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Linguistic fossilization is a prevalent phenomenon in adult ESLA and presents a perpetual pedagogical challenge to teachers. Despite controversy about the theoretical concept, research is increasingly showing that persistent erroneousness cannot be attributed to single causal factors. This single case study examines controversial aspects surrounding the concept and formulates criteria for identifying fossilization. The study investigates the conversational output of an independent adult learner over a period of nine months and presents a holistic exploration of causal influences. The findings substantiate that fossilization arises from changing combinations of factors, and that such combinations are unique to the situation of each adult learner. The key to the successful treatment of fossilized errors may lie in identifying their roots, which can be achieved by analyzing output and through discussion with learners in order to gain insight into their experience of the learning process. Results also suggest that a critical perspective on the theoretical construct is needed in order to investigate the phenomenon in adult second language acquisition. / Linguistics / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL))

La première partie de cette thèse décrit l’aménagement terminologique en France et démontre que cet aménagement fait la suite d’une longue série d’interventions par l’État en matière linguistique. Tirant profit des études s’intéressant aux résultats d’autres entreprises d’aménagement terminologique dans domaines et langues différents, une variété de facteurs supposés exercer une influence sur l’implantation des termes spécialisés est identifiée. Les méthodologies développées dans les études précédentes sont mises au point pour permettre des appréciations plus nuancées et fiables de l’implantation terminologique. La première partie de cette thèse se conclut par l’énonciation de notre hypothèse principale, de nos hypothèses spécifiques et de la justification du choix du domaine spécialisé auquel appartiennent les termes étudiés. Dans sa deuxième partie, cette thèse décrit les corpus terminologique et documentaire constitués ainsi que la méthodologie par laquelle ils sont exploités et les données obtenues, gérées et analysées.La troisième partie de cette thèse décrit l’influence de nombreux facteurs sur l’implantation des termes recommandés des sciences et techniques spatiales. Après avoir comparé les tendances générales dans les données avec celles des autres études, l’influence des facteurs terminologiques, socioterminologiques et procéduraux est étudiée à tour de rôle. Plusieurs facteurs de chaque type sont impliqués dans l’implantation réussie de certains termes recommandés. Il est également démontré que certains facteurs favorisent l’implantation contrairement aux constats d’autres études. Aucun des facteurs examinés n’est, à lui seul, capable de garantir l’implantation d’un terme recommandé, l’implantation dépendant de nombreux facteurs, leurs interactions et les compromis qu’ils engendrent. / This thesis examines the effects of the concerted language policy that was developed and implemented by successive French governments in the second half of the 20th century. As a response to the perceived threat of the pre-eminence of the English language in so many different areas of modern life, the French state has, for nearly half a century, sought to secure the place of the French language in the present and the future by developing a series of commissions charged with recommending French technical terms to supplant borrowed or native forms considered to be inadequate, or name new inventions and concepts. The first part of this thesis describes the terminological planning undertaken in France and demonstrates that it is the product of a long series of interventions by the French state in matters of language. This thesis seeks to evaluate the real-world efficacy of terminological planning carried out in France, by identify the factors that facilitate or hinder the implantation of recommended terms. Drawing on similar studies on the real-world results of terminological planning activities in various specialised domains and involving different languages, a variety of different factors supposed to influence the implantation of specialised terms is identified. Methodologies developed in the literature are enhanced to provide a more nuanced and reliable appreciation of the implantation of recommended terms. The first part of this thesis concludes with the enunciation of the general and specific hypotheses and the justification of the choice of the specialised domain to which the studied terms belong. The second part of this thesis then describes the terminological and documentary corpora compiled and details the methodology by which the corpora are exploited, and the results gathered, managed and analysed.This thesis then describes the influence of different factors on the implantation of the recommended terms of space sciences and technologies. After comparing the global trends observed in the data with those observed in other studies, the influences of terminological, socioterminological and procedural factor are studied in turn. Several factors of each type are found to be involved in the successful implantation of some recommended terms, and certain factors studied are found to favour to the implantation of recommended terms, previous studies having found or supposed the opposite. No single factor examined is found to be sufficient to guarantee, alone, the successful implantation of a recommended term, implantation depending on numerous factors, their interplay and their trade-offs.

Linguistic fossilization is a prevalent phenomenon in adult ESLA and presents a perpetual pedagogical challenge to teachers. Despite controversy about the theoretical concept, research is increasingly showing that persistent erroneousness cannot be attributed to single causal factors. This single case study examines controversial aspects surrounding the concept and formulates criteria for identifying fossilization. The study investigates the conversational output of an independent adult learner over a period of nine months and presents a holistic exploration of causal influences. The findings substantiate that fossilization arises from changing combinations of factors, and that such combinations are unique to the situation of each adult learner. The key to the successful treatment of fossilized errors may lie in identifying their roots, which can be achieved by analyzing output and through discussion with learners in order to gain insight into their experience of the learning process. Results also suggest that a critical perspective on the theoretical construct is needed in order to investigate the phenomenon in adult second language acquisition. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL))

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Diese Dissertation untersucht Transfereffekte aus der Muttersprache (L1) in der Verarbeitung von grammatischem Genus in der Zweitsprache (L2) bei Spätbilingualen. „Spätbilinguale“ lernen eine Zweitsprache nach der Kindheit, im Gegensatz zu „Frühbilingualen“. Forschungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der L2-Erwerb nach der Kindheit weniger erfolgreich ist als während der Kindheit und dass einige Strukturen, wie z.B. grammatisches Genus, besonders stark von Alterseffekten beeinträchtigt sind. Eine Erklärung für L2-Verarbeitungsschwierigkeiten ist negativer L1-Transfer. Deshalb konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf L1-Transfereffekte in der Genusverarbeitung. Transfer tritt auf, weil alle Sprachen eines Sprechers aktiviert sind und im Wettbewerb um Selektion stehen. Ein Ziel dieser Dissertation ist, zu beschreiben, welche Faktoren Genustransfer beeinflussen. Für die L2-Genusverarbeitung wurde gezeigt, dass verschiedene Faktoren die Leistung beeinflussen, z.B. die L2-Kompetenz der Probanden, Aufgabenanforderungen und die syntaktische Distanz der übereinstimmenden Elemente. Genustransfer wird durch Faktoren wie Charakteristiken des L1-Genussystems, Transparenz des L2-Genussystems und Formähnlichkeit der Nomen in L1 und L2 beeinflusst. Außerdem könnte Genustransfer von der L2-Kompetenz und der Komplexität des L2-Genussystems abhängen. Es wurden ein behaviorales und ein EKP-Experiment durchgeführt. Genustransfer wurde über verschiedene Sprachpaare mit Genussystemen von unterschiedlicher Komplexität und Transparenz hinweg untersucht. Die experimentellen Aufgaben unterschieden sich bezüglich der Aufgabenanforderungen und syntaktische Strukturen mit unterschiedlicher struktureller Distanz wurden verwendet. Der Leistungsstand der Probanden wurde manipuliert. Anhand meiner Ergebnisse konnte ich identifizieren, welche (Kombination von) Faktoren Genustransfer erhöhen oder verringern und Genustransfer als das Ergebnis eines komplexen Wechselspiels von Faktoren beschreiben. / This thesis investigates first language (L1) transfer effects in second language (L2) grammatical gender processing of late bilinguals. “Late bilinguals” learn an L2 after childhood, in contrast to “early bilinguals”. Research has shown that L2 acquisition after childhood is usually less successful than during childhood and that some aspects of a language are more affected by age than others. One of the structures especially affected is grammatical gender. A possible explanation for L2 processing difficulties in late bilinguals is negative transfer from the L1. Therefore, this thesis focuses on L1 transfer effects in L2 gender processing of late bilinguals. Transfer arises because all languages of a speaker are activated and compete for selection. One aim of this thesis is to describe which (combination of) factors influence L1 gender transfer. Regarding L2 gender processing in general, different factors have been shown to affect performance, e.g., language proficiency of the subjects, task demands, and syntactic distance of the agreeing elements. Gender transfer is affected by factors such as characteristics of the L1 gender system, transparency of the L2 gender system, and form similarities of nouns in L1 and L2 (cognates vs. noncognates). Besides this, gender transfer might be mediated by L2 proficiency and the complexity of the L2 gender system. In this thesis, a behavioral and an ERP experiment were conducted. Gender transfer was investigated across different language pairs with gender systems of varying complexity and transparency. Experimental tasks differed in task demands and syntactic structures with varying agreement distances were used. Language proficiency of subjects was also manipulated. Based on my findings, I was able to identify which factors and which combination of factors increase or decrease gender transfer and to describe gender transfer as the result of a complex interplay of a combination of various factors.