesis (M. A. Agricultural Science (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Maize seeds differ according to varieties. The traditional maize varieties(also referred to as (Landraces)are maize varieties that have been cultivated and subjected to selection by farmers for generations. They retain a distinct identity and lack formal crop improvement. Improved maize varieties, on the other hand, are bred with characteristics such as drought and disease tolerance. This research was conducted to determine the attributes preferred by farmers when making a maize varietal choice. To be specific, the study aimed to achieve the following objectives:(i) Identify and describe socio economic characteristics of smallholder maizefarmers’ in Mogalakwena Municipality;(ii) Analyse socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder maize farmers in Mogalakwena Municipality;(iii)Identify different maize varieties grown by smallholder farmers in Mogalakwena Municipality, and (iv) determine and analyse factors influencing farmers’ choice of a maize variety. Descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logistic Regression Mode lwere used for data analysis. The results of the study revealed that 64% of the respondents had formal education. This meant that they have the capability to grasp more information, if provided witht rainings. It was found that 75% of the farmers did not have access to extension service which is supposed to play a significant role in agricultural information dissemination. The most grown maize variety was landrace varieties which constituted 59.5%. This percentage was said to be resultant from limited access to the seed market. Infact, 80% of the farmers had to travel an average o f42 kilomteres to access the market which also had a limited number of varieties. The Multinomial Logistic Regression Model revealed that only 5variables (Educational level, farm size, yield, extension contact and knowledge of maize varieties) were significant at 1%, 5%,1 %,1% and1%, respectively. The majority of farmers were old people with little access to extension service andaninad equate farming knowledge which lead to a high percentage of farmers continuing to grow landrace varieties. Based on thef indings, this study recommend further research on attributes that influence farmers varietal choice and Government intervention in provision for resources and development of existing and new infracstrcture to encourage extension service delivery Keywords: Landrace, improve maize variety, smallholder farmer

Dans son environnement, la plante interagit sans cesse avec des microorganismes. Elle est confrontée à une variété de microorganismes bénéfiques, neutres ou pathogènes, qui sont fortement dépendants des ressources carbonées que la plante libère dans le sol, leur conférant ainsi un apport de nutriments et d’énergie nécessaire à leur développement. La mycorhize à arbuscules est une symbiose mutualiste formée par 80% des plantes terrestres datant de l’Ordovicien, i.e. environ 450 millions d’années avant notre ère. L’ensemble des travaux de recherche présenté au sein de ce manuscrit, s’inscrit dans le cadre de deux objectifs généraux : (i) acquérir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine des relations trophiques chez la plante mycorhizée, et (ii) étudier l’impact de la mycorhization sur la production végétale tant en terme de quantité que de qualité. Nous avons étudié la réponse à la mycorhization de variétés anciennes de blé afin d’appréhender s’il existait une différence dans un environnement semi-contrôlé (serres) ou dans un environnement non contrôlées (champ), et/ou en fonction de la communauté de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présente. Nos résultats ont mis en évidence que la mycorhization et la nature des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires endogènes peuvent influer sur le rendement au stade tallage, même chez des variétés de blé ayant une faible capacité mycorhizogène. Nous avons aussi illustré l’importance de bien choisir les critères utilisés pour mesurer ce gain éventuel. Dans un deuxième axe de recherche nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact de la mycorhize à arbuscules sur le développement de la tomate Micro-Tom, et les échanges trophiques au cours de l’interaction. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence, grâce à une analyse multivariée, à la fois des différences de comportement parmi les plantes particulièrement aux stades fruit vert mature et fruit rouge mature selon la nature des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules présents, et des potentiels phénomènes d’interaction entre deux souches de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules; nos résultats confirmant que les arbuscules ne sont pas les seules sites d’échanges dans la mycorhize à arbuscules. Le troisième axe de ce travail a porté sur l’impact potentiel des méthodes de production de semences de variétés anciennes de tomate en condition de sécheresse, à la fois sur la communauté endogène de champignons mycorhiziens au champ, sur la tolérance de la plante au stress hydrique et sur la production végétale en terme de rendement et de qualité des fruits. Le site d’expérimentation se situait au Potager de santé (ferme de production de semences gérée par Pascal Poot). Nos résultats ne montrent aucune différence, en conditions de stress hydrique au champ, entre des variétés cultivées régulièrement sur ce site et des variétés commerciales. Alors, on peut se demander si d’autres facteurs liés au site d’exploitation, tels que les microorganismes interagissant avec les racines de la plante pourraient être à l’origine de la tolérance accrue au stress hydrique. Des travaux sont en cours au laboratoire pour étudier cette hypothèse. L’ensemble de ces travaux ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches visant à élucider les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation des échanges trophiques au cours de la mycorhize à arbuscules et à la valorisation des services écosystémiques rendus par la mycorhize à arbuscules au champ. / In its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação do desenvolvimento de peso corporal da 1º inseminação até o 1º desmame com o desempenho reprodutivo, produção de leitões e taxa de descartes até o 3º parto, em 196 primíparas Landrace x Large White, usando modelos de regressão logística. O peso corporal (PC) foi medido na inseminação artificial (IA), 24h após o 1º parto e no dia do desmame. Na 1º IA, primeiro parto e desmame o PC foram em média 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg e 163.7 kg, respectivamente. O intervalo desmame-estro (IDE), o número de leitões nascidos totais no primeiro, segundo e após três partos, e a taxa de descarte até terceiro parto foram, em média 5.7 dias, 12.5, 11.8 e 36.7 leitões nascidos, e 10.2%, respectivamente. O aumento de 10 kg no ganho de peso na primeira prenhes (OR = 0.63), no peso ao 1º parto (OR = 0.63), peso ao 1º desmame (OR = 0.69) e ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0,67) diminuiu a percentagem de primíparas com longo IDE. Os aumentos da duração da lactação e do número de leitões desmamados foram responsáveis pela, respectivamente, diminuição (OR = 0.79 por dia de lactação) e aumento (OR = 1.45 por leitão desmamado) do percentual de fêmeas com IDE longo. Primíparas com PC <159.5 kg a desmama apresentaram maior taxa de não-parto (TNP) em comparação com porcas com PC >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Porcas com <17.5 kg de ganho entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame tiveram maior chance (OR = 4,88) de TNP do que fêmeas > 30 kg. Cada dia adicional de lactação diminuiu a TNP (OR = 0.77). As fêmeas com PC <139 kg na 1º IA apresentaram maior porcentagem de leitegadas pequenas no segundo parto (NT2P, OR = 2.00) e após três parições (OR = 3.28) em comparação com aquelas pesando ≥139 kg. Porcas com ganho de peso <25 kg durante a primeira prenhes apresentaram maior chance de NT2P (OR = 3.01), em comparação com porcas ganhando acima de 35 kg. A cada 10 kg de aumento no peso ao primeiro desmame e no ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0.71 e 0.73, respectivamente) diminuiu a taxa de descarte total, e por razões reprodutivas (OR = 0.57 e 0.61, respectivamente). A taxa de descarte até o 3º parto aumentou em porcas com menores leitegadas a primeira parição. Os resultados mostram que atingir um peso mínimo à 1º IA é importante, mas também deve ser considerado o ganho de peso corporal adequado até o primeiro desmame para melhor desempenho reprodutivo, produtividade, e retenção de matrizes no rebanho. / The aim of this study was to verify the association of sow body weight development until 1st weaning with the reproductive performance, piglet production and culling rate until 3rd farrowing in 196 Landrace x Large White primiparous sows using logistic regression models. Body weight (BW) was measured at artificial insemination (AI), 24h after farrowing and on the weaning day. At 1st AI, 1st farrowing and 1st weaning the BW was on average 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg and 163.7 kg, respectively. The weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), the number of piglets born at 1st, 2nd and over three parities, and culling rate until 3rd farrowing were on average 5.7 days, 12.5, 11.8 and 36.7 piglets born, and 10.2%, respectively. Each 10kg increase in weight gain in 1st pregnancy (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st farrowing (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st weaning (OR= 0.69) or weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning (OR= 0.67) decreased the percentage of primiparous sows with long WEI. Increasing lactation length and increasing the number of weaned piglets were responsible for respectively decreasing (OR=0.79 per day of lactation) and increasing (OR= 1.45 per piglet weaned) the percentage of sows with long WEI. Sows with <159.5 kg at weaning had higher non-farrowing rate (NFR) compared to sows with >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Sows with <17.5 kg of gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning had higher odds (OR= 4.88) of NFR than sows gaining >30 kg. Each additional lactation day decreased the NFR (OR = 0.77). Females weighing < 139 kg at 1st AI had higher percentages of small number of total born in second parity (STB2, OR= 2.00) and over three parities (OR = 3.28) compared to those weighing ≥139 kg. Sows with weight gain at 1st pregnancy <25 kg had higher odds of STB2 (OR= 3.01) compared to sows gaining >35 kg. Each 10 kg of increase in weight at 1st weaning or in weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning decreased the total culling rate (OR= 0.71 and 0.73, respectively) and culling by reproductive reasons (OR= 0.57 and 0.61, respectively). Culling rate until 3rd farrowing was also increased in sows with smaller first litter size. The results show that not only to reach a minimum weight at 1st AI but also to have an adequate body weight gain until 1st weaning is important for the reproductive performance, productivity and retention of sows in the herd.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação do desenvolvimento de peso corporal da 1º inseminação até o 1º desmame com o desempenho reprodutivo, produção de leitões e taxa de descartes até o 3º parto, em 196 primíparas Landrace x Large White, usando modelos de regressão logística. O peso corporal (PC) foi medido na inseminação artificial (IA), 24h após o 1º parto e no dia do desmame. Na 1º IA, primeiro parto e desmame o PC foram em média 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg e 163.7 kg, respectivamente. O intervalo desmame-estro (IDE), o número de leitões nascidos totais no primeiro, segundo e após três partos, e a taxa de descarte até terceiro parto foram, em média 5.7 dias, 12.5, 11.8 e 36.7 leitões nascidos, e 10.2%, respectivamente. O aumento de 10 kg no ganho de peso na primeira prenhes (OR = 0.63), no peso ao 1º parto (OR = 0.63), peso ao 1º desmame (OR = 0.69) e ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0,67) diminuiu a percentagem de primíparas com longo IDE. Os aumentos da duração da lactação e do número de leitões desmamados foram responsáveis pela, respectivamente, diminuição (OR = 0.79 por dia de lactação) e aumento (OR = 1.45 por leitão desmamado) do percentual de fêmeas com IDE longo. Primíparas com PC <159.5 kg a desmama apresentaram maior taxa de não-parto (TNP) em comparação com porcas com PC >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Porcas com <17.5 kg de ganho entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame tiveram maior chance (OR = 4,88) de TNP do que fêmeas > 30 kg. Cada dia adicional de lactação diminuiu a TNP (OR = 0.77). As fêmeas com PC <139 kg na 1º IA apresentaram maior porcentagem de leitegadas pequenas no segundo parto (NT2P, OR = 2.00) e após três parições (OR = 3.28) em comparação com aquelas pesando ≥139 kg. Porcas com ganho de peso <25 kg durante a primeira prenhes apresentaram maior chance de NT2P (OR = 3.01), em comparação com porcas ganhando acima de 35 kg. A cada 10 kg de aumento no peso ao primeiro desmame e no ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0.71 e 0.73, respectivamente) diminuiu a taxa de descarte total, e por razões reprodutivas (OR = 0.57 e 0.61, respectivamente). A taxa de descarte até o 3º parto aumentou em porcas com menores leitegadas a primeira parição. Os resultados mostram que atingir um peso mínimo à 1º IA é importante, mas também deve ser considerado o ganho de peso corporal adequado até o primeiro desmame para melhor desempenho reprodutivo, produtividade, e retenção de matrizes no rebanho. / The aim of this study was to verify the association of sow body weight development until 1st weaning with the reproductive performance, piglet production and culling rate until 3rd farrowing in 196 Landrace x Large White primiparous sows using logistic regression models. Body weight (BW) was measured at artificial insemination (AI), 24h after farrowing and on the weaning day. At 1st AI, 1st farrowing and 1st weaning the BW was on average 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg and 163.7 kg, respectively. The weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), the number of piglets born at 1st, 2nd and over three parities, and culling rate until 3rd farrowing were on average 5.7 days, 12.5, 11.8 and 36.7 piglets born, and 10.2%, respectively. Each 10kg increase in weight gain in 1st pregnancy (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st farrowing (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st weaning (OR= 0.69) or weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning (OR= 0.67) decreased the percentage of primiparous sows with long WEI. Increasing lactation length and increasing the number of weaned piglets were responsible for respectively decreasing (OR=0.79 per day of lactation) and increasing (OR= 1.45 per piglet weaned) the percentage of sows with long WEI. Sows with <159.5 kg at weaning had higher non-farrowing rate (NFR) compared to sows with >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Sows with <17.5 kg of gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning had higher odds (OR= 4.88) of NFR than sows gaining >30 kg. Each additional lactation day decreased the NFR (OR = 0.77). Females weighing < 139 kg at 1st AI had higher percentages of small number of total born in second parity (STB2, OR= 2.00) and over three parities (OR = 3.28) compared to those weighing ≥139 kg. Sows with weight gain at 1st pregnancy <25 kg had higher odds of STB2 (OR= 3.01) compared to sows gaining >35 kg. Each 10 kg of increase in weight at 1st weaning or in weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning decreased the total culling rate (OR= 0.71 and 0.73, respectively) and culling by reproductive reasons (OR= 0.57 and 0.61, respectively). Culling rate until 3rd farrowing was also increased in sows with smaller first litter size. The results show that not only to reach a minimum weight at 1st AI but also to have an adequate body weight gain until 1st weaning is important for the reproductive performance, productivity and retention of sows in the herd.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação do desenvolvimento de peso corporal da 1º inseminação até o 1º desmame com o desempenho reprodutivo, produção de leitões e taxa de descartes até o 3º parto, em 196 primíparas Landrace x Large White, usando modelos de regressão logística. O peso corporal (PC) foi medido na inseminação artificial (IA), 24h após o 1º parto e no dia do desmame. Na 1º IA, primeiro parto e desmame o PC foram em média 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg e 163.7 kg, respectivamente. O intervalo desmame-estro (IDE), o número de leitões nascidos totais no primeiro, segundo e após três partos, e a taxa de descarte até terceiro parto foram, em média 5.7 dias, 12.5, 11.8 e 36.7 leitões nascidos, e 10.2%, respectivamente. O aumento de 10 kg no ganho de peso na primeira prenhes (OR = 0.63), no peso ao 1º parto (OR = 0.63), peso ao 1º desmame (OR = 0.69) e ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0,67) diminuiu a percentagem de primíparas com longo IDE. Os aumentos da duração da lactação e do número de leitões desmamados foram responsáveis pela, respectivamente, diminuição (OR = 0.79 por dia de lactação) e aumento (OR = 1.45 por leitão desmamado) do percentual de fêmeas com IDE longo. Primíparas com PC <159.5 kg a desmama apresentaram maior taxa de não-parto (TNP) em comparação com porcas com PC >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Porcas com <17.5 kg de ganho entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame tiveram maior chance (OR = 4,88) de TNP do que fêmeas > 30 kg. Cada dia adicional de lactação diminuiu a TNP (OR = 0.77). As fêmeas com PC <139 kg na 1º IA apresentaram maior porcentagem de leitegadas pequenas no segundo parto (NT2P, OR = 2.00) e após três parições (OR = 3.28) em comparação com aquelas pesando ≥139 kg. Porcas com ganho de peso <25 kg durante a primeira prenhes apresentaram maior chance de NT2P (OR = 3.01), em comparação com porcas ganhando acima de 35 kg. A cada 10 kg de aumento no peso ao primeiro desmame e no ganho de peso entre a 1º IA e o 1º desmame (OR = 0.71 e 0.73, respectivamente) diminuiu a taxa de descarte total, e por razões reprodutivas (OR = 0.57 e 0.61, respectivamente). A taxa de descarte até o 3º parto aumentou em porcas com menores leitegadas a primeira parição. Os resultados mostram que atingir um peso mínimo à 1º IA é importante, mas também deve ser considerado o ganho de peso corporal adequado até o primeiro desmame para melhor desempenho reprodutivo, produtividade, e retenção de matrizes no rebanho. / The aim of this study was to verify the association of sow body weight development until 1st weaning with the reproductive performance, piglet production and culling rate until 3rd farrowing in 196 Landrace x Large White primiparous sows using logistic regression models. Body weight (BW) was measured at artificial insemination (AI), 24h after farrowing and on the weaning day. At 1st AI, 1st farrowing and 1st weaning the BW was on average 140.4 kg, 170.8 kg and 163.7 kg, respectively. The weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), the number of piglets born at 1st, 2nd and over three parities, and culling rate until 3rd farrowing were on average 5.7 days, 12.5, 11.8 and 36.7 piglets born, and 10.2%, respectively. Each 10kg increase in weight gain in 1st pregnancy (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st farrowing (OR= 0.63), weight at 1st weaning (OR= 0.69) or weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning (OR= 0.67) decreased the percentage of primiparous sows with long WEI. Increasing lactation length and increasing the number of weaned piglets were responsible for respectively decreasing (OR=0.79 per day of lactation) and increasing (OR= 1.45 per piglet weaned) the percentage of sows with long WEI. Sows with <159.5 kg at weaning had higher non-farrowing rate (NFR) compared to sows with >170 kg (OR = 4.73). Sows with <17.5 kg of gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning had higher odds (OR= 4.88) of NFR than sows gaining >30 kg. Each additional lactation day decreased the NFR (OR = 0.77). Females weighing < 139 kg at 1st AI had higher percentages of small number of total born in second parity (STB2, OR= 2.00) and over three parities (OR = 3.28) compared to those weighing ≥139 kg. Sows with weight gain at 1st pregnancy <25 kg had higher odds of STB2 (OR= 3.01) compared to sows gaining >35 kg. Each 10 kg of increase in weight at 1st weaning or in weight gain from 1st AI to 1st weaning decreased the total culling rate (OR= 0.71 and 0.73, respectively) and culling by reproductive reasons (OR= 0.57 and 0.61, respectively). Culling rate until 3rd farrowing was also increased in sows with smaller first litter size. The results show that not only to reach a minimum weight at 1st AI but also to have an adequate body weight gain until 1st weaning is important for the reproductive performance, productivity and retention of sows in the herd.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Botany)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of indigenous watermelon landraces (Citrullus lanatus) seeds grown in two districts in the Limpopo Province. Watermelon seeds are the most undermined oilseeds. The seeds have nutritional values that compare favourably with those of soybean, sunflower and ground nuts. Many cucurbit seeds such as watermelon seeds are rich in protein and oil, although none of these products have been used on an industrial scale. Nine indigenous watermelon landraces seeds (four from the Sekhukhune district and five from the Capricorn district) were examined. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest mass per one hundred seeds (10.95 g per 100 seeds) with 07CDGM having the lowest mass (8.05 g per 100 seeds). The landrace 10CDGM was found to have the highest oil (41.5%), protein (20.39%) and fibre content (23.98%) with 01SDPW having the lowest oil yield (30.00%), 02SDPW was found to have the highest saponification value (184.57 mg KOH/g oil) and 09CDGM had the highest iodine value (138.575 g I2/100 g oil). The landrace 01SDPW had the highest total sugar content. All landraces were found to have the essential amino acid leucine. Antioxidant activity (66.95%) and total flavonoids (0.295 mg/g as catechin equivalents) were found to be highest in the 09CDGM landrace, and total phenolic content (0.91 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) was found to be highest in 05SDPW. The landrace 06CDGM was found to have the highest copper content (0.088 mg/g); 02SDPW was found to have the highest iron content (0.194 mg/g); 10CDGM had the highest zinc (0.312 mg/g) and sulphate content (0.129 mg/g); while both 10CDGM and 03SDPW had the highest content of calcium (9.13 mg/g). The landraces were found to differ slightly in the content and quality of components tested. Each of the landraces was found to have some qualities that render them superior to the other landraces. The qualities and content of the landraces compare favourably with those of commercial oil seeds such as the sunflower and soybean. Overall, the landraces from the Capricorn district were observed to have superior qualities than those from the Sekhukhune district. The findings indicated that the landraces from Capricorn district had more mean oil, mean protein, crude fibre content, total phenolics and total flavonoid content than those from the Sekhukhune district. The landraces from Sekhukhune district had high carbohydrate, ash content and high content of the minerals iron and calcium. The landrace 10CDGM was found to have overall high vi values with regard to most analyses, thus making the landrace superior to the others. The results indicate that landraces from both districts have complementary qualities to each other; however the landraces from the Capricorn are more superior in most aspects. The watermelon seeds have the potential to be used as a cost-effective and easily accessible source of nutrients and oil to meet nutritional challenges in developing countries. KEY CONCEPTS Citrullus lanatus; Landrace; Sekhukhune district; Capricorn district; Indigenous watermelon; Oil seeds; Essential amino acids; Antioxidant activity; Total phenolics; Total flavonoids; Mineral content; Total sugars; Crude fibre; Oil content; Saponification value; Iodine value.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La erosión genética provocada en los cultivos al primar producción sobre calidad ha derivado en pérdida de biodiversidad, lo que compromete la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Los agricultores, a través de un proceso histórico de selección, han ido diferenciando variedades tradicionales de cultivo que sonfuente de biodiversidad agrícola que además favorece el desarrollo de la economía local. Por este motivo, su recuperación, clasificación y cultivo son clave para la economía y futuro alimentario. La conservación de las variedades tradicionales requiere un conocimiento de las mismas a través de la descripción detallada de las características fenotípicas, agronómicas, y de calidad nutricional como valor añadido. La Comunitat Valenciana, cuenta con un extenso patrimonio hortícola constituido por una gran diversidad de variedades tradicionales de hortalizas. Estas son fruto de la adaptación a variadas condiciones agroclimáticas de la geografía valenciana, por un lado, y de la selección aplicada por los agricultores en cada localidad por otro. En este sentido, estas variedades tienen un gran valor como patrimonio etnobotánico y como tal deberían ser conservadas. Asimismo, en la actualidad, el cultivo y el consumo de las variedades tradicionales están creciendo, ya que son especialmente atractivas para los consumidores por su diversidad y su alta calidad nutracéutica. En este contexto, esta tesis doctoral se basa en la caracterización fenotípica y nutricional para valorizar las variedades tradicionales de la comunidad, correspondientes a los cultivos de pimiento, berenjena y lechuga, con la finalidad de promover su conservación y cultivo en las zonas de origen, e impulsando la diversidad. La caracterización morfológica de las variedades autóctonas ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios, necesarios porque proporcionan información sobre los caracteres fenotípicos diferenciadores, y contribuyen a optimizar los programas de mejora vegetal. En este sentido, la caracterización de las variedades hortícolas valencianas seleccionadas se realizó siguiendo las directrices del IBPGR. Además, en esta tesis doctoral se han realizado estudios sobre el valor nutracéutico de las tres variedades seleccionadas por ser uno de los principales intereses del consumidor. Por ello, el contenido de algunos compuestos bioactivos y antioxidantes (fenoles, flavonoides, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, licopeno, carotenoides, clorofilas y la actividad antioxidante), azucares y minerales fueron monitoreados para establecer parámetros de calidad en las especies mencionadas. También se determinó los parámetros indicativos de estrés oxidativo, para establecer la capacidad de conservación de atributos físico-químicos de la lechuga en el ensayo de post-cosecha. / [CA] L'erosió genètica provocada en els cultius com a conseqüència de posar per davant producció sobre qualitat ha derivat en pèrdua de biodiversitat, fet que compromet la seguretat alimentària mundial. Els agricultors, a través d'un procés històric de selecció, han generat la diferenciació varietats tradicionals de cultiu que hui són font de biodiversitat agrícola. A més, s'afavoreix el desenvolupament de l'economia local. Per aquest motiu, la seva recuperació, classificació i cultiu són clau per a l'economia i el futur alimentari. La conservació de les varietats tradicionals requereix un coneixement de les mateixes mitjançant la descripció detallada de les seues característiques fenotípiques, agronòmiques, i de qualitat nutricional com a valor afegit. La Comunitat Valenciana compta amb un extens patrimoni hortícola constituït per una gran diversitat de varietats tradicionals d'hortalisses. Aquestes són fruit de l'adaptació a diverses condicions agroclimàtiques de la geografia valenciana, d'una banda, i de la selecció aplicada pels agricultors a cada localitat de l'altra. En aquest sentit, aquestes varietats tenen un gran valor com a patrimoni etnobotànic i com a tal haurien de ser conservades. Així mateix, actualment, el cultiu i el consum de les varietats tradicionals estan creixent, ja que són especialment atractives per als consumidors per la seua diversitat i la seua alta qualitat nutracèutica. En aquest context, aquesta tesi doctoral es basa en la caracterització fenotípica i nutricional per valoritzar les varietats tradicionals de la Ccomunitat, corresponents als cultius de pebre, albergínia i encisam, amb la finalitat de promoure'n la conservació i el cultiu a les zones d'origen, i impulsant la diversitat. La caracterització morfològica de les varietats autòctones ha estat objecte de nombrosos estudis, necessaris perquè proporcionen informació sobre els caràcters fenotípics diferenciadors, i contribueixen a optimitzar els programes de millora vegetal. En aquesta línia, la caracterització de les varietats hortícoles valencianes seleccionades es va fer seguint les directrius de l'IBPGR. A més, en aquesta tesi doctoral s'han fet estudis sobre el valor nutracèutic de les tres espècies seleccionades per ser un dels principals interessos del consumidor. Per això, el contingut d'alguns compostos bioactius i antioxidants (fenols, flavonoides, antocianinas, àcid ascòrbic, licopè, carotenoides, clorofil·les i l'activitat antioxidant), sucres i minerals van ser monitoritzats per establir paràmetres de qualitat a les espècies esmentades. També es van determinar els paràmetres indicatius d'estrès oxidatiu, per establir la capacitat de conservació d'atributs fisicoquímics de l'encisam a l'assaig de postcollita. / [EN] Genetic erosion in crops, gained from prioritising production over quality, has led to biodiversity loss, which compromises global food security. By a historic selection process, farmers have been differentiating traditional crop varieties, which are a source of agricultural biodiversity that also favours the development of local economy, which makes their recovery, classification and cultivation key for food economy and the future. The conservation of traditional varieties requires knowledge of them, obtained from a detailed description of their phenotypical, agronomic and nutritional quality characteristics as added value. The Valencian Community (east Spain) has extensive horticultural heritage that is made up of a high diversity of traditional vegetable varieties. These are the result of adapting to the varied agroclimate conditions of the Valencian geography: on the one hand, the selection applied by farmers to each locality; on the other hand, these varieties are very valuable as ethnobotanical heritage and should be preserved. Moreover, the cultivation and consumption of traditional varieties are currently growing because they are particularly appealing to consumers for their diversity and high nutraceutical quality. In this context, the present doctoral thesis is based on a phenotypical and nutritional characterisation to evaluate traditional varieties in the Valencian Community, which correspond to pepper, eggplant and lettuce crops, to promote their conservation and cultivation in areas of origin, and to boost diversity. The morphological characterisation of landraces has been the subject of many studies, which are necessary because they provide information about differentiating phenotypical characteristics and help to optimise plant-breeding programmes. The characterisation of the selected Valencian vegetable varieties was carried out following IBPGR guidelines. Furthermore, studies were conducted in this doctoral thesis into the nutraceutical value of the three selected crops because this value is one of the main consumer interests. The content of some bioactive compounds and antioxidants (phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, lycopene, carotenoids, chlorophylls, antioxidant activity), sugars and minerals were monitored to establish quality parameters in the aforementioned species. Parameters indicative of oxidative stress were also determined to establish the conservation capacity of the physico-chemical attributes of lettuce in the post-harvest test. / Martínez Ispizua, E. (2022). Rediscovering pepper, eggplant and lettuce landraces of the Valencian Community; an ancient resource with vast potential for the future [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191053 / Compendio

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'effet des races porcines canadiennes sur la qualité de la viande. La revue de littérature aborde les critères globaux de qualité et de biochimie et présente un approfondissement des effets de ces traits sur les trois principales races canadiennes (Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc). Ce document comprend aussi un rapport sur la recherche effectuée entre 2004 et 2006 sur des animaux de ces trois races provenant de 4 provinces différentes. Les résultats obtenus lors des analyses de composition et de qualité de la viande sur ces animaux sont décrits de même que les différences retrouvées entre les sexes. Entre les races, les résultats consistent principalement en une démarcation entre les animaux de race Duroc par rapport aux deux autres, ceci tant en terme d'adiposité que de pH ou de rétention d'eau. Un portrait du typage des fibres effectué est aussi présenté.