Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacome_IanglioMarcioTravassosDuarte_D.pdf: 5116180 bytes, checksum: b74e5dd1ca4372ee12b5edd91dd3b490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento genético das poedeiras produziu aves de postura comercial mais eficientes com menor peso corporal e baixo consumo de ração. Pela mesma razão, são necessárias novas práticas de manejo e adequação destas aves às novas instalações, cada vez mais automatizadas, com ambientes controlados e alojando com maior densidade. Em aves de postura é conhecida a função da luz elétrica nos programas de iluminação, aumentando o fotoperíodo e estimulando a produção de ovos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o consumo de energia elétrica dentro de uma instalação avícola de postura, utilizando diferentes tecnologias de lâmpadas e sua influência na qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Utilizou-se duas tecnologias de iluminação, sendo uma a de lâmpadas com alta intensidade de descarga e a outra de filamento incandescente. Na tecnologia de alta intensidade de descarga, foram testadas as lâmpadas fluorescente compacta de 23W de vapor de sódio de 70W e vapor de mercúrio de 125W. Estas foram comparadas com as lâmpadas de filamento incandescente de 60W já utilizadas. Foram avaliados os índices ambientais, parâmetros zootécnicos, qualidade dos ovos e consumo de energia elétrica. A partir de diferentes níveis de altura com iluminância distinta (lux), considerando-se os quatro tipos de lâmpadas, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa do desempenho das aves. Através da análise de variância foi possível constatar diferenças significativas (P<O,05) entre os níveis de iluminância de acordo com as alturas de acondicionamento das aves, afetando a qualidade dos ovos, ocorrendo redução significativa no peso do ovo e seus componentes na medida em que aumentaram os níveis de luxo Não houve efeito de significância entre as tecnologias (P<O,05), porém houve redução de produção para aves expostas a lâmpada vapor de mercúrio de 125W. Observou-se um menor consumo de energia elétrica e uma menor interferência na qualidade dos ovos, no tratamento composto por lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas de 23W. / Abstract: The genetic development of the commercial layers 100 to more productive birds, with lesser corporal weight and low ration consumption. For this reason, the use of new rearing conditions with a high level of automatization, a better environmental control and a larger housing capacity, requires the development of new handling techniques, to provide a better adequacy of the birds to these installations. The light programs with electric light bulbs, for layers play an important role for the estimulum of eggs production as they increase the light period to which the birds are exposed. The objectives of this research were the analysis of the electric energy consumption in an egg production plant, using different lamps technologies, and the evaluation of The of influence these technologies in the quality of the laid eggs. Two different lighting technologies were tested, one of them was the high pressure discharge lamps and the other, incandescent filament light bulbs. Three types of discharge lamps were used during the treal23 W compact fluorescent lamps, 70 W sodium vapor lamps and 125 W mercury vapor, together with a 60 W incandescent bulbo The environmental indexes, productive parameters, eggs quality and energy consumption were evaluated. For different heights with distinct i11!minance levels (in lux) and considering the four different lamps, a qualitative analysis of the layers performance was carried out. According to anaIysis of variance, it was possible to detect significant differences (P> 0.05) among the iluminance levels to which the birds were reared. The quality of the eggs decreased as the lux levels increased. There was no significance effect among the lighting technologies (P > 0.05), although there was a production decrease for the birds that were exposed to the 125 W mercury vapor ilumination. A smaller energy consumption and interference on eggs quality were observed for the utilization of 23 W compact fluorescent lamps. / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Les poules pondeuses sont susceptibles d’être exposées à des polluants organiques persistants (POP) potentiellement présents dans leur environnement. Dans un contexte de sécurisation des systèmes d’élevage avicole vis-à-vis des POP, nous avons étudié les facteurs influençant le transfert des POP ingérés vers l’œuf. Ces facteurs sont liés à la nature de la matrice ingérée (sol ou aliment), aux caractéristiques de l’animal (taux de ponte, état d’engraissement) et aux caractéristiques de la molécule (lipophilicité, susceptibilité à la métabolisation). Pour cette étude, différentes approches scientifiques ont été mobilisées : l’expérimentation in vivo et la modélisation mathématique. Les expérimentations in vivo ont permis d’étudier la biodisponibilité relative des PCB d’un sol naturellement contaminé, et de renseigner les paramètres de la cinétique de transfert vers l’œuf de molécules non encore étudiées chez la poule pondeuse telles que des molécules émergentes (exemple d’un retardateur de flammes bromé, HBCD) ou les HAP. Nos résultats montrent en particulier l’importance de l’impact du degré de métabolisation de la molécule sur l’allure de la cinétique et le niveau du transfert. L’élaboration d’un modèle mathématique dynamique a permis d’explorer l’influence des caractéristiques de l’animal sur le transfert de POP vers l’œuf. Le niveau de ponte influence directement, et de façon proportionnelle, le niveau de contamination des tissus de la poule à l’état d’équilibre. Le niveau d’engraissement a un rôle de dilution en cas de période de non ponte et influence de façon marquée la vitesse de décontamination des tissus lors d’une période d’épuration suivant une exposition / Laying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in their environment. In the context of securing poultry farming systems regarding POPs, our research has focused on identifying and grading factors likely to influence the transfer of ingested POPs to eggs. These factors are related to the nature of the ingested matrix (soil or feed), to the characteristics of the animal (laying rate, fatness) and to the properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, sensitivity to metabolism). Different scientific approaches have been implemented: in vivo experimentation and mathematical modeling. In the frame of in vivo experiments we have assessed the relative bioavailability of PCBs from one naturally contaminated soil. In addition, we have calculated parameters of the kinetics of transfer to eggs of molecules that had never been studied in laying hens, such as emerging molecules (for example a brominated flame retardant, HBCD), or PAHs. Our results point out the dominant impact of the molecule metabolism on the shape of its kinetics and on its rate of transfer to eggs.The developed dynamic mathematical model makes it possible to pilot variations with time of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and of the frequency of laying. It was used to assess the influence of these animal characteristics on the transfer of POPs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influences the contamination level of eggs and of animal tissues at steady state. Body fat dilutes absorbed POPs in absence of laying and significantly influences the rate of decontamination of tissues during depuration subsequent to an exposure period

An experiment was conducted to determine whether direct-fed microbial supplementation could alleviate a marginal amino acid (AA) deficiency in Hyline 36 laying hens from 33 to 44 wk of age. The experiment was a 2 × 4 factorial design with or without a commercial directfed microbial (Primilac; 1.36 kg/1,000 kg) and 4 levels of AA formulation. Egg characteristics (yolk, albumen, or shell proportions and yolk or albumen solids) were not affected by diet. Primilac supplementation had no effect on egg production or egg mass. However, Primilac supplementation reduced feed intake-to-egg mass ratio by 2.4 and 3.4% from 33 to 36 wk and 41 to 44 wk, respectively. Total eggs laid and egg mass were greatest when at least 14.4 g of CP, 804 mg of Lys, 382 mg of Met, 601 mg of TSAA, 502 mg of Thr, and 609 mg of Ile were consumed per hen per day from 33 to 44 wk of age. In conclusion, Primilac supplementation was not able to completely alleviate a marginal AA deficiency in laying hens but did improve feed intake-to-egg mass ratios during 8 wk of the 12-wk study.

A control diet (CN diet; 17.4% CP and 4.37% Ca) was compared with an experimental diet with a 0.4-percentage-unit reduction in protein content and a 35% replacement of limestone by a CaSO4-zeolite mixture [5.76% CaSO4 and 1.18% zeolite; reduced-emission diet (RE diet)] in laying hens to evaluate the effects on apparent N retention, egg production, egg composition, and excreta pH measured at excreta collection or after 7 d of storage. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that the RE diet reduced NH3 emissions by 48%. Laying hens (192 total; 48 replicate cages per diet, with 2 hens per cage) were fed experimental diets from 33 to 49 wk of age. Apparent N retention (48.2%), egg production (83.6%), and number of shell-less eggs (0.18%) were not affected by the diet. Eggs tended to be heavier (59.4 vs. 58.8 g/egg, P = 0.06), and yolk percentage (29.7 vs. 29.0%, P = 0.013) was greater with the RE diet. At 48 wk of age, the total solids content per egg was also greater from hens fed the RE diet (13.2 vs. 12.6 g/egg, P = 0.032). Other egg components were not influenced by diet. Thus, a slight reduction in dietary CP content and replacing a portion of the Ca from CaCO3 with CaSO4 did not affect egg production nor did it impair shell quality. At the end of the experiment, excreta were collected from all cages (excreta from 3 cages were mixed and pooled; 16 pools of excreta per diet). At collection, excreta of hens fed the RE diet had lower pH (5.89 vs. 6.54, P < 0.001) than those of hens fed the CN diet. After 7 d of storage, excreta pH of hens fed the RE diet continued to be lower (6.30 vs. 8.36, P < 0.001). The reduction of excreta pH, even after 7 d of storage, may control nitrogenous emissions from excreta by maintaining excreted N as NH4+.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in laying hens is a significant cause of foodborne illness linked to the consumption of contaminated eggs. This dissertation encompasses novel strategies aimed to explore appropriate in-vitro and in-vivo models to evaluate the effects of these novel strategies to reduce SE in laying hens. Firstly, we investigated the potential probiotics, prebiotics, and essential oil combinations to reduce SE in-vitro. The results showed that probiotics and prebiotics are equally effective to reduce SE. In subsequent studies, we evaluated the role of vaccination history on cecal microbiota and SE infections with various doses of oral SE challenge. Our findings showed a dose-dependent response on fecal SE shedding in vaccinated and unvaccinated laying hens. Concurrently, we found an increased abundance of phylum Synergistota in the cecal microbiota following an SE infection, as well as a surge in the relative abundance of fatty-acid producing bacteria. The emphasizing the necessity to understand microbiota changes during SE infection for developing an effective intervention. We further researched the efficacy of a Bacillus-based probiotic and a glycan-based product to reduce SE infections in laying hens. These products were effective in reducing SE in the fecal and cecal content of laying hens. However, our research also underscored the necessity of developing a precise enumerate method to accurately measure the concentration of Salmonella in fecal and tissue samples. Overall, we expect this dissertation to contribute valuable insights into developing effective strategies to reduce SE infections in laying hens. These findings, while promising, underscore the ongoing challenge to develop a robust and effective solution to address the problem of SE in laying hens.

<p>  </p> <p>There is a clear need for more research detailing how to manage birds in cage-free housing systems. Although management guides for birds in cage-free systems focus on adult hens, previous research has established that the pullet phase is important to success later in life. Past research regarding the effects of stocking density on behavior has focused on caged adult hens, and often deals with confounding factors such as group size, limiting its interpretation. The goal of this project was to investigate the impacts of stocking density on behaviors of pullets in cage-free housing systems. </p> <p>A 2x2 randomized complete block design with two strains (Lohmann LB-Lite (Brown) and Lohmann LSL-Lite (White)) and two stocking densities (619.1 (high stocking density; HSD) and 1,248.9 (low stocking density, LSD) cm2/bird) was utilized. Videos of 6 pens for each strain by stocking density combination (59 birds/pen, n = 1416) were recorded for 2 consecutive days at 12 and 16 weeks of age (WOA). Behaviors of interest were recorded every 10 minutes for 1 hour in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Most behavior data were analyzed using a mixed model, PROC GLIMMIX, in SAS 9.4 with main effects of stocking density (SD), strain, age and time of day (TOD). Behaviors that were infrequent or that could not be transformed to meet normality assumptions were analyzed as binomial data (occurred or did not occur) and odds ratios were calculated using PROC LOGISTIC.</p> <p>Stocking density influenced every behavior examined. The LSD had fewer birds that performed eating and drinking behaviors, but more birds performed inactive, locomotion, exploratory and comfort behaviors compared to the HSD. Additionally, birds in the HSD were more likely to participate in pecking and piling behaviors compared to LSD. These results suggest that LSD may provide welfare benefits to the pullets. However, producers may face economic barriers when attempting to decrease stocking densities. Further research is needed in this area, but these results could help to achieve a stocking density that maximizes the range of behaviors pullets are able to perform within the scope of a producer’s resources. Future directions may consider collecting behavior data across the life cycle in addition to examining the relationships among behavior and welfare parameters such as feather quality, foot condition and keel bone fractures.</p>

Laying hen welfare is gaining importance in the United States and several states have passed legislation for a welfareriendly housing environment, which has forced the egg industry to explore alternative housing environments. For this reason, our first objective was to determine the effect of housing environment and laying hen strain on production performance and egg quality. Results showed that production performance of the hens raised in the alternative housing system was similar to the conventional system. The second objective was to compare the eggshell and cloacal microbiology. Our results indicated that the microbial load observed was higher in the alternative system compared to the conventional system. The third objective was to determine the effects of housing environment and laying hen strain on tibia and femur bone properties. The results demonstrated that the alternative system provided better tibia and femur bone characteristics, but it varied among laying hen strains.

No description available.

Plumage damage (PD) as a result of severe feather pecking (SFP) and skin lesions (SL) due to cannibalism (CA) is serious welfare, performance, and economic problems in commercial layer farms. Genetics, nutrition, and housing conditions are central complexes that contribute to the multifactorial causes of these behavioral disorders. Practical recommendations consider the quality of litter as an important criterion for the prevention of SFP, although systematic longitudinal studies providing evidence-based findings are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of litter condition on the occurrence of PD and SL in the field using a longitudinal design. Integument scoring (PD and SL; 7 times), litter scoring (structure, cake formation, litter quality, and litter height; 12 times), and laboratory litter analysis (dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and pH value; 12 times) were performed in 28 laying hen flocks with a median flock size of 12,357 birds, in barn (n = 21) or free-range systems (n = 7), during the first laying period. Binary logistic regression (BLR) models showed the association of housing type and animal age on PD and SL (P < 0.001), and of the hybrid type on PD (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant association with PD and SL was observed for several litter traits. An increase in litter height, DM, and P was associated with lower PD (P ≤ 0.022) and SL (P < 0.001). In contrast, a higher N content of the litter was associated with an increase in SL (P = 0.007). Cake formation (P < 0.001) and a low structure (P = 0.025) of the litter showed an association with higher PD. In conclusion, this study identified caked litter with less structure, low height, and low contents of DM and P as risk factors for behavioral disorders in commercial laying flocks.

Le chlordécone est un pesticide organochloré, qui a été utilisé dans les Antilles françaises pour lutter contre le charançon du bananier Cosmopolites sordidus. Ce pesticide a été interdit en 1993 en raison de sa toxicité et de sa persistance dans l'environnement. Cependant des études ont montré que la population antillaise continue d'être exposée (lait maternel et sang contaminés, transfert de chlordécone mère-jeune, retard du développement cognitif, risque de cancer de la prostate) en particulier via l'alimentation. Depuis 2008, la réglementation européenne n°396/2005 est appliquée sur le territoire antillais (limite maximale fixée à 10 et 20 µg chlordécone /kg poids frais repsectivement dans le foie et l'oeuf et de 100 µg/kg de matière grasse dans le gras). Il s'avère que la contamination des denrées au chlordécone est due au fait que les sols d'anciennes bananeraies autrefois traités au chlordécone (principalement des andosols, des nitisols et des ferrisols) demeurent contaminés. L'andosol contient de l'argile allophane, structure qui confère une microporosité élevée par l'enchevêtrement de motifs particulaires répétés à plusieurs échelles. Le chlordécone de l'andosol a été potentiellement piégé par ce réseau de micropores et est supposé être fortement retenu. Au contraire, le nitisol contient de l'argile halloysite, dont la structure correspond à une superposition de couches et ménage une faible porosité. Notre hypothèse est que le chlordécone est moins retenu par le nitisol que par l'andosol. Les animaux monogastriques élevés en plein air (porcin, volaille) sont susceptibles d'ingérer du sol de manière involontaire. Chez la poule pondeuse, les niveaux d'ingestion de sol peuvent atteindre 25 % de la ration alimentaire journalière dans le cas d'une réduction du couvert végétal et/ou d'un rationnement alimentaire. L'ingestion de sol pour le porcin a été peu étudiée. Nous avons cherché à déterminer les aptitudes d'un andosol et d'un nitisol à retenir le chlordécone durant le processus digestif. Pour cela nous avons évalué la biodisponibilité relative du chlordécone d'un andosol et d'un nitisol chez l'animal monogastrique. La détermination de la biodisponibilité relative repose sur la comparaison des pentes entre la réponse (concentration de chlordécone dans les matrices animales) obtenue lors des doses croissantes de chlordécone ingérées via la matrice testée (l'andosol ou le nitisol) à la réponse obtenue lors des mêmes doses de chlordécone ingérées via une matrice de référence (huile). Les résultats obtenus chez la poule pondeuse et le porcelet ont indiqué que l'andosol et le nitisol n'affectent pas la biodisponibilité du chlordécone. Ainsi, la biodisponibilité relative du chlordécone des sols étudiés a été identique et considérée égale à 100% aussi bien chez la poule que chez le porcelet. Le chlordécone du sol a donc été extrait durant le processus digestif et absorbé par l'animal monogastrique à l'identique du chlordécone dissous dans de l'huile. Le chlordécone du sol est donc assimilable par l'animal d'élevage. Ainsi, les sols contaminés en chlordécone présentent un réel risque pour la filière animale. Les teneurs en chlordécone des produits (foie, gras, oeuf) ont dépassé les limites maximales acceptables dès lors que les animaux monogastriques ont ingéré 6,8 µg chlordécone /jour/kg de poids vif. Sachant que 10% des sols cultivables contiennent au moins 1 mg chlordécone /kg, dès lors qu'un animal monogastrique (poule pondeuse ou porcelet) ingère 17 % de sol dans sa ration alimentaire quotidienne, les teneurs en chlordécone des produits dépasseront les limites maximales et seront « impropres » à la consommation. Il convient ainsi d'identifier les pratiques d'élevage à risques pour préconiser des mesures limitant la contamination des produits animaux au chlordécone / Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine pesticide used in the French West Indies against black weevil Cosmopolites sordidus. This pesticide was banned in 1993, because of the toxicity and persistence of this compound in the environment. However, several studies indicated that the population is already exposed to chlordecone (contaminated blood and maternal milk, chlordecone transfer to the mother from the child, memory delay in child and risk to the prostate cancer) particularly by food ingestion. Since 2008, European Regulation °396/2005 is applied in French West Indies (maximal limit fixed at 10 and 20 µg chlordecone/kg of fresh weight in liver and egg and at 100 µg chlordecone /kg of fat in fat). Soils of banana crops previously treated by chlordecone (mainly andosols, nitisols, ferrisols) are still contaminated and are the major source of contamination of food products. Andosol contains allophane clay structure which allows a high microporosity with the formation of particle aggregates in a pattern repeated at different scales. chlordecone would be strongly trapped by this micropores structure and supposed to be strongly retained. Nitisol contains halloysite clayed structure composed to the clay layers superposition with a low porosity. Our hypothesis is that chlordécone is less retained by nitisol than by andosol. Monogastric animals reared outside (pig, poultry) may involuntary ingest soil. It has been shown that hen can ingest soil amounts corresponding to 25 % of the daily ration in the case of vegetation reduction and of nutritional imbalance. Soil ingestion by pig was less studied. In the frame of this research work, we determined andosol and nitisol capacities to retain chlordecone during the digestive process. The relative bioavailability of soil-bound chlordecone in monogastric farm animals (laying hen and juvenile swine) was established. The relative bioavailability determination consists to the slope comparison between the response (concentrations of chlordecone in animal matrices) obtained with increasing chlordecone doses via andosol or nitisol and the response obtained with the same chlordecone ingestion doses via a reference matrix (oil). Results showed that andosol and nitisol did not reduce the chlordecone bioavailability. Thus, relative bioavailability of soil-bound chlordecone was considered to be equal to 100% in laying hen and in juvenile swine. chlordecone was extracted during the digestive process and was absorbed by the monogastric animals. Thus, soil-bound chlordecone is directly assimilated by monogastric farm animals. Concentrations of chlordecone in animal products (liver, fat, egg) exceeded maximal limits for a chlordecone ingestion at least equal to 6.8 µg chlordecone/day/kg of body weight. Since 10% of agricultural soils are contaminated with at least 1 mg/kg, the ingestion of 17% of soil in the daily food ration will result in animal products not acceptable for human consumption. Therefore, it is important to characterize the risk livestock farming practices in order to limit the contamination of food products