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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Surfactants : Comparison of Surfactant Stereoisomers and Investigation of Haemolytic Activity

Neimert-Andersson, Kristina January 2005 (has links)
I den här avhandlingen har vi studerat hur man kan göra nya tensider. En tensid är en speciell molekyl som har förmågan att lösa sig i både vatten och olja. Man kan göra följande experiment hemma: Fyll en glasburk till hälften med vatten och tillsätt en droppe matolja. Oljan bildar en droppe ovanpå vattnet, därför att vatten och olja inte är blandbara. Vatten är polärt och olja är opolärt. Om man rör om med en sked kommer oljedroppen förvisso att dela upp sig i mindre droppar, men så snart man slutar att röra kommer dessa att lägga sig på vattenytan igen. Sätt nu en droppe diskmedel till blandningen och rör om. Nu sprider sig oljedropparna mycket bättre i vattnet, och de lägger sig heller inte på vattenytan lika fort när man slutar att röra. Det här beror på att diskmedel innehåller en tensid, som har en polär och en opolär del. Den polära delen passar ihop med det polära vattnet, medan den opolära delen passar ihop med den opolära oljan. På så vis kan tensiden hjälpa till att lösa upp opolära ämnen i polära vätskor. Den aktiva delen av ett läkemedel består ofta av opolära ämnen, vilka inte löser sig i polära vätskor såsom vatten. Eftersom kroppen består till stor del av vatten måste man ändå försöka få läkemedlet vattenlösligt, för att möjliggöra transport via blodet till problemområdet. Det kan man uppnå genom att tillsätta tensider. Om läkemedel-tensidblandningen ska ges till djur eller människor får inte tensiden orsaka någon skada i kroppen. Vi har försökt framställa tensider som ska kunna användas för att just lösa läkemedel i vatten. För att kunna framställa nya tensider måste man ha kunskap i organisk syntes. Det betyder att man måste veta hur man från små intermediat (”byggstenar”) successivt kan bygga upp nya molekyler som har de önskvärda egenskaperna. Genom olika typer av organisk syntes har vi byggt upp tre nya tensidtyper, vars egenskaper vi studerat med olika mätningar. Ingen av dessa tensider lämpade sig som tillsats till läkemedel, men vårt arbete har givit mycket ny kunskap om hur framtida tensidmolkyler kan tillverkas och vilka egenskaper de får. / This thesis deals with the synthesis and characterization of new polyhydroxy surfactants. The first part describes the synthesis of three new surfactant classes, and the second part concerns the surface chemical characterization of the synthesized surfactants. A stereodivergent route for preparation of hydrophilic head groups was developed, that featured consecutive stereoselective dihydroxylations of a diene. This method provided in total four different polyhydroxylated head groups. These surfactant head groups were natural and unnatural sugar analogues, and were used for the coupling with two different hydrophobic tail groups. Another approach took advantage of a metathesis reaction and provided a polyhydroxylated compound that was coupled to 12-hydroxy stearic acid The third class of surfactants contained an amide linkage between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic parts. The hydrophilic part consisted of two glucose units, and 12-hydroxy stearic acid was used as the hydrophobic part. The hydroxy moiety in the tail group was further functionalized as aliphatic esters, which provided in total four different surfactants. A selection of the surfactants was used to investigate the chiral discrimination in Langmuir monolayers at an air-water interface. The isotherms showed a remarkable difference in compressibility between diastereomeric surfactants and also a pronounced chiral discrimination between racemic and enantiomerically pure surfactants, favoring heterochiral discrimination. The monolayers were also investigated with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). It was not possible to observe any chirality dependent features from the BAM images, but the GIXD measurement supported the conclusion that heterochiral discrimination governed the intermolecular forces within the racemic monolayer. The third class of surfactants, containing an amide linkage between the glucose units and 12-hydroxy stearic acid was evaluated with respect to the CMC and the haemolytic activity. These surfactants were all haemolytic close to their respective CMC. / QC 20101015
12

The structure of langmuir monolayers probed with vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy

Gurau, Marc Cory 29 August 2005 (has links)
Langmuir monolayers can be employed as simple model systems to study interactions at surfaces. Such investigations are important to fields ranging from biology to materials science. Herein, several aspects of these films and their associated water structure have been examined with vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). This second order nonlinear optical spectroscopy is particularly well suited for simultaneous investigations of the monolayer and the associated water structure with unprecedented surface specificity. The structures of these systems were altered through the control of experimental parameters including monolayer pressure, subphase temperature, pH and ionic content. Thermodynamic information about structural changes in a fatty amine monolayer's hydrophobic region was obtained by observation of the pressure and temperature dependence of the monolayer's solid to liquid phase transition. Further studies used the coordination of divalent cations to acid monolayers to perturb the water layers nearest to the film which enabled a better understanding of the water related VSFS features from these hydrophilic interfaces. Information from both the monolayer and water structure was then combined in order to examine the role of water in mediating ion-biomaterial interactions, often expressed in terms of the Hofmeister series.
13

Investigations of amino acid-based surfactants at liquid interfaces

Yang, Dengliang 01 November 2005 (has links)
Herein are presented collective studies of amino acid-based surfactants, also known as lipoamino acids, at liquid interfaces. Chapter III describes an investigation of domain morphology of N-Stearoylglutamic acid (N-SGA) Langmuir monolayers at the air/water interface by epifluorescence microscopy. Anisotropic feather-like domains were observed in L-enantiomeric monolayers while symmetric circular domains were found in racemic N-SGA monolayers. At a surface pressure of 30 mN/m the enantiomeric domains melted at 31 ??C while the racemic domains melted at 27 ??C. This result is exactly opposite to the behavior found in bulk crystals where the racemate melts at a higher temperature. These results were explained in terms of different molecular packing and hydrogen bonding between bulk crystals and two-dimensional thin films for enantiomeric and racemic compounds. Chapter IV summarizes the investigations of hydrogen bonding in N-acyl amino acid monolayers by vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). The intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the adjacent molecules through amide-amide groups in N-stearoylalanine (N-SA) is characterized by an NH stretch peak at 3311 cm-1. This is the first time that the amide NH stretching signals have been detected with the VSFS technique. A similar peak was detected at 3341 cm-1on N-SGA monolayer. The higher frequency indicates that the H-bond strength is weaker due to the larger size of the glutamic acid residue. The NH stretch mode can thus be used as a fingerprint of hydrogen bonding among amide-amide groups. A peak at 3050 cm-1 due to hydrogen bonding among carboxyl groups was also resolved from the VSFS spectra. Molecular models of intermolecular hydrogen bonding were proposed.
14

Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Surfactants : Comparison of Surfactant Stereoisomers and Investigation of Haemolytic Activity

Neimert-Andersson, Kristina January 2005 (has links)
<p>I den här avhandlingen har vi studerat hur man kan göra nya tensider. En tensid är en speciell molekyl som har förmågan att lösa sig i både vatten och olja.</p><p>Man kan göra följande experiment hemma: Fyll en glasburk till hälften med vatten och tillsätt en droppe matolja. Oljan bildar en droppe ovanpå vattnet, därför att vatten och olja inte är blandbara. Vatten är polärt och olja är opolärt. Om man rör om med en sked kommer oljedroppen förvisso att dela upp sig i mindre droppar, men så snart man slutar att röra kommer dessa att lägga sig på vattenytan igen. Sätt nu en droppe diskmedel till blandningen och rör om. Nu sprider sig oljedropparna mycket bättre i vattnet, och de lägger sig heller inte på vattenytan lika fort när man slutar att röra. Det här beror på att diskmedel innehåller en tensid, som har en polär och en opolär del. Den polära delen passar ihop med det polära vattnet, medan den opolära delen passar ihop med den opolära oljan. På så vis kan tensiden hjälpa till att lösa upp opolära ämnen i polära vätskor.</p><p>Den aktiva delen av ett läkemedel består ofta av opolära ämnen, vilka inte löser sig i polära vätskor såsom vatten. Eftersom kroppen består till stor del av vatten måste man ändå försöka få läkemedlet vattenlösligt, för att möjliggöra transport via blodet till problemområdet. Det kan man uppnå genom att tillsätta tensider. Om läkemedel-tensidblandningen ska ges till djur eller människor får inte tensiden orsaka någon skada i kroppen.</p><p>Vi har försökt framställa tensider som ska kunna användas för att just lösa läkemedel i vatten. För att kunna framställa nya tensider måste man ha kunskap i organisk syntes. Det betyder att man måste veta hur man från små intermediat (”byggstenar”) successivt kan bygga upp nya molekyler som har de önskvärda egenskaperna. Genom olika typer av organisk syntes har vi byggt upp tre nya tensidtyper, vars egenskaper vi studerat med olika mätningar. Ingen av dessa tensider lämpade sig som tillsats till läkemedel, men vårt arbete har givit mycket ny kunskap om hur framtida tensidmolkyler kan tillverkas och vilka egenskaper de får.</p> / <p>This thesis deals with the synthesis and characterization of new polyhydroxy surfactants. The first part describes the synthesis of three new surfactant classes, and the second part concerns the surface chemical characterization of the synthesized surfactants.</p><p>A stereodivergent route for preparation of hydrophilic head groups was developed, that featured consecutive stereoselective dihydroxylations of a diene. This method provided in total four different polyhydroxylated head groups. These surfactant head groups were natural and unnatural sugar analogues, and were used for the coupling with two different hydrophobic tail groups.</p><p>Another approach took advantage of a metathesis reaction and provided a polyhydroxylated compound that was coupled to 12-hydroxy stearic acid</p><p>The third class of surfactants contained an amide linkage between the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic parts. The hydrophilic part consisted of two glucose units, and 12-hydroxy stearic acid was used as the hydrophobic part. The hydroxy moiety in the tail group was further functionalized as aliphatic esters, which provided in total four different surfactants.</p><p>A selection of the surfactants was used to investigate the chiral discrimination in Langmuir monolayers at an air-water interface. The isotherms showed a remarkable difference in compressibility between diastereomeric surfactants and also a pronounced chiral discrimination between racemic and enantiomerically pure surfactants, favoring heterochiral discrimination. The monolayers were also investigated with Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). It was not possible to observe any chirality dependent features from the BAM images, but the GIXD measurement supported the conclusion that heterochiral discrimination governed the intermolecular forces within the racemic monolayer.</p><p>The third class of surfactants, containing an amide linkage between the glucose units and 12-hydroxy stearic acid was evaluated with respect to the CMC and the haemolytic activity. These surfactants were all haemolytic close to their respective CMC.</p>
15

Efeitos da dimerização e modificações na porção N-terminal do peptídeo antimicrobiano Aureína 1.2 em sua interação com filmes de Langmuir e atividade biológica / Effects of dimerization and modifications in the N-terminal portion of the antimicrobial peptide Aurein 1.2 in its interaction with Langmuir monolayers and in its biological activity

Érica Azzolino Montanha 08 November 2016 (has links)
Filmes de Langmuir são usados como modelos simplificados de membranas celulares, cujas propriedades podem ser correlacionadas com efeitos fisiológicos de moléculas de interesse biológico, como os peptídeos antimicrobianos (PAMs). Nesta dissertação investigamos a interação do peptídeo Aureína 1.2, na forma de monômero (AU), dímero ((AU)2K) e com variações na porção N-terminal (KAU e DAU), com filmes de Langmuir obtidos do extrato lipídico da bactéria Escherichia coli. Todos os peptídeos injetados em concentrações de 20 a 200nM se incorporaram ao filme de Langmuir, causando expansão nas isotermas de pressão superficial, que foi significativamente maior para o dímero. O módulo de compressibilidade do filme de E. coli à pressão superficial correspondente à de uma membrana real praticamente dobrou, de cerca de 40mN/m para 80nM/m para o dímero, ao passo que para os outros peptídeos a alteração não foi significativa. Dos espectros de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho com modulação de polarização (PM-IRRAS), observou-se que todos os peptídeos interagiram tanto com as caudas quanto com as cabeças polares das moléculas do extrato de E. coli no filme de Langmuir. Diferentemente dos resultados de pressão e compressibilidade, não há tendência de um peptídeo ter interação mais relevante do que os outros. O maior efeito do dímero na expansão e compressibilidade do filme de Langmuir não se refletiu numa maior atividade bactericida contra E. coli, pois sabe-se da literatura que a atividade é maior para a Aureína 1.2 (AU). Provavelmente porque essa atividade deve depender da camada externa de lipopolissacarídeos de uma bactéria Gram-negativa. / Langmuir films are used as simplified cell membrane models whose properties can be correlated with physiological effects of molecules of biological interest, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this dissertation we report on the interaction of Aurein 1.2 peptide as monomer (AU), dimer ((AU)2K) and modified peptide in the N-terminal portion (KAU and SAD), with Langmuir films obtained from a lipid extract of Escherichia coli. All peptides injected at concentrations from 20 to 200nM were incorporated into the Langmuir film, causing the surface pressure isotherm to expand, particularly for the dimer. The compressibility modulus of the E. coli Langmuir film at the surface pressure corresponding to an actual membrane nearly doubled, from about 40mN/m to 80nM/m for the dimer, whereas for the other peptides the change was not significant. From the polarization-modulated infrared reflection - absorption spectra (PM-IRRAS), we observed that all peptides interacted with both tails and polar heads of the molecules of E. coli extract in the Langmuir film. Unlike the results of pressure and compressibility, there was no tendency of a peptide having more relevant interaction than the others. The larger effect of the dimer in the expansion and compressibility of the Langmuir film was not reflected in a higher bactericidal activity against E. coli, since it is known from literature that the activity is higher for Aurein 1.2 (AU). Probably because this activity should depend on the outer layer of lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria.
16

Proteínas inativadoras de ribossomos: identificação de novas proteínas e estudos de interação da cadeia-A da pulchellina (PAC) com monocamada de Langmuir / Ribosome inactivating proteins: identification of new members and studies of the interaction of pulchellin A-chain (PAC) with Langmuir monolayers

Luis Fernando Reyes 29 March 2011 (has links)
Proteínas Inativadoras de Ribossomos (RIPs) são rRNA N-glicosilases capazes de inibir a síntese protéica pela remoção de uma adenina específica do RNA ribossomal. São geralmente classificadas em tipo 1 e tipo 2, sendo as últimas divididas em altamente tóxicas e não tóxicas. A maior parte das RIPs tipo 2 identificadas pertence a espécies de dicotiledôneas, como é o caso da pulchellina. As cadeias tóxicas das RIPs possuem uma região C-terminal hidrofóbica conservada, a qual se atribui a capacidade de interação com a membrana do retículo endoplasmático (RE), durante o transporte retrógrado da toxina para o citosol. Neste trabalho duas abordagens diferentes foram aplicadas para o estudo das RIPs tipo 2: identificação e caracterização de novos integrantes desta família de proteínas, e investigação da interação da cadeia-A da pulchellina (PAC) com sistemas miméticos da membrana celular. Na primeira abordagem, uma busca in silico em bancos de dados genéticos públicos permitiu identificar quatro novas RIPs do tipo 2 de monocotiledôneas. A análise da estrutura primária das proteínas identificadas mostrou a ocorrência de mutações em alguns dos principais aminoácidos que formam o sítio ativo nas RIPs, indicando uma possível perda de função. O representante de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar) foi então analisado em maior detalhe, sendo sua cadeia-A clonada (soRIPA), expressa em sistema heterólogo e caracterizada em termos de atividade e estrutura secundária. Os ensaios in vitro mostraram que a soRIPA não foi capaz de depurinar ribossomos eucariotos. Porém, os ensaios de inibição da síntese proteica mostraram uma possível atividade inibitória da soRIP, que precisa ainda ser confirmada. A presença dos transcritos no banco do SUCEST sugere que estes genes não sejam pseudogenes, embora não tenha sido possível purificar a proteína a partir de extratos de folhas. Isto indica que se a soRIP está sendo traduzida, deve sofrer um rápido turnover, tornando difícil a sua detecção e purificação ou, ainda, que a ausência de sítios de ligação à galactose funcionais na cadeia-B impediu sua purificação por cromatografia de afinidade à galactose. A outra abordagem no estudo das RIPs tipo 2 foi centrada na cadeia-A recombinante da pulchellina (rPAC), estudando sua interação com monocamadas de Langmuir. Foram construídos 3 mutantes da rPAC, cada um com diferentes deleções na região C-terminal visando determinar a região responsável pela interação com a membrana do RE. A cinética de adsorção e pressão superficial exercida pela rPAC sobre a monocamada, assim como o estudo com os mutantes demontraram que a proteína interage fortemente com a monocamada fosfolipídica e que esta interação in vitro é dependente da presença da região C-terminal. De forma geral, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuíram com novas informações sobre esta família de proteínas, identificando e analisando novos integrantes e, ainda, adicionando detalhes do mecanismo funcional do tráfego das toxinas RIPs. / Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosilases which are able to inhibit the protein synthesis by removing a specific adenine from the ribosomal RNA. They are usually classified as type 1 and type 2, being the latter divided into highly toxic and nontoxic. The majority of type 2 RIPs currently identified are found in species of dicotyledons, as the pulchellin. The toxic chain of RIPs has a conserved hydrophobic C-terminal region, which is believed to be responsible for the interaction with the lipid membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum ER during the retrograde transport of the toxin to the cytosol. In this work, two different approaches were applied in the study of type 2 RIPs: identification and characterization of new members of this protein family, and investigation of the interaction of the pulchellin\'s A-chain (PAC) with systems that mimic the cellular membrane. In the first approach, an in silico search in public genetic databases was performed and allowed us to identify four new type 2 RIPs in monocots. The primary structure analysis of the identified proteins showed the presence of mutations in key amino acids that form the active site of RIPs, indicating a possible interference on its catalytic activity. The representative of Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) was then analyzed in greater detail. Its A-chain clone (soRIPA) was expressed in a heterologous system and characterized in terms of activity and secondary structure. In vitro experiments showed that soRIPA was not able to perform the depurination of eukaryotic ribosomes. However, the inhibition of protein synthesis assays presented a possible low inhibitory activity of the soRIP, which still needs to be further investigated. The presence of transcripts on the bank of SUCEST indicates that these genes are not pseudogenes, although it was not possible to purify the protein from leaf extracts. If the soRIP is being translated, this may indicate that it undergoes a quick turnover, preventing its detection and purification. It is also possible that the absence of functional galactose binding sites in the B-chain has prevented its purification by galactose affinity chromatography. Our second approach to the study of type 2 RIPs was focused on the recombinant pulchellin A-chain (rPAC), by investigating its interaction with Langmuir monolayers. We have constructed three mutants of rPAC, each one with different deletions at the C-terminal to determine the region responsible for interaction with the membrane of the ER. The adsorption kinetic and surface pressure applied by rPAC on the monolayer, as well as the study of the mutants, have demonstrated that the protein has a strong interaction with the phospholipid monolayer and that this interaction in vitro is dependent on the presence of the C-terminal. The results of this work have provided new information about the type 2 RIP protein family, identifying and analyzing new members, and also bringing new details about the functional mechanism of the RIP\'s toxin traffic.
17

Influência da âncora de glicosilfosfatidilinositol na imobilização da fosfatase alcalina de placa óssea imobilizada em sistemas miméticos de membranas celulares: monocamadas de Langmuir e filmes Langmuir-Blodgett de fosfolipídios / Influence of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor in the immobilization of rat osseous plate alkaline phosphatase immobilized in biomimetic systems: phospholipid Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blogett films

Luciano Caseli 13 April 2005 (has links)
Nesse trabalho, estudou-se a incorporação da fosfatase alcalina de placa óssea de ratos em dois tipos de sistemas modelo que mimetizassem uma membrana celular: as monocamadas de Langmuir e os filmes Langmuir-Blodgett (LB), ambos formados com fosfolipídios. No intuito de se investigar o papel da âncora de glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GFI), covalentemente ligada ao grupo carboxi-terminal da cadeia polipeptídica, duas formas da enzima foram estudadas: uma com a âncora GFI intacta, solubilizada por ação de um tensoativo não-iônico, e a outra sem a parte hidrofóbica dessa âncora, clivada por ação de uma fosfolipase específica. A primeira forma enzimática foi chamada de FAT (fosfatase alcalina solubilizada por tensoativo), e a segunda de FAC (fosfatase alcalina clivada). Diferenças marcantes na atividade superficial foram observadas entre as duas formas. Comparativamente, a forma FAT adsorve mais rapidamente à interface ar/água que a forma FAC, que mostra um tempo de indução significativo. A incorporação da forma FAT às monocamadas de ácido dimiristoilfosfatídico (DMPA) também ocorre mais rapidamente que a forma FAC. No entanto, o uso de alta força iônica acelerou a adsorção da forma FAC à interface ar/água (com ou sem DMPA). Uma pressão de superfície de exclusão de 20mN/m foi encontrado para a forma FAC, enquanto para a forma FAT, essa pressão representa uma mudança no perfil das curvas pressão x tempo. Isso revelou que, devido à presença da âncora GFI, essa forma enzimática é capaz de incorporar às monocamadas de DMPA, mesmo em altas pressões de superfície. Isotermas superficiais de monocamadas mistas de DMPA e fosfatase alcalina também mostraram diferentes perfis para duas formas enzimáticas estudadas. Enquanto a forma FAT provoca uma alteração na compressibilidade em pressões de até 20mN/m, a forma FAC desloca a curva pressão x área para áreas mais elevadas. Tal fato foi explicado pelo fato da forma FAT incorporar na monocamada preferencialmente com a âncora GFI posicionada entre as cadeias apolares do DMPA, enquanto a forma FAC deva incorporar a cadeia polipeptídica à interface lipídica . Microscopias de fluorescência e no ângulo de Brewster revelaram que a forma FAT provoca agregação espontânea do DMPA na interface ar/água, levando a uma microeterogeneidade, na qual três fases distintas podem ser observadas. A obtenção de espectros de infravermelho na interface ar/água, associada com medidas de atividade catalítica in situ, revelou que a atividade da fosfatase alcalina é modulada pela capacidade de empacotamento interfacial, medida pelo módulo de compressibilidade superficial. Em 20mN/m, há uma reorganização molecular na interface, o que vai restringir a flexibilização da cadeia polipeptídicia, que estará voltada para a interface ar/água. No entanto, ao menos até 30mN/m, nenhuma alteração conformacional foi detectada, como revelada pelos espectros de infravermelho. Filmes LB mistos de DMPA e as duas formas de fosfatase alcalina revelaram que o empacotamento máximo de proteína depende da presença da âncora GFI. Dados usando microgravimetria, atividade enzimática, infravermelho, elipsometria, e microscopia de força atômica mostraram que a adsorção da âncora na interface posiciona o eixo maior do elipsóide, formador da cadeia polipeptídica, paralelamente à matriz lipídica. Na ausência da âncora GFI, o posicionamento da cadeia polipeptídica na interface é aleatório, e para um alto grau de empacotamento, as interações entre os resíduos de aminoácidos intermoleculares favorecerão o posicionamento do eixo maior do elipsóide em uma posição mais perpendicular à interface lipídica / Não consta
18

Estudo da interação da peroxidase de raiz forte em interfaces nanoestruturadas / Study of horseradish peroxidase interaction in nanostructured interfaces

Thaís Fernandes Schmidt 01 August 2008 (has links)
Neste projeto estudou-se a interação da enzima peroxidase de raiz forte (HRP) em interfaces nanoestruturadas e sua possível aplicação em biossensores de peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de Langmuir, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) e automontagem por adsorção física para formar filmes nanoestruturados. A interação da enzima com espécies em interfaces foi investigada com materiais que serviram de matrizes de adsorção, ou seja, a quitosana (Ch) e o fosfolipídio 1,2-dipalmitoil-sn-glicero-3-[fosfatidil-rac-(1-glicerol)] (sal de sódio) (DPPG). Os filmes de Langmuir foram caracterizados com medidas de pressão e potencial de superfície, espectroscopia no infravermelho, e tensão superficial dinâmica. Para os filmes LB e automontados, empregaram-se espectroscopias de fluorescência, ultravioleta-visível e infravermelho e microgravimetria por cristal de quartzo. A peroxidase de raiz forte apresentou forte interação com DPPG, confirmada em filmes de Langmuir por medidas de pressão de superfície, elasticidade dinâmica e de espectroscopia de reflexão e absorção no infravermelho, com modulação por polarização (PM-IRRAS). A massa de peroxidase transferida em filmes Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) mistos com DPPG foi de aproximadamente 200 ng, de acordo com medidas com uma microbalança de cristal de quartzo. A atividade da HRP foi mantida no filme LB, inclusive com atividade catalítica maior do que em meio homogêneo e nos filmes automontados com quitosana. As medidas de atividade não afetaram a morfologia dos filmes LB, estudada com microscopia de força atômica (AFM), ao contrário dos filmes automontados. Conclui-se que a imobilização de HRP é mais eficiente num filme LB, com matriz fosfolipídica, apresentando boas perspectivas de emprego em biossensores de peróxido de hidrogênio. / A study has been performed on the interaction of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in nanostructured interfaces and their possible application in biosensors for hydrogen peroxide. The nanostructured films were obtained with the Langmuir, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and layer-by-layer (LbL) methods. The interaction between HRP and species at interfaces was investigated using materials that served as matrix for immobilization, viz. chitosan (Ch) and the phospholipid 1,2-dipalmytoil-sn-glycero-3-[phosphatidyl-rac-(1-glycerol)] (sodium salt) (DPPG). The Langmuir films were characterized with surface pressure, surface potential, elasticity measurements and polarization-modulation reflection and absorption infrared spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). For LB and LbL films, use was made of fluorescence, absorption in the UV-vis. and infrared spectroscopy. HRP displayed strong interaction with DPPG, which was confirmed in Langmuir films with measurements of surface pressure, dynamic elasticity and PM-IRRAS. The mass of HRP transferred onto a solid support in a mixed LB film with DPPG was 200 ng, according to data from a quartz crystal microbalance. The HRP activity was preserved in the mixed LB film, with a catalytic activity that was even higher than in solution or in LbL films of HRP/Ch. The catalytic activity measurements did not affect the morphology of the LB films, studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM), in contrast to the LbL films. The main conclusion is that HRP immobilization is more efficient in an LB film with a phospholipid matrix, with good prospects for developing biosensors for hydrogen peroxide.
19

Etude des interactions molécules d'intérêt pharmacologique/modèles membranaires : cas des polyènes et de nouvelles molécules antipaludiques / Study of the interactions between pharmaceutical relevant molecules and model membranes : focus on antifungal polyenes and new antimalarial molecules

Robin, Thierry-Johann 17 December 2014 (has links)
L’objection générale de ces travaux est de comprendre les mécanismes d’interaction de molécules d’intérêt avec les membranes afin de faciliter la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces contre leurs cibles tout en étant moins toxique pour l’Homme. Dans la première partie de ces travaux, nous avons étudié les interactions entre ces modèles membranaires et les polyènes antifongiques, connus pour interagir avec les stérols des membranes plasmiques. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la Nystatine et à l’Amphotéricine B, deux molécules de structure chimique très proche et actuellement utilisées dans l’industrie pharmaceutique. L’utilisation de différents modèles membranaires et de techniques adaptées a montré que la PhosphatidylEthanolamine avait très vraisemblablement un rôle primordial dans le mécanisme d’interaction de ces molécules avec les membranes. Dans la deuxième partie de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’inhibition de la formation du cristal d’hémozoïne formé lors de la croissance du parasite responsable du paludisme. Ce cristal est formé d’hématine, hautement toxique pour le parasite. L’hématine et l’inhibition de la formation de l’hémozoïne constituent une cible moléculaire idéale pour combattre cette maladie. La chloroquine, la méfoquine et de nouveaux inhibiteurs dérivés de la méfloquine ont été utilisés. L’étude de l’inhibition de la formation du cristal s’est faite en utilisant des monocouches de Langmuir, servant ainsi de biocapteurs. Ces travaux ont montré que l’énantiomérie, mais aussi la lipophilicité des nouveaux composés antipaludiques sont des paramètres importants en vue de la synthèse de molécules plus efficaces. / The main purpose of this work is to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between pharmaceutical relevant molecules and model membranes in order to facilitate the synthesis of new molecules, more efficient against their molecular target and less toxic for Humans. In the first part, we studied the interactions occuring between these models and antifungal polyene molecules. It has been reported that these molecules interacted preferentially with sterols. We specifically focused on Nystatin and Amphotericin B, two polyenes with a very similar chemical structure and presently used as a treatment against fungi and molds. Using different kind of model membranes, we showed PhosphatidylEthanolamine could have a very important role in the mechanism of action of these molecules. In the second part of this work, we studied the inhibition of the formation of a cristal called « hemozoïn », which is growing during the life cycle of the parasite responsible of malaria. This cristal is made of hematin, a toxic by-product of the degradation of hemoglobin, the main source of amino-acids for the parasite. Hematin and the inhibition of the growth of this cristal is a ideal molecular target to combat malaria. Chloroquine, mefloquine and new mefloquine-derivatives were studied. The study of the inhibition of the formation of the cristal was done using Langmuir monolayers as a biosensor. We showed that stereochemistry, but also lipophilicity of these compounds, are important parameters for the synthesis of more efficient antimalarial molecules.
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Filmes de Langmuir e Langmuir-Blodgett de Polianilinas / Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of polyaniline.

Antonio Riul Júnior 19 May 1998 (has links)
Explorou-se a caracterização de monocamadas e filmes LB de polianilina (PANi), e um oligômero de polianilina, chamado aqui de 16-mero, com estearato de cádmio (CdSt). A análise dos filmes de Langmuir indicou que possivelmente não há mistura em nível molecular da PANi e do 16-mero com CdSt, ainda que a quantidade adicionada em solução de polímero ou oligômero influencie a estabilidade das monocamadas. Utilizou-se UV-vis, FTIR, difração de raios-X, condutividade elétrica, elipsometria, microscopia óptica e potencial de superficie para caracterização dos filmes LB. Os resultados de UV-vis indicaram uma transferência uniforme e ainda que os filmes recém depositados encontram-se desdopados. A análise de FTIR confirma a presença de CdSt nos filmes LB, e o efeito de desdopagem em subfases neutras, corroborando os resultados de UV-vis. A difração de raios-X indica a presença de domínios separados de PANi (e 16-mero) com CdSt nos filmes LB. Resultados elipsométricos indicaram uma espessura por camada em tomo de 25 &#197. A excelente uniformidade obtida nos filmes LB mistos foi comprovada pelos resultados de microscopia óptica e potencial de superficie. Esses filmes mistos apresentaram valores de condutividade elétrica em tomo de 10-4 a 10-5 S.cm-1 (van der Pauw), tanto para a PANi quanto para o 16-mero. Investigou-se também o efeito da exposição dos filmes mistos PANi/CdSt aos raios-X. Nota-se um deslocamento para a região do vermelho, na região do visível, nos espectros de UVvis, similar à observada pela dopagem através de ácidos inorgânicos. Verificou-se que os efeitos de umidade da atmosfera de medida são predominantes nesse processo de dopagem. É feita uma análise dos resultados de condutividade elétrica, comparando-os com os encontrados na literatura. / A study has been made of composite Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of polyaniline (PANi), and a polyaniline oligomer (l6-mer polyaniline), with cadmium stearate (CdSt). The monolayers studies pointed to a phase separated system containing the polymer (or the 16-mer) and CdSt, with no mixing at the molecular leveI, although the relative contents of PANi and 16-mer in the solution have a strong influence on the monolayer stability. UV-vis, FTIR, X-ray difIraction (XRD), electrical conductivity, ellipsometry, optical microscopy and surface potential measurements were used in the LB film characterization. UV-vis results have shown a uniform transfer, with the as deposited films in the undoped state. FTIR results confirmed the presence of CdSt and undoped polyaniline (and 16-mer) in the transferred LB films, corroborating the UV-vis results. XRD has shown separated domains of CdSt and PANi (l6-mer also) in the LB films. Ellipsometry data indicated a thickness of 25 &#197 per deposited layer. The high uniformity in these mixed LB films was confirmed by optical microscopy and surface potential measurements. The electrical conductivity was approximately 10-4 to 10-5 S.cm-1 for both PANi and 16-mer. Mixed PANi/CdSt films were also exposed to X-ray irradiation. After a given dose rate there is a red shift in the UV-vis spectra from the 600 nm region to the 800 nm region, similar to the usual acid doping process observed in polyaniline. Humidity effects have a strong influence on the doping process. A comparison is made of the conductivity measurements made here with those reported in the literature.

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