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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005. / Adviser: Paul Vaaler. Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-138). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Durante preparo cirúrgico endodôntico, a modelagem centralizada e com menor tempo de trabalho possível são objetivos de qualquer operador, independentemente da sua experiência ou da técnica utilizada. Os desafios encontrados para a realização da modelagem ideal pode incluir dificuldades como a presença de curvaturas no canal e ainda, a inexperiência de quem a realiza. Os sistemas de lima única tem apresentado resultados favoráveis no que se refere à sua qualidade de preparo e seu tempo de trabalho. Ademais, esta técnica possui simplicidade no seu \"modus-operandi\", encorajando estudos que observem a sua aplicação no inicio da prática endodôntica. Afim de se observar o comportamento dos sistemas de lima única neste nicho de operadores, foram selecionados alunos de graduação. Propondo-se avaliar 12 operadores diferentes, foram utilizados 48 canais simulados curvos (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Suiça), onde cada operador instrumentou: 1 com técnica manual acorde Machado, 1 com sistema Wave One Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Suiça), 1 com sistema ProDesign Logic 25.06 (Easy Equip.Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, Brasil) em movimento rotatório contínuo e 1 com sistema ProDesign Logic 25.06 (Easy Equip.Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, Brasil) em movimento reciprocante (n=48). A modelagem produzida após a instrumentação foi avaliada pelos os critérios centricidade de preparo e tempo de trabalho. Quanto à qualidade do preparo, através de imagens sobrepostas e com auxílio do programa Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), os valores de centricidade foram obtidos nas alturas de 1 à 9mm do canal simulado. O tempo de trabalho foi cronometrado excluindo-se a troca entre instrumentos e a irrigação do canal. Para a análise comparativa do tempo de trabalho entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste Anova 1 fator com correção e pós-teste de Tukey para as múltiplas comparações. A centricidade dos preparos foi analisada através do teste de o Teste Kruskal-Wallis com o pós-teste de Dunn para as comparações múltiplas. Como resultado, o grupo Prodesign Logic em movimento rotatório (ROL) apresentou o menor tempo de instrumentação, seguido do grupo Wave One Gold (WOG) e, apresentando os maiores índices, os grupos Prodesign Logic em movimento reciprocante (REL) e manual acorde Machado (MAN) (p<0.05). Diferenças entre as centricidades foram encontradas à 1, 4 e 5mm do canais simulados (p<0.05). À 1mm, região final do preparo, os grupos WOG e ROL realizaram preparos mais centralizados que os grupos MAN e REL. Aos 4mm, região de curvatura do canal simuado, o grupo WOG apresentou os preparos mais centralizados quando comparados à REL, ROL e MAN. Ainda na região da curvatura, aos 5mm, uma maior centricidade de preparo foi encontrado em WOG quando comparado à MAN. Considerando-se todas as alturas do canal simulado, o sistema WOG apresentou os preparos mais centralizados e o grupo ROL os menores tempos de trabalho. Observando-se os critérios qualidade de preparo e tempo de instrumentação associados, a técnica com o sistema Wave One Gold se mostrou indicada para uso por iniciantes da prática endodôntica / During endodontic preparation procedure, the goal of any operator is to perform a centering shaping with the shortest possible working time, regardless of their experience or the technique used. The challenges encountered for performing the ideal shaping may include difficulties such as root canal curvatures and the inexperience of the performer. The single file systems have shown favorable results regarding their shape ability and working time. In addition, this technique has simplicity in its \"modus-operandi\", encouraging studies that observe its application at the beginning of the endodontic practice. In order to observe single file systems behavior\'s in this niche of operators, was selected undergraduate students. In order to evaluate 12 different operators, 48 simulated root canals (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were used, where each operator was instrumented: 1 with a manual acorde Machado technique, 1 with Wave One Gold Primary system (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues), 1 with ProDesign Logic system 25.06 (Easy Equip., Belo Horizonte, Brazil) in continuous rotatory movement and 1 with ProDesign Logic system 25.06 (Easy Equip., Belo Horizonte, Brazil) in reciprocating movement (n = 48). ). After instrumentation, the shape ability produced was evaluated by cententering ratios and working time criteria. As for the quality of the preparation, through superimposed images and with the aid of the program Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA), centering values were obtained at the legths of 1 to 9mm of the simulated root canal. Working time was assesed excluding instruments exchanges and canal irrigation. For the comparative analysis of the working time between groups, the Anova 1 factor test with correction and post-test of Tukey for the multiple comparisons was used. The centering ability was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with the Dunn post-test for multiple comparisons. As a result, the Prodesign Logic group in rotatory motion (ROL) presented the shortest instrumentation time, followed by the Wave One Gold (WOG) group and, with the highest indexes, Prodesign Logic in reciprocating motion (REL) and manual acorde Machado techqnique (MAN) groups (p <0.05). Differences between centering ratios were found at 1, 4 and 5 mm of simulated root canals (p <0.05). At 1mm, apical region, WOG and ROL groups performed more centering preparations than MAN and REL groups. At 4mm, region of curvature, WOG group presented the most centering ability when compared to REL, ROL and MAN. Still on curvature portion, at 5mm, a greater centering ratio was found in WOG when compared to MAN. Considering all lengths of the simulated root canal, WOG system presented better shape ability and the ROL group the shortest working times. By observing shape ability associated with instrumentation time, was possible to conclude that Wave One Gold system is indicated for beginners of endodontic practice

In the age of Web2.0, various network services became critical. Exchange of messages between entities in the network is so frequent that information explosion is quite common nowadays. Volume of Information passed is growing up rapidly. With the wide development of web applications, people need to learn how to filter the important messages; service providers have urgent need to trace the ever changing role of users. This research studies the detections of the user interaction scenario, based on the result from the test function in the on-line learning platform. The learning platform users are divided into two groups, teachers and students, based on their roles. Usually students sit for an on-line examination at the end of each learning activity. The teachers are in charge of helping students with their presentations, encouraging those with good grades, and helping the weaker ones to reach their potential. But in the one-to-many teaching method, a teacher needs to face many students and the resultant grade of an examination becomes a heap of fuzzy and difficult to comprehend numbers. Even though some mathematical tools can help the teachers analyze the data, it is still very difficult to provide appropriate response to each student. The purpose of this research motives building an examination system which combines context-awareness and auto-notification, and bring the advantages of digital examination. An inference engine is used to calculate linear regression of learning curve for each student, then review the old data, and transfer the analysis into the learning context. Then the feedback is given to the students under the various learning context or the teacher will get notification after it compile the analysis. Besides analyzing the past data, the linear regression result will be adjusted to fit the characteristics of learning curve and infer the personal goal of the student. If result is better than expected goal, students should be encouraged. On the other hand, the remediable actions will be administered. Those events can be scheduled by the manager of auto-notification system, published in the appropriate time, and achieve the goal of variety, personalization, and automation.

The way surgical trainees acquire technical skills is changing in modern surgical training programmes: simulation is proposed as a key part of those changes. Arthroscopy is a surgical technique that is increasing in both incidence and technical complexity; where simulation is becoming common, but evidence is limited. Real-world performance improvements can be measured following simulation training in other fields, but equivalent measures of intra-operative performance are inadequate. Thus, although surgical simulation is popular and improves simulated performance, there is little objective evidence that it improves intra-operative performance. The original contribution of this thesis is to objectively demonstrate the transfer of simulation training into improved intra-operative technical skills. To achieve this, a systematic literature review investigated the quantitative metrics currently used to measure arthroscopic performance, identifying wireless motion analysis as a potential method to assess performance intra-operatively. Motion analysis is a recognised objective method to measure surgical activity which correlates with surgical experience, so wireless motion analysis was validated against a wired motion analysis method commonly used in simulation but not feasible for intra-operative use. Wireless motion analysis metrics were further validated with a simulated arthroscopy list: this environment allowed deliberate practice of arthroscopic sub-skills with proximate feedback for independent practice. This simulated arthroscopy list with wireless motion analysis was used in two randomised studies: the penultimate study of this thesis investigated the impact of simulated practice on the arthroscopic learning curve and showed that performance improved rapidly with independent practice but was not modified by feedback, while the final study investigated additional simulation practice during early surgical training, and objectively demonstrated that additional simulation training improved intra-operative performance compared to traditional training alone. This thesis is the first to objectively show that simulation affects intra-operative behaviour. It sets the groundwork for further investigations into efficient, cost-effective simulation and the impact of simulation training on patient outcomes.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Peru present problems such as access to the national market due to limited capital or access to technology compared to large companies. However, they also lack an adequate definition and conceptualization of their processes, as well as a low level of business information transfer, which causes an absence in the measurement, control of processes and low operational performance. Given this situation, we propose the application and implementation of knowledge management tools in a company dedicated to the marketing and distribution of school supplies, which represents an SME in Peru. The tools used as the map of processes and flowcharts of the different processes were used to make the participants of the processes known. Through the realization of training, performance evaluations and internal audit, the learning of the operator is analyzed. As a result, there was a 57.63% decrease in errors in armed orders during picking, as well as a decrease of 7.98% and 8.59% of times in the execution of the processes under study for small orders and larger orders, respectively. Similarly, 96.56% of dispatches generated correctly were obtained.

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