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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
591

Influência da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Avaliação in vitro e in situ / Influence of association of fluoride to CO2 laser irradiation on permeability of eroded dental enamel. In vitro and in situ evaluation

Taisa Penazzo Lepri 26 January 2011 (has links)
O aumento da prevalência de lesões erosivas tem levado a um crescente interesse por medidas preventivas e para controle de tais lesões. Este estudo avaliou in vitro e in situ o efeito da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Para o experimento in vitro, foram selecionados oitenta fragmentos (n=10) de esmalte bovino (3x2x2 mm). Para formação de lesão de erosão, os espécimes foram submetidos a desafios ácidos iniciais duas vezes ao dia, durante dois dias, através de um regime alternado de erosão e remineralização. Para isso, os espécimes foram imersos individualmente em 20 ml de suco de laranja (pH 3,84) por 5 min sob agitação, enxaguados com água deionizada e armazenados em saliva artificial por 4 h. Os espécimes com as lesões de erosão pré-formadas foram divididos em 4 grupos para serem submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: amina fluoretada (AmF), tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4), fluoreto de sódio (NaF) e placebo. Metade dos espécimes foi irradiada no modo contínuo com laser de CO2 ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W). Após a realização dos tratamentos, foram simulados novos desafios erosivos durante 2 dias, utilizando o mesmo protocolo descrito anteriormente. Terminadas as ciclagens, os espécimes foram preparados para a avaliação da permeabilidade, sendo submetidos ao método de coloração histoquímica. Uma vez obtidos os resultados do estudo in vitro, foi conduzido um experimento in situ constituído por um delineamento crossover, com duas fases de 5 dias cada. No estudo in situ, os fatores em estudo foram os tratamentos (TiF4 e placebo) e a aplicação do laser de CO2 (presente ou ausente.) Os fragmentos de esmalte bovino foram montados em dispositivo palatino para serem instalados nos participantes para a realização dos desafios erosivos, através da ingestão de 10 alíquotas de 25 ml cada, (9, 11, 13 e 15h). A avaliação da permeabilidade foi realizada conforme descrita para o estudo in vitro. Os dados foram analisados através da ANOVA e Tukey. No estudo in vitro, houve interação significativa entre fluoreto e laser (p=0,0152). Quando os géis fluoretados foram aplicados sozinhos, TiF4 promoveu menor permeabilidade do esmalte do que aquela observada após a aplicação do placebo, enquanto resultados intermediários foram encontrados para os géis de NaF e AmF. Redução na permeabilidade do esmalte foi observada quando a aplicação dos fluoretos foi associada à irradiação com laser de CO2 . No estudo in situ, houve efeito significativo da interação entre os fatores fluoreto e laser de CO2 (p = 0,0002). Em relação ao placebo, a aplicação do TiF4 reduziu significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, para substratos irradiados ou não. Mediante a aplicação do placebo, o laser foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, porém, quando se utilizou o TiF4, a aplicação do laser não implicou em redução da permeabilidade. Combinada à aplicação de gel fluoretado, a irradiação com laser de CO2 pode representar uma medida adjuvante no controle da permeabilidade do esmalte erodido. / The increased prevalence of erosive lesion has led to a growing interest of preventive means and to control such lesions. This study evaluated in vitro and in situ the effect of fluoride compounds combined with a CO2 laser on permeability of eroded dental enamel. To in vitro experiment, 80 bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were selected. To create erosion-like lesions, specimens were submitted to inicial erosive challenges, twice a day, during two days, through an alternating erosive and remineralizing regimen. For that, specimens were immersed in 20 ml of orange juice (pH 3.84) for 5 min under agitation, rinsed with deionized water and stored in artificial saliva for 4 h. Specimens with pre-formed lesions were divided into four groups to be treated with different fluoride gels: amine fluoride (AmF), titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ), sodium fluoride (NaF) and placebo. Half of the specimens were irradiated with CO2 laser ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W).Then, specimens were further cycled twice through the previously described erosive-remineralizing regimen. After cycled, specimens were subjected to permeability assessment. Once the results of in vitro study were obtained, an in situ experiment, consisting of a crossover design, with 2 phases of 5 days each, was performed. To in situ study, factors involved were treatments (TiF4 and placebo) and CO2 laser irradiation (present or absent). Bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were placed in palatal device to perform erosive challenges. Volunteers ingested orange juice as 250 mL volumes 4 times per day (9,11,13,15h). Permeability assessment was performed as described to in vitro study. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey. In vitro study demonstrated significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p = 0,0152). When fluoride gels were applied alone, TiF4 provided to enamel lower permeability than that observed following placebo application, while intermediate results were found to NaF and AmF gels. Reduction of enamel permeability was observed when fluorides were combined to CO2 laser irradiation. To in situ study, there was significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p=0,0002). When compared to placebo, TiF4 application reduced significantly enamel permeability, regardless of irradiation. Through application of placebo, laser was able to reduce significantly enamel permeability; however, when TiF4 was applied, laser irradiation did not decreased permeability. Combined to fluoride gel application, CO2 laser irradiation can represent an adjunctive way in controlling eroded enamel permeability.
592

Estudo comparativo da influência do condicionamento do esmalte humano e bovino com laser de Er:YAG sobre a resistência de união de um sistema adesivo convencional e de um sistema adesivo autocondicionante

Souza, Ana Carolina [UNESP] 17 July 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ac_me_sjc.pdf: 436945 bytes, checksum: c438fa364622444e4a9f3eae707f3c6c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do estudo foi o de avaliar e comparar a influência do condicionamento do esmalte humano e bovino com laser de Er:YAG sobre a resistência de união de um adesivo convencional e de um adesivo autocondicionante. Foram utilizados 60 incisivos bovinos e 60 faces de terceiros molares humanos que foram desgastados com lixa d`água 600 até a obtenção de uma superfície plana de esmalte. A área de união foi delimitada por uma fita adesiva com perfuração de 3 mm de diâmetro. Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo B (Bovino) e grupo H (Humano). Depois, cada grupo foi subdivido em subgrupos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: o grupo L que recebeu a aplicação de laser de Er:YAG a 300mJ/4hz, enquanto o grupo N não recebeu nenhum tratamento adicional e de acordo com o tipo de adesivo aplicado à superfície convencional (C) ou autocondicionante (A). Os sistemas adesivos foram aplicados na superfície de esmalte exposta e então foram confeccionados cilindros em resina composta para todos os espécimes. Os dentes foram armazenados em água destilada a 37°C/24h e submetidos ao ensaio de cisalhamento a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. As médias (± desvio padrão) em MPa da resistência adesiva foram HNA=14.369(±2.63), BNC=14.18(±4.46), BNA=13.88(±3.92), HNC=12.92(±4.73), BLC=10.63(±3.59), HLA=10.55(±3.26), HLC=9.73(±3.47), BLA=9.45(±1.5). Após o teste de cisalhamento avaliou-se o tipo de fratura por estereomicroscopia. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento da superfície do esmalte humano e bovino com laser reduziu significantemente a resistência de união para os sistemas adesivos utilizados neste estudo e que o esmalte bovino produziu valores de resistência de união estatisticamente semelhantes às do esmalte humano. O tipo de fratura mais predominante para todos os grupos foi a adesiva. / The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the influence of conditioning the human enamel and bovine with Er:YAG laser on the bond strength of a conventional adhesive and a self-etching adhesive. 60 bovines incisors and 60 sides of third molars humans were ground into a flat enamel surface with a 600 grit-sand paper. An adhesive tape with a 3mm diameter punch delimited the junction area. The specimens were divided into two groups. The group B (Bovine) and Group H (Human). Then each group was divided into subgroups according to the treatment of surface: the L group that received the application of laser of Er: YAG the 300mJ/4hz, while the group N not received any additional treatment and according to the type of adhesive applied to conventional adhesive (C) or self-etching (A). The adhesive systems were applied to the surface of enamel and then exposed cylinders were made in composite resin for all specimens. The teeth were stored in distilled water to 37º C/24h and subjected to shear test at 0.5 mm/min speed. The mean values (± standard deviation) in MPa of the shear bond strength were: HNA=14.369(±2.63), BNC=14.18(±4.46), BNA=13.88(±3.92), HNC=12.92(±4.73), BLC=10.63(±3.59), HLA=10.55(±3.26), HLC=9.73(±3.47), BLA=9.45(±1.5). After the test of shear evaluated the type of fracture by stereomicroscopy. It was concluded that treatment of the enamel surface of human and bovine with laser significantly reduced the strength for the adhesive systems used in this study and that the enamel beef produced values of resistance from union statistically similar to those of human enamel. The most predominant type of fracture for all groups was the adhesive
593

Solda laser em materiais dissimilares com laser de Nd:YAG pulsado

BERRETTA, JOSE R. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10892.pdf: 82299221 bytes, checksum: dceed1e4106bebec1654b10d9cef9110 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
594

Investigacao do processo de endurecimento de materiais via laser

BERRETTA, JOSE R. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06047.pdf: 7935799 bytes, checksum: 59666d44ed8e3e6286af16eb865fb734 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
595

Efeitos do corte por laser sobre a integridade superficial de um aço médio carbono

Conrado, Rafael Dallegrave 29 August 2014 (has links)
Uma condição do processo de manufatura é a necessidade de se obter peças processadas, caracterizadas pela boa qualidade de acabamento superficial, baixa rugosidade e a conservação de suas propriedades metalúrgicas. Essas condições motivaram o desenvolvimento deste estudo, no qual selecionou-se o processamento de materiais a laser para o corte do aço ABNT 1045, unindo uma tecnologia a um metal muito utilizado na indústria. Além disso, a versatilidade e as vantagens, como também a tendência global do setor industrial, tornaram-se fatores preponderantes na utilização do laser como processo de corte. No presente trabalho foram investigados os efeitos da variação da potência de corte, da velocidade de corte e da pressão do gás de assistência na usinagem por laser contínuo de CO2 sobre a qualidade do corte, onde foram realizadas diversas análises utilizando-se a estatística do planejamento experimental. Após a obtenção das amostras foram analisadas a formação de rebarbas, a rugosidade, o perpendicularismo, a zona termicamente afetada, a microestrutura do material e por fim a microdureza da região obtida pelo corte a laser. Com base nestes dados construíram-se arranjos fatoriais, por meio da metodologia de planejamento experimental, a fim de avaliar o grau de influência dos parâmetros e suas possíveis interações e assim averiguar sua significância estatística. Apesar da complexidade dos efeitos e das interações dos parâmetros envolvidos, os resultados corroboram para que a melhoria do processo de corte a laser do aço ABNT 1045 possa ser factível. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-11T16:06:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rafael Dallegrave Conrado.pdf: 4587470 bytes, checksum: b1550dfb859df142383243df824f2a8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-11T16:06:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rafael Dallegrave Conrado.pdf: 4587470 bytes, checksum: b1550dfb859df142383243df824f2a8f (MD5) / A condition of the manufacturing process is the need to get processed parts, characterized by good quality surface finish, low roughness and the conservation of its metallurgical properties. These conditions have motivated the design of this study, in which we selected the materials processing laser for cutting steel ABNT 1045, joining a technology to a metal widely used in industry. Moreover, the versatility and advantages, as well as the overall trend of the industry have become important factors in the use of laser as the cutting process. In the present study investigated the effects of varying the cutting power, cutting speed and pressure of assist gas in machining by continuous CO2 laser on the quality of the cut, where several analyzes were performed using the statistical planning experimental. After obtaining the samples are burrs, roughness, the perpendicularity, the heat affected zone, the microstructure of the material and finally the hardness of the region obtained by laser cutting were analyzed. Based on these data were constructed factorial arrangements, using the methodology of experimental design in order to assess the degree of influence of the parameters and their possible interactions and thus determine their statistical significance. Despite the complexity of the effects and interactions of the parameters involved, the results corroborate that the improvement of laser cut steel ABNT 1045 process may be feasible.
596

High temperature phase transitions in nuclear fuels of the fourth generation. / Transitions de phases à hautes températures de combustibles nucléaires de quatrième génération

Bruycker, Franck De 10 December 2010 (has links)
Il est important de bien connaitre le comportement des combustibles nucléaires dans des conditions extrêmes afin d’assurer la sureté des réacteurs et de prévoir les conséquences d’un éventuel accident. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude des transitions de phase à très haute température de matériaux envisagés pour les combustibles nucléaires de quatrième génération. Dans ce but, une méthode a été développée à l’institut européen des transuraniens (ITU) pour étudier ces matériaux à des températures excédant 2500K. La technique utilisée consiste à chauffer l’échantillon à l’aide d’un laser de haute puissance et à mesurer sa température par pyrométrie. Le signal d’un second laser réfléchi par la surface de l’échantillon est aussi étudié afin de mieux caractériser les transitions de phase. Les avantages de cette technique résident dans la rapidité des expériences (de quelques dizaines de ms à quelques secondes), et dans le contrôle de l’atmosphère, ce qui permet de limiter les effets d’évaporation ou d’oxydation/réduction de l’échantillon. Il convient de signaler que seule la partie centrale de l’échantillon est fondue, la phase liquide sondée est ainsi confinée au sein de l’échantillon lui-même, ce qui évite toute interaction avec le système de fixation. Nos résultats sur les carbures d’uranium sont en accord avec ceux de la littérature, et ont permis d’affiner le calcul des diagrammes de phase pour ces matériaux stables à haute température. La technique que nous avons mise au point a été utilisée, pour la première fois, pour étudier des matériaux de haute activité. Des résultats originaux ont été obtenus sur les systèmes PuO2, NpO2, UO2-PuO2 et Pu-C. / Understanding the behaviour of nuclear materials in extreme conditions is of prime importance for the analysis of the operation limits of nuclear fuels, and prediction of possible nuclear reactor accidents, relevant to the general objectives of nuclear safety research. The main purpose of this thesis is the study of high temperature phase transitions in nuclear materials, with special attention to the candidate fuel materials for the reactors of the 4th Generation. In this framework, material properties need to be investigated at temperatures higher than 2500K, where equilibrium conditions are difficult to obtain. Laser heating combined with fast pyrometer is the method used at the European Institute for Transuranium Elements (JRC – ITU). It is associated to a novel process used to determine phase transitions, based on the detection, via a suited low-power (mW) probe laser, of changes in surface reflectivity that may accompany solid/liquid phase transitions. Fast thermal cycles, from a few ms up to the second, under almost container-free conditions and control atmosphere narrow the problem of vaporisation and sample interactions usually meet with traditional method. This new experimental approach has led to very interesting results. It confirmed earlier research for material systems known to be stable at high temperature (such as U-C) and allowed a refinement of the corresponding phase diagrams. But it was also feasible to apply this method to materials highly reactive, thus original results are presented on PuO2, NpO2, UO2-PuO2 and Pu-C systems.
597

Laser telecom à base de GaSb. Intégration sur Silicium / GaSb based telecom laser. Integration on Silicon

Castellano, Andrea 13 December 2016 (has links)
Le transfert des données est le principal défi pour répondre à la demande croissante d’échange d’informations au 21eme siècle. Une amélioration possible des dispositifs actuels réside dans le passage vers une technologie d’interconnexions optiques. Cette thèse explore le développement de lasers à semi-conducteurs III-V à base de GaSb (III-Sb) épitaxiés par jets moléculaires (EJM) pour obtenir des sources laser émettant vers 1,55 µm, la gamme des télécommunications, et leur intégration sur substrat Si. Les III-Sb présentent des propriétés intéressantes en termes de relaxation des contraintes, mais sont plutôt adaptés pour une émission dans le moyen – infrarouge. Grâce à un nouveau dessin de zone active basé sur l’insertion de plans atomiques d’Al0.68In0.32Sb dans des puits quantiques Ga0.8In0 .2Sb nous avons obtenu par technologie en voie humide à l'Université de Montpellier des lasers GaSb fonctionnant en continu à température ambiante à 1,55 µm avec des performances comparables à l’état de l’art dans ce domaine. Par la suite, j'ai développé et optimisé au III – V Lab et à l’Université de Montpellier deux technologies basées sur la gravure sèche des structures. Cela a permis de réduire la largeur du ruban laser jusqu’à 1,5 µm, ce qui d’après mes simulations est nécessaire pour obtenir un fonctionnement monomode transverse du laser indispensable pour les applications en télécommunications. Nous avons également étudié la croissance EJM des III-Sb sur substrat Si pour intégrer directement les lasers sur ce substrat. Nous avons obtenu les premiers lasers GaSb intégrés sur Si fonctionnant en continu à température ambiante vers 1.55 µm. Pour un composant de 1 mm x 10 µm, le courant de seuil est de 300 mA et la puissance optique par facette non-traitée est de 3,2 mW à 500 mA de courant injecté. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l’intégration monolithique de lasers III-Sb sur plateformes Si pour des applications télécom. / The transfer of information is the main challenge to meet the growing demand of IT capacities in the 21st century. A possible improvement of existing devices is shifting to optical interconnects technology.This PhD explores the molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and development of antimonide (III-Sb) III-V semiconductor lasers for emission in the telecom range, near 1.55 µm, and their integration on Silicon substrates. III-Sb present interesting properties in term of strain relaxation but they are characterized by a natural emission in the mid – infrared range. Thanks to a new active zone design based on inserting monolayer-thin Al0.68In0.32Sb layers inside Ga0.8InSb QWs, we have obtained by wet processing at Université de Montpellier GaSb-based lasers working in continuous wave above room temperature, at the target wavelength. In addition, their performances were comparable to the performances of the well – established InP technology used in commercial telecom devices. Next, I have developed and optimized at both III-V Lab and Université de Montpellier new process flows based on dry etching of the structures. This allowed reducing the laser ridge width down to 1.5 µm, a value that modeling shows to be needed for single transverse-mode operation. In addition, we have investigated the MBE growth of III-Sb on Si substrates for the direct integration of lasers. We demonstrated the first cw, room temperature laser emission near 1.55 µm from GaSb devices integrated onto Si. For a 1 mm x 10µm diodes the threshold current was of 300 mA and the optical power per uncoated facet was 3.2 mW under 500 mA injected current. These results open the way to the monolithic integration on Si platforms of III-Sb devices for telecom applications.
598

Single shot ablation of monolayer graphene by spatially shaped femtosecond laser pulses / Ablation mono coup du graphène par impulsion lasser femtoseconde

Gil Villalba, Abel 25 January 2017 (has links)
Depuis sa découverte expérimentale en 2004, le graphène a émergé comme un matériau potentiel pour les technologies de nouvelle génération. Le graphène était le premier matériau 2D produit et l’intérêt et qu’il suscite provient de ses remarquables propriétés: il possède d’importants coefficients de mobilité électronique et de conductivité thermique, il est également le matériau le plus solide et léger connu. Pour permettre le développement d’applications à l’ échelle industrielle, des technologies de structuration à l’ échelle submicronique sont nécessaires.Cette thèse se concentre sur l’exploration de l’ablation par laser femtoseconde en tant que technique de structuration rapide et peu coûteuse de structuré graphène obtenu par technique CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). L’utilisation d’impulsions laser ultra brèves est a priori intéressante en raison de la capacité des impulsions laser ultra brèves à déposer au sein des matériaux une quantité élevée d’ énergie dans un volume extrêmement confiné.Nous avons réalisé un ensemble d’expériences à partir de faisceaux non-diffractants pour caractériser les paramètres requis pour contrôler l’ablation à l’ échelle sub-micronique. Nous avons déterminé les caractéristiques de l’ablation en régime mono-coup pour le graphène CVD, tels que le seuil d’ablation et la probabilité d’ablation. Pour cela, nous avons développé une nouvelle technique de mesure indépendante du seuil indépendante de la taille de la zone ablatée. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence un écart par rapport au modèle classique d’ablation, l’effet des différents substrats diélectriques, ainsi que le rôle des joints de grain.Nos résultats montrent que l’ablation mono-coup par impulsion femtoseconde est une technique efficace pour des structures au-delà d’une taille caractéristique de 1 _m, mais en dessous de cette dimension, de nouvelles stratégies d’illuminations se révèlent encore nécessaires. / Since its isolation in 2004, graphene has emerged has a potential material for next generation technologies.Graphene was the first truly 2D material produced. The interest in this material is due to its outstandingproperties: graphene is the lightest and strongest material known. It has a large electronic mobility andthermal conductivity. To enable the development of technological applications at industrial scale, fast patterningtechniques, operable at sub-micron scale are needed.This thesis focuses on the requirement of a fast, easily reconfigurable, low cost method to pattern graphene.The aim of our research is to determine the possibilities and constraints of ultrafast laser ablation of CVDgraphene at sub-micron scale. Using ultrafast laser to pattern graphene layers is interesting due to the abilityof femtosecond laser pulses to accurately depositing a high energy density in confined regions.We performed a set of experiments using non-diffractive shaped-beams to characterize the parametersrequired to control laser material processing at such small scale. We determined laser patterningcharacteristics on CVD monolayer graphene such as the ablation threshold and the ablation probability. To thisaim, we have developed a novel technique to measure ablation threshold that is independent of the ablated sizeand reported unexpected deviation from the threshold model, we also investigated the influence of differentdielectric substrates and the effect of the presence of graphene grain boundaries. From our experimentalresults we conclude that direct single shot laser patterning is a very effective method to pattern features above 1 µm, but below this dimension, novel illumination strategies are needed
599

Espectroscopia do sistema KCL:KCN:OCN-:EU+2 / Optical spectroscopy of K:Cl:KCN:OCN-1:Eu+2 system

Fatima Maria Mitsue Yasuoka 07 November 1989 (has links)
Na tentativa de estudar a viabilidade do sistema KCl:KCN:OCN-: Eu+2 como meio ativo para laser sintonizável na região do infravermelho médio, observou-se uma interessante característica deste sistema na região do visível. Os íons Eu+2 em sítios acoplados aos íons moleculares CN- e OCN- apresentam uma forte luminescência na região do verde (banda larga centrada em 505nm à temperatura ambiente), cuja característica possibilita um estudo posterior da emissão laser deste sistema. Neste trabalho estuda-se a transição 4f7 4f65d de íons Eu+2 por processo de absorção de um fóton, utilizando as técnicas de absorção ótica, luminescência e medição de tempo de vida. Estuda-se, também, a transição 4f7 4f7 (8S7/2 6P7/2) por processo de absorção de dois fótons. Para o estudo da interação entre os íons Eu+2 e íons moleculares CN- foram feitos tratamentos térmicos à diferentes temperaturas, na tentativa de tornar eficaz o aclopamento eletrônico-vibracional, devido à mobilidade que os íons Eu+2 apresentam na rede cristalina. Toda a parte de aquisição de dados é realizada por um sistema, desenvolvido no próprio Grupo de Ótica, acoplado ao microcomputador. / In the attempt to study the feasibility of the KCl:KCN:OCN-: Eu+2 system as an active medium for mid-infrared tunable lasers, it was observed an interesting feature of this system in the visible region. The Eu+2 ions in the site coupled to CN- and OCN- molecular ions exhibit a strong luminescence in the green region (a large band centered in 505 nm at room temperature). This feature makes possible a further study of the laser action in this system. In this work the 4f7 4f65d transition of Eu+2 ions is studied by means of one photon absorption process, using optical absorption, luminescence and lifetime measurement techniques. The 4f7 4f7 (8S7/2 6P7/2) transition of Eu+2 ions is studied by two photon absorption. In order to study the Eu+2 CN- interaction, the samples were annealed at different temperatures, aiming to obtain an effective electronic-vibrational coupling, due the mobility the Eu+2 ions exhibit in the lattice. The data acquisition is achieved by a system coupled to microcomputer.
600

Desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado para a caracterização espacial de feixes lasers / Development of an automated system for the spatial laser beam characterization.

Moisés Oliveira dos Santos 24 August 2007 (has links)
A demanda por qualidade nas aplicações envolvendo radiação laser exigiu melhorias no seu desempenho. Conseqüentemente, equipamentos mais rápidos e precisos nas medidas dos seus parâmetros são indispensáveis. Nas áreas onde o laser é empregado, três parâmetros sobressaem-se nas suas aplicações: (1) potência ou energia, (2) freqüência e (3) comprimento espacial ou largura do feixe. A determinação das bordas, isto é, da largura do feixe, está ligada a um percentual do máximo valor atingido pela energia. O diâmetro do feixe, juntamente com a energia, determina-se a densidade do feixe. Outros parâmetros como: divergência e fator de qualidade (M2), podem ser determinados também. O presente trabalho busca desenvolver um sistema de translação bidimensional que possa ser empregado na caracterização espacial do feixe de lasers. Para determinar o perfil do feixe de lasers utiliza-se o método borda-da-lâmina (knife-edge), relacionando o deslocamento da lâmina posicionada transversalmente ao feixe, com a energia transmitida. Obstruindo o feixe com uma lâmina opaca, obtêm-se a variação da energia do feixe em função da posição da lâmina. Esta variação representa a integral do perfil Gaussiano do feixe. Para a automação do sistema foi empregado o programa Labview (National Instruments). O funcionamento do protótipo mostrou-se eficiente na caracterização de feixes laser e com uma instrumentação de baixo custo para a comercialização nacional. No entanto, apresentou-se lento na aquisição de dados, tornando a tarefa de caracterização do laser mais demorada. Fatores como velocidade do motor de passo e linguagem de programação contribuíram para tornar a aquisição lenta. / The demand for quality in the applications involving laser radiation demanded improvements in its performance. Faster equipments in the measures of its parameters are indispensable. In the areas where the laser is employee, three parameters are important in its applications: (1) power or energy, (2) frequency and (3) beam spatial. The determination of the edges, i. e., the width of the beam, is correlated to a percentage of the maximum reached energy. This parameter, together with the energy, determines beam density; beyond this parameter it also possible to determine the divergence and quality factor (M2). This work searches to develop a system of bi-dimension translation that can be used in the spatial characterization of laser beam. To determine the profile of laser beam it is used the knife-edge method, that it relates the displacement of the blade located transversally to the beam, with the transmitted energy. Blocking the beam with a blade the energy variation of the beam is correlated with blade position; this variation represents the integral of the beam Gaussian profile. For the automation it will be used the Labview program(National Instruments). The prototype had showed to be efficient in the characterization of laser beams and a low cost for national commercialization; however was slow in the data acquisition resulting a longer time to acquire the laser parameters. Instrumental components as step motors or programming language had contributed to slowly acquisition.

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