The purpose of this master thesis is to study and compare conservative, fascist and nationalist youth movements active in Sweden during the 1930s and 40s. The political youth movements at the centre of this study are the Young Swedes (Ungsvenskarna), Swedish Rural Youth League (Svenska Landsbygdens Ungdomsförbund), Nordic Youth (Nordisk Ungdom) and National Youth League of Sweden/National League of Sweden (Sveriges nationella ungdomsförbund/Sveriges nationella förbund). During the early 1900s, youth was often described as both the reviver of society and the future of the nation. Regardless of different ideological and political alignments, the youth movements were all invested in shaping and educating young people to prepare them for the future. In this study, the focal point has been the question why these youth movements wanted the role as educators of young people, as well as what was expected of the young after this education. The main task of the political youth movements seems to have been to give young people ideals to fight for through physical and spiritual education. Through this education the young would realize what was expected of them and finally transform into an ideal youth that could inherit the responsibility as caretakers of the nation as well as the future. The view on the ideal youth varied between the studied youth movements. The Young Swedes wanted to create a conservative youth, actively engaged with the main political party of the movement, the Right (Högern). The ideal youth of the Swedish Rural Youth League were aware of their responsibilities towards the rights of the rural areas and agriculture. The ideal youth of Nordic Youth and National Youth League would have very similar personalities and would be ready to fight and sacrifice for the future rebirth of the nation into similar, yet different, fascistic utopias.

The low electrification rates and lack of access to energy services are some of the main challenges of the Tanzanian energy system. However, increasing access to power and other energy services would lead to an increase in the energy demand, which the Tanzanian energy system will not be able to meet. Therefore, new solutions are needed to increase access to modern and affordable energy services that facilitate economic and social development, but in a way that is also sustainable. One promising solution seems to be the use of the abundant agricultural residues to produce energy, which could be particularly relevant for rural areas without access to the national grid. Further, the Tanzanian sisal industry has a challenge in addressing the emissions from sisal processing. Each year, the national industry produces approximately one million ton of Sisal Decortication Residue (SDR), causing local eutrophication as well as emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. The solution under study in this thesis is the potential use of the residue generated at a sisal estate in the region of Tanga (Tanzania), to generate biogas, which could potentially produce electricity and heat when fed into a CHP unit. The AD process also reduces the negative environmental impact of the waste. Given the substantial amounts of sisal waste produced at the estate every day, the project aims at providing a solution that will benefit the owner of the estate, the environment and the local communities. It was found that the potential for biogas production is close to 1,200,000 m3 per year. In a CHP unit, this amount of gas would produce around 2,340 MWh of electricity and over 4,160 MWh of heat per year. The different potential applications for the biogas and products are presented and analysed in the local context. The results of the study suggest that the solution that would provide higher benefits from an economic, social, and environmental perspective is to supply part of the biogas to the surrounding villages for its use as a cooking fuel and fed the remaining electricity into the national grid. For this application it was found that the NPV of the project at the end of its lifetime is close to 1,580,000 USD, and the investment would be recovered in less than 9 years. At the same time, the use of biogas as cooking fuel would significantly benefit the households and the environment, by reducing the serious health and environmental problems derived from the processing of traditional biomass resources. / Bristande tillgång till energitjänster är en av de största utmaningarna för energisystemet i Tanzania. Men förbättrad tillgång till energitjänster kommer att leda till en snabb ökning av energibehov i landet, som det tanzaniska energisystemet inte kan hantera. En möjlig lösning kan vara att använder de rikliga jordbruksavfall för energiändamål, särskilt i landsbygdsområdena som saknar tillträde till det nationella elnätet. Denna rapport studerar möjligheterna att använda avfallet från produktion av sisalfiber (vanligtvis kallade Sisal Decortication Residue, SDR) som genererats vid en egendom i regionen Tanga (Tanzania) för att generera biogas, som också kunna producera el och värme i kraftvärmevek. Med tanke på den betydande mängd avfall som producera varje dag, är målet för projektet att hitta en lösning som egendomens ägare, miljön och lokala samhällen kan dra nytta av. Det potentiella utbytet av biogas med dagens produktionsvolym är ca 1,200,00 m3 per år. Detta motsvarar ca 2,340 MWh el samt 4,160 MWh värme per år. Olika potentiella tillämpningar för biogasen och biprodukterna har analyserad och jämförd för gällande lokala förutsättningar. Resultaten av studien tyder på att lösningen för att maximera sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga fördelar är att leverera en del av den biogas som framställs till de omgivande byarna för dess användning som bränsle för matlagning. Resten av elen ska tillföras elnätet. Plantagen köper sedan den el som krävs för den egna produktionen. Resultaten uppgå till ett positivt nettonuvärde (NPV) på omkring 1 580 000 USD och en återbetalningsperiod som är kortare än 9 år. Samtidigt skulle hushåll och miljön få fördelar av den biogasen genom att undvika de alvarliga problemer som hänger samman med traditionella biobränslen.

The Sustainable Development Goal n°7 is calling for a prompt response to guarantee affordable and clean energy for all. While the electrification rate is rapidly increasing around the world, much work still remains to achieve electricity access in remote areas or Non-Interconnected Zones, such as the numerous small islands that compose Indonesia. This thesis work sought to understand which standalone microgrid design would represent the most sustainable solution for a rural electrification challenge, where the final scope is to provide 24 h/d stable and reliable electricity connection to the local communities of Sulawesi, Indonesia. To achieve such a result, two diametrically opposed microgrid layouts are outlined in terms of renewables share: a Business As-Usual Scenario, in which the microgrid is powered by a standard diesel set, and an integrated renewable-based scenario, in which the microgrid envisions the implementation of biopower, PV system and Li-ion batteries as a storage option. A thorough comparison on a series of Key Parameter Indicators (KPIs), such as Carbon Footprint, Levelized Cost Of Electricity and job creation, led to the identification of the renewable-based scenario as the most sustainable option. This system layout resulted in a biomass powered electricity production covering 80% of the total electricity demand, with the remaining 20% supplied by solar power and storage means and a LCOE of 0.18 USD/kWh. At the price of a higher upfront cost than the one of BAU case, the renewable-based alternative entitles a higher profitability when compared to the business-asusual one, together with reduced carbon dioxide emissions and a higher number of jobs directly created. / Hållbarhetsmål nr 7 kräver ett snabbt svar för att garantera överkomlig och ren energi för alla. Medan elektrifieringsgraden snabbt ökar runt om i världen, återstår mycket arbete för att nå elåtkomst i avlägsna områden eller icke-sammankopplade zoner, såsom de många små öarna som utgör Indonesien. Detta avhandlingsarbete försökte förstå vilken fristående mikronätdesign som skulle representera den mest hållbara lösningen för en elektrifieringsutmaning på landsbygden, där det slutliga utrymmet är att tillhandahålla 24 timmars stabil och pålitlig elanslutning till lokalsamhället Sulawesi, Indonesien. För att uppnå ett sådant resultat beskrivs två diametralt motsatta mikronätlayouter när det gäller andelen förnybara energikällor: ett Business As-Usual-scenario, där mikronätet drivs av en standarddiesel och ett integrerat förnyelsebaserat scenario, där microgrid ser implementeringen av biokraft, solcellssystem och litiumjonbatterier som ett lagringsalternativ. En noggrann jämförelse av en serie nyckelparametrar (KPI), såsom koldioxidavtryck, nivåiserad elkostnad och skapande av jobb, ledde till att det förnyelsebaserade scenariot identifierades som det mest hållbara alternativet. Systemlayouten resulterade i en biomassadriven elproduktion som täckte 80% av det totala elbehovet, med de återstående 20%som levereras av solenergi och lagringsmedel och en LCOE på 0,18 USD / kWh. Till priset av en högre kostnad i förskott än i BAU-fallet ger det förnyelsebaserade alternativet högre lönsamhet jämfört med det som vanligt, tillsammans med minskade koldioxidutsläpp och ett högre antal direkt skapade jobb.