Stone tools have a critical role to play in our understanding of the behavior of early humans. In particular, the types of raw materials that are present in stone tool assemblages, and the sources from which they are acquired, provide information relating to decision making processes, planning, organization of technology, and group mobility. The characterization of Stone Age lithic artifact assemblages from two rockshelter sites in southern Tanzania, Magubike and Mlambalasi, allowed for the evaluation of inter- and intra-assemblage variability. Raw material characterization was conducted using macroscopic and microscopic analyses. Numerous raw material sourcing studies have been undertaken on Stone Age lithic assemblages recovered from sites in Tanzania and the rest of East Africa. Generally these studies have concentrated on identifying the sources of a particular type of stone raw material such as chert, obsidian, and basalt; however, rarely are the attributes of the whole assemblage examined. Furthermore, few archaeologists describe stone materials in terms of their basic petrographic characteristics. Both of these weaknesses are the direct result of the lack of a standardized methodology for describing lithic raw materials, thus this dissertation outlines a strategy for raw material sourcing, with a focus on description and grounded in geoarchaeological theory. When combined with typological and technological analyses, the results of the raw material analyses suggests the exclusive use of locally acquired lithics.

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet i grundskolans senare år. Arbetet syftar även till att fastställa Ekobussens roll i utomhusundervisningen. Frågeställningarna lyder som följande: •Vilken inställning har lärare till utomhusundervisning inom biologi? •Vad finns det för fördelar och nackdelar med utomhusundervisning? •Vad får elever ut av utomhusundervisning? •Hur använder sig lärare av Ekobussen och vilken inställning har de till den? För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes en enkätundersökning med lärare och elever samt djupintervjuer av tre lärare. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att både lärare och elever anser att utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet inte bedrivs i tillräcklig utsträckning. Orsaker till detta är bland annat osäkerhet hos lärare, brist på bra exkursionsplatser i närområdet samt att det är schematekniskt svårt att få tid att komma ut. Undersökningen visar att de stora fördelarna med utomhusundervisning inom biologi är att eleverna anser sig koppla teoretisk och praktisk kunskap samman samt att många sinnen stimuleras vilket underlättar inlärningen. / The purpose of this work is to study outdoor education in biology, in the later years of compulsory school, and to investigate the role of “Ekobussen” in outdoor education. The questions at issue runs: •What do teachers think about outdoor education in biology? •What benefits and disadvantages are there with outdoor education? •What do the pupils gain by outdoor education? •What are the attitudes of “Ekobussen” by teachers and how do they use it in their work? To answer these questions we handed out a questionnaire to both teachers and pupils, and we also interviewed three teachers. The result of the investigation shows that both teachers and pupils believe that they are not having enough outdoor education in biology. The causes of this are among other things; unsure teachers, no good outdoor areas to examine in the immediate surroundings of the school and lack of time. The investigation shows that the greatest advantages of outdoor education in biology are that the pupils feel that they can connect theoretical- and practical knowledge and that many senses are stimulated which facilitates learning.

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att studera utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet i grundskolans senare år. Arbetet syftar även till att fastställa Ekobussens roll i utomhusundervisningen. Frågeställningarna lyder som följande:</p><p>•Vilken inställning har lärare till utomhusundervisning inom biologi?</p><p>•Vad finns det för fördelar och nackdelar med utomhusundervisning?</p><p>•Vad får elever ut av utomhusundervisning?</p><p>•Hur använder sig lärare av Ekobussen och vilken inställning har de till den?</p><p>För att få svar på dessa frågor genomfördes en enkätundersökning med lärare och elever samt djupintervjuer av tre lärare.</p><p>Resultatet i undersökningen visar att både lärare och elever anser att utomhusundervisning inom biologiämnet inte bedrivs i tillräcklig utsträckning. Orsaker till detta är bland annat osäkerhet hos lärare, brist på bra exkursionsplatser i närområdet samt att det är schematekniskt svårt att få tid att komma ut.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att de stora fördelarna med utomhusundervisning inom biologi är att eleverna anser sig koppla teoretisk och praktisk kunskap samman samt att många sinnen stimuleras vilket underlättar inlärningen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this work is to study outdoor education in biology, in the later years of compulsory school, and to investigate the role of “Ekobussen” in outdoor education. The questions at issue runs:</p><p>•What do teachers think about outdoor education in biology?</p><p>•What benefits and disadvantages are there with outdoor education?</p><p>•What do the pupils gain by outdoor education?</p><p>•What are the attitudes of “Ekobussen” by teachers and how do they use it in their work?</p><p>To answer these questions we handed out a questionnaire to both teachers and pupils, and we also interviewed three teachers.</p><p>The result of the investigation shows that both teachers and pupils believe that they are not having enough outdoor education in biology. The causes of this are among other things; unsure teachers, no good outdoor areas to examine in the immediate surroundings of the school and lack of time.</p><p>The investigation shows that the greatest advantages of outdoor education in biology are that the pupils feel that they can connect theoretical- and practical knowledge and that many senses are stimulated which facilitates learning.</p>

This dissertation explores a body of films produced after the events of 9/11, and while examining this specific point of departure, the author presents the argument on the vast cultural relevancy of the omnipresent zombie. These films are interrogative and complex, offering the viewing audience a rich tapestry of interwoven meanings. Furthermore, the author suggests that the zombie trope has, in fact, left the genre altogether, reinserted into a style of films he labels as "non-zombie appropriation." Chapter 1 introduces the zombie genre as both part of the larger horror genre aesthetic and as its' own legitimate subgenre. The zombie has a rich cinematic history, going back more than seven decades; heretofore, the last decade continues to see an unabated release of the viewing world's favorite creature. Chapter 2 examines 28 Days Later and the sequel 28 Weeks Later as critical films functioning as works that refocus the zombie for the twenty-first century. As no serious discussion of filmic zombies can occur without the immeasurable significance of George A. Romero, chapter 3 concentrates on the auteur reclaiming a genre he helped to invent with his films Land of the Dead and Diary of the Dead. These two works show a director that refuses to rest on his laurels by encoding these films with rich post-9/11 concerns. In chapter 4, the examination of the disparate films Equilbruim and The Happening discuss the utilization of non-zombie appropriations, films with no discernible zombies, but for all intents and purpose, imitate that specific narrative. By way of conclusion, chapter 5 continues the non-zombie trope with the abstract (and indeed postmodern) They Came Back. The chapter ends with an augmentation of the framework and with other concerns for the argument. This dissertation should be of interest to both horror scholarship overall and zombie films in particular. It aims to provide a refined reading of a significant body of works and add to the current and critical legitimization to this important style of cinematic artistry.

This paper brings together theoretical work on gender, caregiving, and illness to investigate emotion work performed in response to a spouse’s physical illness. We analyzed qualitative in-depth interview data with 36 individuals in 18 long-term heterosexual marriages (N=36) wherein one or both spouses experienced illness. Findings indicated that men and women performed, received, and interpreted their emotion work in gendered ways. Women with an ill spouse performed emotion work more often than men. Women who were ill themselves often performed emotion work to relieve the burden on their spouse—a dynamic not found among men who were ill. When women performed emotion work, they constructed this work as a natural propensity. Men who did not perform emotion work constructed themselves as protective and problem-solving. These findings point to underlying intra- and inter-personal processes that may help to explain why women experience higher levels of caregiver burden and depression than do men. / text

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Clarice Lispector foi uma das maiores escritoras brasileiras e, por essa razão, uma das mais estudadas. Muitas relações se fizeram entre sua escrita e a de alguns dos principais ícones da literatura mundial. Entretanto, o mesmo não aconteceu com seus textos produzidos aproximadamente a partir da década de 1970, a ficção derradeira da autora. As obras produzidas principalmente durante essa década, com algumas consagradas exceções, foram um tanto negligenciadas pela crítica. As pesquisadoras Marta Peixoto e Sônia Roncador procuraram provar que a pouca atenção às obras da ficção tardia da autora se deve ao fato de que as mesmas apresentam tendências que vão contra as características do que Clarice produziu anteriormente, como se a escritora tivesse desejado criar um repertório de formas que contradiziam sua produção de antes de 1970. Para demonstrar tal intenção de Lispector, este trabalho procura analisar as características do manuscrito Objeto gritante nunca publicado , o qual, após uma série de alterações significativas, acabou por se transformar na obra Água viva. Caso o projeto do manuscrito não tivesse sofrido redirecionamentos substanciais, teria sido a primeira ocorrência, em livro, das novas formas da escrita clariciana que começavam a se manifestar naquela época, mas que vieram a se consolidar nas suas obras posteriores / Clarice Lispector was one of the greatest Brazilian writers and has been one of the most studied. Many comparisons were made between her writing and some of the major literary icons worldwide. However, this did not happen to her later fiction produced in the 70s. These pieces, with a few exceptions, were somewhat neglected by critics. Some researchers such as Marta Peixoto and Sonia Roncador sought to prove that the lack of attention to Clarice's later fiction is due to the fact that it shows trends that go against the characteristics of what this author previously produced, as if the writer had wished to create a repertoire of ways that contradicted her production before1970. To demonstrate this intention, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the Objeto gritante manuscript - never published - which, after a series of changes, turned out to become the book Água viva. If the manuscript had not suffered substantial redirections, it would have been the first formal occurrence of Clarice's new writing style, but that consolidation only occurred in her later work

Provisional Question for the thesis to address: Indicated and selective prevention of common mental health problems in later life: Is there a theoretical rationale for an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy approach? Background The burden of late life depression and anxiety is significant. Even subthreshold symptoms result in great individual, community, economic and societal cost. However, common mental health problems in later life are under‐recognised and under‐treated despite evidence in support of pharmacological and psychological intervention. Previous research regarding psychological therapy for late life mental health problems has been dominated by cognitive behavioural therapy. However, the effectiveness of this approach has been questioned, leading researchers to explore alternative approaches. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy has received increasing attention from researchers keen to explore an alternative and some have argued that this approach is particularly suited to older people. In the context of demographic change and a significant increase in the proportion of community dwelling elderly there is a need to provide evidence to support the use of alternative management strategies for late life mental health problems, for example, focusing on prevention. Methods A systematic review will evaluate the current evidence for the use of ‘indicated’ and ‘selective’ prevention interventions for older people at risk of developing a major depressive or anxiety disorder due to the experience of subsyndromal symptoms or the presence of significant physical, socioeconomic, and psychosocial risk factors. This paper will be followed by an empirical article in which the relationship between psychological processes and ageing will be explored. Specifically, this study will explore psychological flexibility, the use of Selection, Optimisation and Compensation strategies, and the presence of psychopathology in a non clinical sample of community dwelling older people. Results Findings of the systematic review provide preliminary evidence for indicated and selective prevention of late life depression, however there is no clear evidence of benefits of these interventions in late life anxiety. The relationships between variables in the empirical study were explored using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and conditional process modelling. Although the study did not find age to be a specific predictor of variance in psychological variables explored, the study did provide empirical support for the potential to use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with older people. Discussion The systematic review article provided preliminary evidence for the efficacy of selective and indicated prevention interventions for late life depression. However, further research is required to consolidate these findings. The empirical paper found significant relationships between the perception of positive health, reduced psychopathology and theoretical variables including cognitive fusion, engagement in valued living, and the use of Selection, Optimisation, and Compensation strategies. Cognitive fusion was found to mediate these relationships and as such, findings provide support for the use of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy approach with older people. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed in detail.

An increasing proportion of people in the United Kingdom are living longer with long-term conditions. The National Health Service is facing the challenge of increased pressure on its service provision. A number of key health policy initiatives encourage individuals to make informed choices and purport to give them rights and control over their own health and healthcare. Within this context, people are actively encouraged to self-care, manage diseases, and make decisions and choices about healthcare in an informed way. To facilitate this, it is important to gain an understanding of the health information seeking behaviours of older people. Health information is available from various sources but little is known about the health information seeking behaviours of older people and what affects this. By exploring this, it helps to reveal how health information is sought regarding on-going health conditions and provides greater depth in understanding the health information seeking process. The study explores older people's experiences and views on their health information seeking behaviours and endeavours to gain a better understanding of these experiences and views. The study draws on constructivist grounded theory with two phases to data collection: Nine participants completed un-structured diaries over two months with follow up semi-structured interviews, a further twenty participants participated in semi-structured interviews. Major categories were inductively drawn from participant's responses. Strategies of health information seeking behaviours are not necessarily fixed, but subject to change over time. The analysis suggested three main categories that explained the health information seeking behaviours of older people. Three interrelated conceptual categories were identified: (1) Regulating self (2) Self managing and (3) Self-mobilisation. These categories formed the basis of the emergent substantive theory called 'navigating later life'. There were different patterns of behaviours between participants which captured variations in information seeking; these informed the development of a typology of health information seekers. Ageing in the 21st century is a complex process; with older people inhabiting a world of more choice, multiple sources of knowledge, changed healthcare roles and increased self-care undertaken within the home. The study provides important insights for healthcare professionals and raises implications for strategies aimed at improving older people's access to appropriate health information. The navigation model provides a potentially valuable tool for policy makers when considering the support older people require to self-care.

Clarice Lispector foi uma das maiores escritoras brasileiras e, por essa razão, uma das mais estudadas. Muitas relações se fizeram entre sua escrita e a de alguns dos principais ícones da literatura mundial. Entretanto, o mesmo não aconteceu com seus textos produzidos aproximadamente a partir da década de 1970, a ficção derradeira da autora. As obras produzidas principalmente durante essa década, com algumas consagradas exceções, foram um tanto negligenciadas pela crítica. As pesquisadoras Marta Peixoto e Sônia Roncador procuraram provar que a pouca atenção às obras da ficção tardia da autora se deve ao fato de que as mesmas apresentam tendências que vão contra as características do que Clarice produziu anteriormente, como se a escritora tivesse desejado criar um repertório de formas que contradiziam sua produção de antes de 1970. Para demonstrar tal intenção de Lispector, este trabalho procura analisar as características do manuscrito Objeto gritante nunca publicado , o qual, após uma série de alterações significativas, acabou por se transformar na obra Água viva. Caso o projeto do manuscrito não tivesse sofrido redirecionamentos substanciais, teria sido a primeira ocorrência, em livro, das novas formas da escrita clariciana que começavam a se manifestar naquela época, mas que vieram a se consolidar nas suas obras posteriores / Clarice Lispector was one of the greatest Brazilian writers and has been one of the most studied. Many comparisons were made between her writing and some of the major literary icons worldwide. However, this did not happen to her later fiction produced in the 70s. These pieces, with a few exceptions, were somewhat neglected by critics. Some researchers such as Marta Peixoto and Sonia Roncador sought to prove that the lack of attention to Clarice's later fiction is due to the fact that it shows trends that go against the characteristics of what this author previously produced, as if the writer had wished to create a repertoire of ways that contradicted her production before1970. To demonstrate this intention, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the Objeto gritante manuscript - never published - which, after a series of changes, turned out to become the book Água viva. If the manuscript had not suffered substantial redirections, it would have been the first formal occurrence of Clarice's new writing style, but that consolidation only occurred in her later work