Navigering i virtuella 3D-miljöer har varit möjligt i många år och sker vanligtvis i samband med till exempel spel och 3D-modellering. Till en persondator används nästan alltid en datormus och ett tangentbord. Musen har visats vara lätthanterlig vid rotering av vyn och kommer inte att vara fokuset i studien. Tangentbordet däremot, som styr vyns position, skulle möjligtvis kunna bytas ut mot något bättre. Vanligtvis används tangenterna W, A, S, och D för förflyttningar, och sedan behövs två tangenter till om det ska vara möjligt att ”flyga” upp och ner. Sex olika tangenter för att styra förflyttningen i tre dimensioner kan vara svårt att lära sig. Trots att vana användare kan hantera det bra, skulle ett mer naturligt sätt att styra på kunna vara enklare för nybörjare, och kanske också för de erfarna. Det begränsade antalet tangenter som används tillåter inte heller finjustering av riktningen. Studien föreslår en alternativ form av 3D-navigering där användaren styr med sitt finger. En Leap Motion kamera ligger på bordet under för att mäta fingrets position, och översätter det till en vektor som kontrollerar vyns hastighet och riktning. Detta är tänkt att vara ett mer naturligt sätt att styra på, då människor har så bra kontroll över sin egen kropp. Utöver det kan även hastigheten justeras genom att dra fingret längre eller kortare sträckor. Vid styrning med tangentbord är justering av hastigheten inte möjligt; undantaget är om användaren kan hålla ner en tangent för att springa, vilket gör att det finns två val av hastigheter. Fingerstyrningen testades och jämfördes direkt mot tangentbordet i ett antal olika experiment. Testerna visar att det går snabbare när tangentbordet används, och ge-nerellt sker färre misstag. När fingerstyrningen används så blir färdsträckorna ofta kortare, speciellt när det krävs mer precision, dock kan detta bero på den lägre has-tigheten som deltagarna hade när de använde fingret. En inmatningsmetod testades bara sju gånger. Under denna period blev fingerstyrningen betydligt snabbare mellan varje försök jämfört med tangentbordet, därför finns anledning att tro att fingerstyr-ningen kommer att förbättras med mer träning. För att få pålitliga resultat skulle en längre studie behöva utföras där deltagarna verkligen hinner lära sig att styra med fingret. Författaren har under utvecklingen av fingerstyrningen blivit snabbare med den än med tangentbordet. Detta är en ytterligare indikation på att det finns potential hos fingerstyrningen som deltagarna aldrig hann uppnå i denna preliminära studie, och att ytterligare experiment krävs.

Hand proprioception is crucial for daily activities and may be compromised by diseases or injuries,impacting patients' independence. The lack of feasible, accurate, and affordable clinical tools forhand proprioception assessment poses a significant challenge, essential for identifying dysfunctionand evaluating treatment effects.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity of the LeapMotion controller(LMC) for assessing hand proprioception. We compared the LMC with a 3D camera system formotion analysis (Qualisys Motion Capture, QTM), known for its high measurement accuracy as thegold standard. Twenty participants (10 men, 10 women), 15 without, and 5 with hand injury or pain,took part in this cross-sectional study. Assessments included pointing acuity with open and closedeyes using the right and left hand. There were moderate to good correlations between LMC andQTM performed with closed eyes, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.6 and0.89. Contrary, tests with open eyes showed a poor overall correlation with ICC between 0.003 and0.3. Bland-Altman analysis showed median biases of≤ 1.5 mm between LMC and QTM with eyes open, and ≤ 5.1 mm with eyes closed. Limits ofagreement ranged from -0.4 to 3.5 mm with eyes open and -31.6 to 21.5 mm with eyes closed.The results indicate that the LMC could be a cost-effective and feasible tool for quantifying handproprioception with a clinically acceptable bias. Although the median biases were small formeasurements with eyes open, the ICCs were poor. This may be due to a high pointing acuity withinthe group combined with limited variability between the participants in the eyes open tests.

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Antal studenter som tar programmeringskurser på universitet och högskolor ökar kraftigt och kräver mycket resurser vilket gör kurserna nästintill omöjliga att bedriva utan att öka antalet lärare. Genom att introducera automatisering i dessa kurser, speciellt vid bedöm- ning, är det möjligt att upprätthålla kvalitén i dessa kurser. Därav är syftet med denna studie att konstruera, implementera och utvärdera ett bedömningssystem för att ta reda på för- och nackdelar med användningen av bedömningssystem i programmeringskurser. Resultatet från studien visar att fördelarna med ett bedömningssystem är direkt återkopp- ling, tillgänglighet och förmågan att verifiera korrektheten av studenters program bättre än vad en lärare kan. Resultatet visar att nackdelarna med ett bedömningssystem är att det innebär ökade krav på välutformade uppgifter och testfall samt svårighet att bedöma kvalitativa aspekter i studenters program. / Number of students that take programming courses at universities is increasing rapidly and requires a lot of resources which makes the courses almost impossible to conduct without increasing the number of teachers. By introducing automation in these courses, especially in the assessment part, it is possible to maintain the quality of these courses. Hence, the aim of this study is to design, implement and evaluate an assessment system to find out the benefits and drawbacks of the use of an assessment systems in programming courses. The results of the study shows that the benefits of an assessment system is direct feedback, its availability and its ability to verify the correctness of students programs better than a teacher. The result shows that the drawbacks of an assessment system is the required increased effort of designing well-designed tasks and test cases, as well as the systems inability to assess the qualitative aspects of the students programs.

Wireless local area networks (WLAN) are beginning to play a much larger role in corporate network environments and are already very popular for home networking applications. This increase in accessibility has created large security holes for hackers and thieves to abuse, which is finally being addressed by stronger security methods such as advanced encryption algorithms and efficient authentication processes. However, these security methods often hamper network performance unbeknownst to engineers and users. This research examines the effects of Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), and Counter Mode/CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP) encryption algorithms on throughput rates for IEEE 802.11 networks as well as the authentication times for Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) and Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP). The research shows that today's wireless hardware is capable of reducing overhead of even the most advanced encryption schemes to less than five percent of the total bandwidth. / Master of Science

National access to modern energy is deemed by Malawi government as the driving force to attain social-economic development. To achieve this, optimal decisions in energy planning and investment are considered important. This study evaluates potential pathways that will inform better policy design and investment option in energy sector. The Integrated Assessment Modelling method has been used to integrate social, economic and environmental variables that affect energy systems, and further analyses potential energy pathways in relation to these earth systems. The Long-range Alternatives Energy Planning system (LEAP) has been used to run a continuous time series from 2008 to 2063 of the three energy policy pathways (scenarios) using: (1) the current Malawi National Policy and Strategies on Energy (MwNEP) (2) the United Nation’s Sustainable Energy for All strategy (SE4ALL) and (3) Business as Usual (REF) scenario. The analysis indicates an exponential growth in energy demand for both MwNEP and SE4ALL scenario with a slight higher demand in SEAll over MwNEP Scenario. In both cases Biomass remains an important energy source beyond the 2030. Thus, the SDG 7 will not be achieved by 2030. Similarly, energy demand trends in MwNEP and SE4ALL scenarios continue to grow beyond available energy stocks and generation capacity which will lead to a shortfall in energy supply. Environmentally, the GHGs emissions in MwNEP are higher than the SE4ALL scenario. This is reflected in the pro-environment policy objective pursued by SE4ALL scenario. In the medium-term LEAP analysis favours advancement of alternative renewable energies at household level like solar photovoltaic (PV) for lighting and sustainable biomass energy for cooking. In the long-run, scaling up the adoption of renewable energy in form of solar, wind and hydro-electricity to meet the energy gap. At the same time, designing and adhering to implementation of sustainable energy plans that cuts energy sources from fossil fuels and allow easy accesses to affordable renewable energies will result in a success of Malawi’s energy system.

In this paper the rate of convergence, speed of execution and symplectic properties of the time-integrators Leap-Frog (LF2), fourth order Runge-Kutta(RK4) and Crank-Nicholson (CN2) have been studied. This was done by solving the one-dimensional model for a particle in a box (Dirichlet-conditions). The results show that RK4 is the fastest in achieving higher tolerances, while CN2 is the fastest in achieving lower tolerances. Fourth order corrections of LF (LF4)and CN (CN4) were also studied, though these showed no improvements overLF2 and CN2. All methods were shown to exhibit symplectic behavior.

This master thesis explores interactive augmented reality. The aim is to design, create andtest device, which allows interaction between user and augmented reality. First analyzesaugmented reality, devices for its displaying and necessary calibration methods. Then, onthe basis of acquired knowledge, shows design and construction of few prototypes of devicelike this. Finally it shows experiments to test correctness of the concept.

Rural areas continue to be home to the majority of the population in Africa. The importance of providing modern energy to rural areas cannot, therefore, be overemphasized.  No wonder that at presently the major energy resource in Mozambique is fuel wood biomass. Total population is estimated to be 25 million and more than 80% of the energy consumed in the country comes from fuel wood biomass. The energy from the main grid covers about 45.3% of Mozambican population which 26.8% comes from the National Grid and the remaining 18.5% from renewables and other sources. People outside the grid are mainly those living in rural and suburban areas. For most rural households in the region, biomass fuels continue to be the dominant fuel of choice. The present document suggests possible options that could have greater impact on rural clean energy development. Such options could be Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal energy, Wind and Micro- hydropower for pumping water or electricity generator and Biofuels. These energy options are receiving adequate attention from policy makers and are improving rural life. These are useful Renewable Energy sources available in the rural areas since they can supply reliable, relatively cost-effective electricity for basic needs in developing countries. They can be used to improve the lives of people in many ways, including supplying clean electricity to light homes, hospitals, schools, small shops, and other infrastructures, pumping water, etc. For example, using the natural resource of wind, sunlight, rivers and Jatropha plants can improve the lives of many people in general and those in rural areas in particular. This paper aims to describe and discuss the present status of renewable energy technologies in developing countries (case of Mozambique), to define the plausible ways for expanding rural electrification and improving the life conditions for the rural population.

Mitigating climate change lies to a large part within the Energy System. In order to make it sustainable and efficient, policies have to be framed accordingly. This study focuses on formulation of policies based on future projections of the energy demand in Oskarshamn municipality of Sweden. Oskarshamn is a former industrial municipality, whose economic activity is in decline and it requires policies that accelerates its growth. It is also stereo-typical of much of Europe, as industrial activities are transferred elsewhere and regions are left to re-invent themselves. Questions such as “how to make the existing system more efficient” and “what is the best energy saving alternative”, have to be answered. For which, Long range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) tool is used to create scenarios based on different pathways and to project the energy demand in the future. The business as usual scenario is compared with mitigation scenario considering various energy efficiency measures. The measures mainly focus on Demand Side Management and improving energy lifestyle interactions. Examples include the impact of electric vehicles (EV) in the transport sector and effects of better insulation in residential buildings, etc. Nuclear is currently the main source and would possibly be phased out in the horizon and thus creating a need for alternative and sustainable sources of energy. The renewable energy scenario focuses on proposals for mixing renewable fuels in the energy supply side. These are not without costs and opportunities which are discussed in the study. The outcomes work a clear delineation of Greenhouse gas mitigation options, which in collaboration with the municipality would form the basis for a policy action plan.