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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第25247号 / 工博第5206号 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐山 敬洋, 教授 田中 賢治, 教授 市川 温 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Résumé : L'organisation de l'espace basilien est le reflet culturel de ses habitants. Le paysage humanisé actuel est la résultante de divers artefacts culturels. Pour mieux comprendre l'occupation du sol basilien, il convient de percevoir le milieu physique et humain dans son ensemble, d'examiner à fond les séquences de l'établissement humain et d'identifier les déséquilibres spatiaux temporels qui compromettent l'évolution rationnelle du territoire. L'identification des contraintes et des potentiels du territoire favorise l'élaboration et la conceptualisation d'un plan d'aménagement du territoire équilibré, qui met en valeur l'intégrité de la composante culturelle basilienne. En outre, cette recherche tente d'élucider et de corriger certaines lacunes perceptibles dans le territoire de la municipalité de Saint-Basile.||Abstract : The built up area of Saint-Basile represents the cultural iconography of his inhabitants. Apparently, the cultural landscape is set up from former man made modifications. For a better understanding of the Saint-Basile urban land use, it is a must to perceive and recognize distincly the physical and the human factors abroad; to scrutinize the human settlements sequences since the colonization and to identify the internal land use patterns components who jeopardize the rational developpment of the community. The establishement and the identification of the restreints and the potentiels within the town of Saint-Basile will lead to a design and a better urban land use planning which will preserved the cultural identity of his inhabitants. Therefore, the research tends to light up and rectify some visibles linkages of the Saint-Basile urban land use.

This thesis deals with the evaluation impact of the modifications of floodplain and river network to the course and consequences of floods on the example of Stropnice river, located in South Bohemia. The thesis evaluate causes, course and effects of the floods, that took place in the basin with special focus to the recent floods. The basin was hit by extreme flood in 2002, while in 2005, 2006, 2009 other floods with different origin and magnitude took place in the basin. The assessment was based on field survey, and application of GIS analysis of results for identification of critical stream segments, which may influence the course of flood events. To get information about river network modification the HEMF field survey methodology was used. The following rivers were mapped: Stropnice river, Svinenský, Klenský and Žárský brook. The critical stream segments are spread in the whole Stropnice basin. It can be concluded that the anthropogenic effects are apparent in the whole basin including its headwater part in mountains. In several critical stream segments there were proposed measures aimed to reduce the consequences of potential flood events.

Les lacs jouent un rôle particulier dans le cycle de l’eau dans les bassins versants urbains. La stratification thermique et le temps de séjour de l’eau élevé favorisent le développement phytoplanctonique. La plupart des métaux sont naturellement présents dans l’environnement à l’état de traces. Ils sont essentiels pour les organismes vivants. Néanmoins, certains métaux sont connus pour leurs effets toxiques sur les animaux et les humains. La concentration totale des métaux ne reflète pas leur toxicité. Elle dépend de leurs propriétés et de leur spéciation (fractions particulaires, dissoutes: labiles ou biodisponibles et inertes). Dans les systèmes aquatiques, les métaux peuvent être absorbés par des ligands organiques ou minéraux. Leur capacité à se complexer avec la matière organique dissoute (MOD), particulièrement les substances humiques, a été largement étudiée. Dans les lacs, le développement phytoplanctonique peut produire de la MOD non-humique, connue pour sa capacité complexante des métaux. Pourtant, peu de recherche sur la spéciation des métaux dans la colonne d’eau des lacs urbains a été réalisée jusqu’à présent.Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse sont (1) d’obtenir une base de données fiables des concentrations en métaux traces dans la colonne d’eau de lacs urbains représentatifs; (2) d’évaluer leur biodisponibilité via une technique de spéciation adéquate ; (3) d’analyser leur évolution saisonnière et spatiale et leur spéciation; (4) d’étudier l’impact des variables environnementales, en particulier de la MOD autochtone sur leur biodisponibilité; (5) de lier la concentration des métaux au mode d’occupation du sol du bassin versant.Notre méthodologie est basée sur un suivi in-situ des lacs en complément d’analyses spécifiques en laboratoire. L’étude a été conduite sur trois sites: le lac de Créteil (France), le lac de Pampulha (Brésil) et 49 lacs péri-urbains (Ile de France). Sur le lac de Créteil, plusieurs dispositifs de mesure en continu nous ont fourni une partie de la base de données limnologiques. Dans le bassin versant du lac de Pampulha, la pression anthropique est très importante. Le climat et le régime hydrologique des 2 lacs sont très différents. Les 49 lacs de la région d’Ile de France ont été échantillonnés une fois pendant trois étés successifs (2011-2013). Ces lacs nous ont fourni une base de données synoptique, représentative de la contamination métallique à l’échelle d’une région fortement anthropisée.Afin d’expliquer le rôle des variables environnementales sur la concentration métallique, le modèle Random Forest a été appliqué sur les bases de données du lac de Pampulha et des 49 lacs urbains avec 2 objectifs spécifiques: (1) dans le lac de Pampulha, comprendre le rôle des variables environnementales sur la fraction labile des métaux traces, potentiellement biodisponible et (2) dans les 49 lacs, comprendre la relation des variables environnementales, particulièrement au niveau du bassin versant, sur la concentration dissoute des métaux. L’analyse des relations entre métaux et variables environnementales constitue l’un des principaux résultats de cette thèse. Dans le lac de Pampulha, environ 80% de la variance du cobalt labile est expliqué par des variables limnologiques: Chla, O2, pH et P total. Pour les autres métaux, le modèle n’a pas réussi à expliquer plus de 50 % de la relation entre fraction labile et variables limnologiques. Dans les 49 lacs, le modèle Random Forest a donné un bon résultat pour le cobalt (60% de la variance expliquée) et un très bon résultat pour le nickel (86% de la variance expliquée). Pour Ni les variables explicatives sont liées au mode d’occupation du sol : « Activités » (Equipements pour l’eau et l’assainissement, entrepôts logistiques, bureaux…) et « Décharge ». Ce résultat est en accord avec le cas du lac de Créteil où la concentration en Ni dissous est très élevée et où les catégories d’occupation du sol « Activités » et « Décharges » sont dominantes / Lakes have a particular influence on the water cycle in urban catchments. Thermal stratification and a longer water residence time in the lake boost the phytoplankton production. Most metals are naturally found in the environment in trace amounts. Trace metals are essential to growth and reproduction of organisms. However, some are also well known for their toxic effects on animals and humans. Total metal concentrations do not reflect their ecotoxicity that depends on their properties and speciation (particulate, dissolved: labile or bioavailable and inert fractions). Trace metals can be adsorbed to various components in aquatic systems including inorganic and organic ligands. The ability of metal binding to dissolved organic matter (DOM), in particular humic substances, has been largely studied. In urban lakes, the phytoplankton development can produce autochthonous DOM, non humic substances that can have the ability of metal binding.. But there are few studies about trace metal speciation in lake water column.The main objectives of this thesis are (1) to obtain a consistent database of trace metal concentrations in the water column of representative urban lakes; (2) to access their bioavailability through an adapted speciation technique; (3) to analyze the seasonal and spatial evolution of the metals and their speciation; (4) to study the potential impact of environmental variables, particularly of dissolved organic matter related to phytoplankton production on metal bioavailability and (5) to link the metal concentrations to the land use in the lake watershed.Our methodology is based on a dense field survey of the water bodies in addition to specific laboratory analysis. The research has been conducted on three study sites: Lake Créteil (France), Lake Pampulha (Brazil) and a panel of 49 peri-urban lakes (Ile de France). Lake Créteil is an urban lake impacted by anthropogenic pollution. It benefits of a large number of monitoring equipment, which allowed us to collect a part of the data set. In Lake Pampulha catchment, the anthropogenic pressure is high. Lake Pampulha has to face with many pollution point and non-point sources. The climate and limnological characteristics of the lakes are also very different. The panel of 49 lakes of Ile de France was sampled once during three successive summers (2011-2013); they provided us with a synoptic, representative data set of the regional metal contamination in a densely anthropized region.In order to explain the role of the environmental variables on the metal concentrations, we applied the Random Forest model on the Lake Pampulha dataset and on the 49 urban lake dataset with 2 specific objectives: (1) in Lake Pampulha, understanding the role of environmental variables on the trace metal labile concentration, considered as potentially bioavailable and (2) in the 49 lakes, understanding the relationship of the environmental variables, more particularly the watershed variables, on the dissolved metal concentrations. The analysis of the relationships between the trace metal speciation and the environmental variables provided the following key results of this thesis.In Lake Pampulha, around 80% of the variance of the labile cobalt is explained by some limnological variables: Chl a, O2, pH, and total phosphorus. For the other metals, the RF model did not succeed in explaining more than 50% of the relationships between the metals and the limnological variables.In the 49 urban lakes in Ile de France, the RF model gave a good result for Co (66% of explained variance) and very satisfying for Ni (86% of explained variance). For Ni, the best explanatory variables are landuse variables such as “activities” (facilities for water, sanitation and energy, logistical warehouses, shops, office…) and “landfill”. This result fits with Lake Creteil where dissolved Ni concentration is particularly high and where the “activities” and “landfill” landuse categories are the highest

This study aimed evaluating the impacts of landuse in the limnological variables and spectral reflectance of the water of three watersheds, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. The areas studied were: the watershed of the Cadena Creek and Vacacaí Mirim and Ibicuí-Mirim rivers - RS (Brazil). To obtain the data of the coverage and landuse topographic charts and images CCD/CBERS 2 were used (October 2006). Images were processed using the software IDRISI 32, and the supervised classification allowed the identification and quantification of different landuse areas (Urban Area, Agriculture, pastures, fields and small size vegetation, water and Forestation). Limnological variables examined were: water transparency, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), water and air temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC). It performed ten field trips that occurred on days 21, 23, 26, 28 and 30/11 and 03, 05, 07, 10 and 12/12, 2007. Measures were taken with the radiometric spectroradiometer FieldSpec3 (spectral range of 350 to 2500nm and spectral resolution ranging from 3 to 10nm), the collections were performed on days 11/30/2007 and 12/07/2007. Identification of the landuse allowed the evaluation of the variables behavior for each limnological watershed. Concentrations of TDS and TSS were lower in the river Ibicuí- Mirim SB, due to the increased presence of vegetation on its banks, which also influenced their reflectance (low albedo). In Cadena Creek the highest values of TDS were found and the river Vacacaí-Mirim the TSS was the highest. The EC assumed high values in the river Vacacaí-Mirim (207 to 397 μScm-1), and in Cadena Creek (459 to 563 μScm-1), due to the proximity to urban areas, mainly the creek for about 63% of their urban area. The pH variations occurred among the three watersheds, between 6.0 and 7.0. Due to the high concentration of organic matter on the Vacacaí-Mirim is river surface, it presented a range of green wavelength (between 500nm and 600nm) most expressive reflectance values than the watershed of Cadena Creek and Ibicuí-Mirim River. The integrated analysis of the results showed how the metabolism and its aquatic reflectance are influenced by the way of the landuse in each type of watershed, being the rural area the most affected on the TSS and the urban reflectance on the TDS. / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos do uso da terra nas variáveis limnológicas e reflectância espectral dos corpos d água de três sub-bacias, localizadas na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. As áreas trabalhadas foram: as sub-bacias do arroio Cadena e dos rios Vacacaí-Mirim e Ibicuí-Mirim RS (Brasil). Para o levantamento do uso e cobertura da terra foram utilizadas cartas topográficas e imagens CCD/CBERS 2 (outubro de 2006). As imagens foram processadas com o uso do software IDRISI 32, por classificação supervisionada que permitiu a identificação e quantificação das diferentes áreas de uso da terra (Área Urbana, Agricultura, Pastagens, Campos e Vegetação de pequeno porte, Corpos d água e Florestamento). As variáveis limnológicas analisadas foram: transparência da água, total de sólidos em suspensão (TSS), total de sólidos dissolvidos (TDS), temperatura da água e do ar, pH e condutividade elétrica (CE). Foram realizadas dez campanhas de campo que ocorreram nos dias 21, 23, 26, 28 e 30/11 e 03, 05, 07, 10 e 12/12 de 2007. As medidas radiométricas foram realizadas com o espectrorradiômetro FieldSpec3 (intervalo espectral de 350 a 2500nm e resolução espectral variando de 3 a 10nm), as coletas foram executadas nos dias 30/11/2007 e 07/12/2007. A identificação das formas de uso da terra permitiu avaliar o comportamento das variáveis limnológicas para cada sub-bacia. As concentrações de TSS e TDS foram menores na SB do rio Ibicuí-Mirim, em decorrência da maior presença de vegetação em suas margens, o que influenciou também em sua reflectância (baixo albedo). Já no arroio Cadena foram encontrados os maiores valores de TDS, e no rio Vacacaí-Mirim o TSS foi o mais elevado. A CE assumiu valores elevados no rio Vacacaí-Mirim (207 a 397μScm-1) e no arroio Cadena (459 a 563μScm-1), por possuírem uma elevada quantidade de sais dissolvidos, devido a proximidade com a área urbana, principalmente o arroio Cadena por ter cerca de 63% de sua área urbanizada. Quanto aos valores de pH, ocorrem variações entre as três sub-bacias, ficando entre 6,0 e 7,0. Devido à elevada concentração de matéria orgânica na superfície do rio Vacacaí-Mirim, este apresentou na faixa de comprimento de onda do verde (entre 500nm e 600nm) valores mais expressivos de reflectância que as sub-bacias do arroio Cadena e do rio Ibicuí-Mirim. A análise integrada dos resultados permitiu constatar como o metabolismo aquático e sua reflectância são influenciados pela forma de uso da terra em cada tipo de sub-bacia analisada, sendo a rural mais afetada quanto ao TSS e a reflectância e a urbana no TDS.

Simulations assuming open-pit mines and different cessation landscapes of open-pit mines with urbanization were performed with a non-hydrostatic meteorological model. The possible enhancement or counteracting of the atmospheric responses to these simultaneously occurring (= accumulated) land-use changes are examined applying a formula drived from the principle of superposition. Although accumulated land-use changes substantially affect the local water and energy fluxes and significantly influence cloud and precipitation microphysics, they do not necessarily provide more significant changes in these quantities than the change of different land-use types to only one land-use type (=single land-use changes). Where the atmospheric responses to accumulated land-use changes are enhanced or inhibited, depends on the thermal, dynamical and hydrologic characteristics of the undergoing accumulated land-use changes as well as on the land-use adjacent to the land-use conversion. In regions dominated by drier surfaces (e.g., agriculture), no enhancement or counteraction according to the principle of superposition could be detected in this study. / Simulationen mit einer Tagebaulandschaft sowie verschiedenen Tagebaufolgelandschaften inklusive Urbanisierung wurden mit einem nicht-hydrostatischen meteorologischen Modell durchgeführt. Eine mögliche Verstärkung oder Abschwächung der atmosphärischen Reaktion auf gleichzeitig auftretende (akkumulierte) Landnutzungsänderungen wird mittels einer auf dem Prinzip der Superposition erstellten Formel untersucht. Obgleich die akkumulierten Landnutzungsänderungen die lokalen Energie- und Wasserflüsse merklich sowie die Wolken und Niederschlagsmikrophysik signifikant beeinflussen, führen sie nicht notwendigerweise zu stärkeren Änderungen dieser Größen als einfache Landnutzungsänderungen. Wo sich akkumulierte Landnutzungsänderungen in ihrer Wirkung auf die Atmosphäre verstärken oder abschwächen, hängt davon ab, wie stark sich die dynamischen, hydrologischen und energetischen Eigenschaften der veränderten Landnutzung von der vorherigen und denen der Umgebung unterscheiden. In Regionen, die durch trockene Flächen charakterisiert sind (z.B. Ackerland), konnte in dieser Studie kein Verstärken oder Abschwächen im Sinne einer Abweichung vom Prinzip der Superposition festgestellt werden.

Nutrient enrichment, which can be detrimental to the health of aquatic systems, is one of the leading causes of impairment of our Nations? waters. Development and initial calibration of a hydrologic, hydrodynamic, and water quality model of dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentration for the St. Louis Bay watershed in coastal Mississippi is documented herein. The model was developed using the USEPA BASINS 3.0 analysis system and WinHSPF, a comprehensive watershed loading and transport modeling software. The resulting model simulates significant watershed and instream physical, chemical and biological processes including rainfall runoff and associated water quality from a variety of land use categories. Extensive data describing the study area, land use practices, hydrology and water quality are presented, analyzed and discussed relative to model development and adequacy to support future modeling projects. Integration of this data into a valuable water quality assessment model and preliminary model calibration is also presented.

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