This study used the naturalistic inquiry method to explore the perceptions of the selected administrators from Chinese Ministry of Education Directed universities regarding what kind of institutional challenges their institutions confront and how their institutions function in the present, how their own roles have been affected by the changing situations they face in their own contexts, and consequently, what are the competencies that universities leaders will need in their universities in the near future. Special emphases are placed on the differences that exist in the challenges facing Chinese MOE directed universities located in differently geographical, cultural and economical contexts, and the differences among the perceptions of current university leaders, aspiring leaders, and retired university leaders regarding institutional challenges and leadership competencies. In this study, eight kinds of challenges have been identified by selected Chinese university administrators. There are no substantial differences in perceptions of these eight kinds of challenges, for all these MOE-directed universities live in a similar policy environment; they are governed, funded and evaluated by the Ministry of Education. However, due to their personal background such as different ages, historical background and working experiences, they showed some differences in their perceptions more individually than as a group. According to the respondents’ reflections, the location of a university powerfully influences the university, positively or negatively. Being located in developed areas usually has a positive influence on a university. On the contrary, being located in undeveloped areas has a negative impact on a university. There are four categories of leadership competencies identified by the respondents: personality and disposition, personal knowledge and skill, administrative competency, and social responsibility competency. It is not surprising that administrators from these universities did not show substantial differences in their perceptions of leadership competency because members of all the groups live in a similar policy environment. However, due to their personal background, they actually showed some differences in their perceptions as individuals rather than as a group. The researcher found that university administrator training is absolutely necessary. However, the current training programs do not meet the demands, more needs to be done to improve the training programs through renewing training content and methods.

P(p)ublic A(a)dministration is influenced by multiple factors, inclusive of complex policy issues, multi-faceted forms of accountability and hybrid governance models. Consequently, public administration organisations must strengthen their adaptive and complexity capacity to deal with environmental complexity through adopting a different leadership model that is characterised by distinct but complementary leadership functions. Complexity leadership theory (CLT) is thus adopted as an appropriate theoretical lens for the study due to its integrative, collective and relational approach to leadership, in spite of its limited application in the public administration context. Against this background, the purpose of the study is to apply CLT as the basis to determine the required leadership competencies that should underpin a complex adaptive system such as the Governance and Administration (G&A) Cluster of the South African government because of concerns regarding the unevenness or lack of appropriate leadership competencies, behaviours and skills to make the government cluster system effective. To address the purpose of the study and the underlying research problem, a mixed methods research approach was adopted to investigate the leadership competency implications of Public Administration reforms plus their links with intergovernmental relations developments, and the implications of the transition from leader-centric practices to collective and hybrid forms of leadership. An analysis of existing literature in these areas leads to the conclusion that the G&A Cluster, which is an intergovernmental relations structure, is an integral part of hybrid organisational arrangements whose effectiveness requires a different approach to leadership. The literature analysis further identifies a disjuncture between leader-centric practices and conceptions of leadership as a collective, collaborative and hybrid phenomenon. The disjuncture is attributed to the scarcity of leadership and competency-based management (CBM) literature to guide the development of complexity leadership practice, especially in inter-organisational arrangements, and reliance on theoretical analysis as the basis to propose competencies for complexity leadership. Thus, the study addresses the research question and simultaneously contributes towards knowledge and practice by providing an empirical lens to the dynamics of collective leadership in a government inter-organisational structure and advancing CBM through articulating seven adaptable principles and six competency clusters that inform the development of a meso level leadership competency framework for inter-organisational arrangements. The study is also contributing to the application of CLT in P(p)ublic A(a)dministration and improved understanding of CLT’s leadership functions by clarifying its competency dimensions. The study concludes with an outline of implications and recommendations for inter-organisational leadership competency development and practice as well as recommendations for further research. / Thesis (PhD (Public Administration and Management))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / University of Pretoria’s Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences (2019-20210) Office of the Public Service Commission (2021) / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / PhD (Public Administration and Management) / Unrestricted

There is popular belief among Kenyans that their government inappropriately distributes resources unequally between different regions in Kenya. A modified version of Zimmerman and Zahniser's (1991) Sociopolitical Control Scale (SPCS) tested for differences in perceived sociopolitical control (SPC) between residents of Kenya's three biggest cities, Nairobi (n = 49), Mombasa (n = 50), and Kisumu (n = 51). Hypotheses were based on expected levels of leadership competence (LC) and policy control (PC), two sub-scales that combine to create SPC. Contrary to the hypothesis, results indicated no significant differences in levels of SPC among the cities. Results could indicate a shared urban culture throughout these cities, or could be due to methodological issues. Suggestions for creating a Kenya-specific SPCS are outlined.

Įvairūs autoriai, nagrinėję mokytojų vadybines kompetencijas, nurodė mokytojų vadybinio kompetentingumo problemą, tačiau mokytojo vadybinių kompetencijų raiška mokyklos valdyme nėra tirta. Magistro darbe suformuluotas tikslas – ištirti Radviliškio rajono gimnazijų, vidurinių ir pagrindinių mokyklų mokytojų vadybinių kompetencijų įtaką jų dalyvavimui mokyklos valdyme. Darbe teoriškai pagrįstos ir ištirtos mokytojų vertybinės nuostatos, vadybinės žinios ir vadybiniai gebėjimai. Atlikta mokytojų vadybinių kompetencijų raiškos mokyklos valdyme analizė. Nustatyta, kad mokytojų socialiniai-demografiniai veiksniai neturi įtakos mokytojo vadybinės kompetencijos raiškai, tačiau Lietuvoje vykdoma švietimo įstaigų tinklo pertvarka daro įtaka mokytojų nuostatai dėl mokyklų ateities perspektyvų. Atskleista, kad gimnazijų, vidurinių ir pagrindinių mokyklų mokytojų vadybinių žinių ir gebėjimų tobulinimas yra vienas iš veiksnių, lemiančių mokyklos valdymo kokybę. Pastebėta, kad tobulinant vienus vadybinius gebėjimus, proporcingai didėja kiti. Tyrimas taikytinas priimant sprendimus mokytojų įtraukimo į mokyklos valdymą srityje, planuojant mokyklos veiklą, pertvarkant mokyklos valdymo sistemą, numatant mokyklų vadovų ir mokytojų kvalifikacijos tobulinimą. / Various authors who had investigated teachers’ leadership competence pointed out its problems however expression of teachers’ leadership competence in school management was not studied. The aim of the Master’s work is to examine how the leadership competence of the teachers of Radviliskis district gymnasiums, secondary and basic schools has influence on their participation in school management. Resolutions of values, knowledge of management and leadership abilities of teachers are theoretically proved and examined in the work. Analyses of expression of teachers leadership competences in school management is carried out. It is ascertained that social-demographical factors of teachers do not have any influence on teacher’s leadership competence however the reform of educational institutions which has been performed in Lithuania has an influence on teachers’ attitude towards the future perspectives of schools. It is revealed that improvement of management knowledge and abilities of teachers is one of the factors which decides the quality of school management. It is noticed while improving one kind of management abilities, the others improve in proportion. Research is applied to make a decision while involving teachers in school management, planning activities of school, reforming management system of school, determining improvement of professional skills of heads and teachers.

Background: A changing world requires strong leadership. The pressure can increase in the event of the effects of a macroeconomic crisis in listed companies, as the demands from primarily shareholders increase. When a company is public, mandates within the leadership become even more important. Leadership in crisis and the crisis management work itself is decisive for how a listed company should instill security and stability. Through the ability to adapt the leadership according to the given situation, the leader can succeed in crisis management and at the same time motivate the employees in an effective way. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze leadership styles in listed companies and whether leadership adapts during a macroeconomic crisis. Method: The study is based on qualitative interview research and has an abductive approach. Literature, newspaper articles and scientific articles form the basis of the study's theoretical frame of reference. The study's empirical material is based on semi-structured interviews with six leaders from different levels and experience. What they have in common is that they all base their leadership experiences from listed companies. Conclusions: Leadership must be adapted in the event of a macroeconomic crisis. As a leader, you should come forward and be extra clear, visible and communicative. If this is not done, uncertainty will arise and employees may find it more difficult to perform. The leader's actions are fundamental in crisis management. In addition, the study shows that the more leadership experience a leader has behind them, the greater understanding the leader has of what adaptations are required from a purely strategic point of view for the interests of the company and the shareholders. The study shows that it is not unusual for a leader who normally adopts a certain leadership style, e.g. transformative leadership style (which means to change), to adopt the authoritarian style with great confidence, when it is necessary to get employees to engage in the company's goals in stressful situations.

7 ABSTRACT: This thesis analyzes the final thesis, bachelor's and master's ones defended at The School Management Centre Department of the Education Faculty of Charles University in Prague for the period from 2010 until 2012. This thesis deals with cluster analysis theses dealing with the term competence, particularly in the area of school leadership, that leaders and managers of schools. Theses researches of adequate extent i.e. eight bachelor's and three master's theses, will also focus on competence in the field of personnel management at schools. A qualitative method will be used for the thesis work, which will be conducted content analysis of the text and its interpretation, whose main tool is an effective methodological comparison. It is necessary to observe the principle of objectivity. The final theses will not be evaluated otherwise objectively compared. The thesis work is indicating any differences between claims that have not been investigated. The comparison will focus on the tools to determine ways of grasping the subject, the author styles, etc. The resulting model presents a comparison of research expertise of final university thesis dealing with common theme competence in the field of school leadership, summary knowledge of the topic. KEYWORDS: Competence, competency model, management,...

Den här magisteruppsatsen behandlar två perspektiv på ledarskap som jag kallar för statiskt och kulturellt. Det statiska perspektivet handlar om att betrakta ledarskapskompetenser som oföränderliga och därför samma i alla situationer. I kontrast till detta står det kulturella perspektivet som handlar om att betrakta ledarskapskompetenser som processer.  Syftet i den här uppsatsen är att påvisa att dessa två ledarskapsperspektiv förekommer och att i en empirisk kontext pröva de här perspektiven för att se om och hur de får stöd av deltagarna i studien. Genom den hermeneutiska metoden har jag intervjuat fem deltagare som är svenska ledare med många års erfarenhet av ledarskap. De respresenterar olika branscher och företag. Tillsammans med deltagarna och med stöd av Hofstedes kulturdimensionsteori samt Bolman & Deals ledarskapsteori har resultatet i den här studien visat att både det statiska och det kulturella perspektivet får stöd av deltagarna. Detta visar sig genom deltagarnas upplevelser och beskrivningar av tre centrala teman; ledarskapet generellt, det svenska ledarskapet och respondenternas ledarskap. / This master´s thesis examines two perspectives of leadership what I would call the static leadership model and the cultural leadership model. The first model is about seeing leadership competence in terms of unchangeable regardless of situation. The second model sees leadership competence like a process; witch means to consider that leadership competence change depending on the situation.  The aim of this study is firstly to detect that these two leadership models do exist and secondly to examine if the participants in this study supports these leadership models and how they do it. Through the hermeneutic method I have interviewed five participants who are Swedish leaders with many years of leadership experiences. They represent different companies and sectors. Using the leadership experiences of the participants and the cultural dimension theory of Hofstede and the leadership theory of Bolman & Deal I have come to the conclusion that the participants do support both the static leadership perspective and the cultural leadership perspective. Through the participant’s experiences and descriptions of these three themes: leadership in general, the Swedish leadership and the leadership of the participants it becomes clear that they support these leadership models.

Background: Organizations are constantly going through inevitable changes due to global crises that risk the organization's existence. Crisis management work is thus an important process that refers to how these crises are handled. Leadership is an important component during crisis situations as the leader's role determines what the crisis management work looks like and how effective it is. With the help of leadership skills and competencies, the leader can succeed in crisis management in a productive way. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate and create a deeper understanding of how leaders handle organizational crises that arise because of global crises and the importance of different leadership competencies that are fundamental in crisis management. Method: The study follows an interpretivist paradigm and refers to the phenomenon of organizational crises and leadership. The study is based on the qualitative research method and has a deductive approach. Literature and scientific articles form the basis of the study's theoretical frame of reference. The empirical material of the study is based on five semistructured interviews with the CEO from different niche banks. Conclusion: Leadership is an important and crucial factor that affects crisis management in the organization when a crisis occurs. The leader's role is fundamental in how crises are handled, which leads on to crisis management. Crisis management efficiency depends on leadership skills and behavior that the leader chooses to have in order to adapt to the ongoing crisis. It is essential to possess leadership skills that can be applied during crisis situations and lead to effective crisis management. Furthermore, leaders can choose what behavior they have towards the crisis, which is also decisive for how the crisis is handled and how the results ofthe crisis management emerge.

The covid-19 crisis accelerated the remote work trend and led to a new landscape in business. This sudden shift posed unique challenges for managers and middle managers in particular. Forcing them to adapt their leadership styles and lead their teams remotely. This paper explores the challenges for middle managers imposed by remote work and what is required of them to address them. This is done through a case study on a company's accounting department that has managed to transition to remote successfully. The research takes an inductive, qualitative approach using semi-structural interviews with three middle managers as a data collection method. The challenges are grouped into the themes of communication, team building, trust, technology, management of change, and social aspects. The study concludes that even though some challenges for the middle managers were present in all areas, their teams were well suited for a shift to remote. This was mainly due to low task interdependence, and high self-leadership. Social challenges required regular attention, even though the daily operations worked smoothly.