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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Judicial Review and Individual Legal Activism : The Case of Russia in Theoretical Perspective

Jonsson, Anna January 2005 (has links)
This dissertation deals with judicial review of governmental action and individual legal activism. It investigates whether judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism, within the field of public law, can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers. To discuss the effect of various standing rules and the potential societal function of public law adjudication, a model for analyzing the character of public law adjudication has been developed. The model allows for a characterization of public law adjudication as either Liberal or Republican, depending on features of standing rules, court proceedings, and court decisions. It concludes that judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism within the field of public law can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers, especially when public trust in, and the powers of, the legislative assembly and political parties is low and decreasing, and if the preconditions for individual legal activism are of such a character that access to justice is available to the larger public and not only a limited group of advantaged individuals. This theoretical framework is then used to analyse judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism in post-Socialist Russia. The results show that the Russian state is best described as authoritarian and that the traditional principal-agent relationship is weak. Thus, in order to strengthen the individual in relation to the state, alternatives for exercising control and participation are required. An analysis of the legislative framework, i.e., the law as it is laid down in the books, shows that Russian administrative law is rights-based and that the character of Russian public law adjudication is closer to the Republican model than the Liberal. However, the Russian support structure is still weak and finds itself in an increasingly inhospitable environment – legally, financially, and politically. In addition, this dissertation concludes that Russia’s membership in the CoE has had an impact on judicial protection of individual rights within the sphere of public law in terms of: improving the legislative framework; developing Russian court jurisprudence referring to the ECHR and to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR; exerting pressure on the Russian state to improve practices of the state bureaucracy; stimulating individual legal activism, and increasing individuals’ knowledge and awareness of their lawful rights and how to implement them.
2

Justice municipale et justiciables à Guadalajara (1821-1846) : fonctionnement et portée d'une institution de proximité dans une période de transition / Municipal Justice and Litigants in Guadalajara (1821-1846) : the functioning and significance of a local Institution in a time of transition

Vallejo Flores, Mercedes 15 December 2017 (has links)
Les procédures orales (juicios verbales) et les conciliations qui firent irruption sur la scène judiciaire, après la promulgation de la Constitution espagnole de 1812, ont constitué, pendant de longues décennies, le dernier échelon du système judiciaire mexicain. Soumises à des adaptations diverses après l'indépendance du pays, leurs caractéristiques essentielles ont toutefois été conservées par la suite : l’ensemble de ces procédures fut fondamentalement attribué à des juges locaux qui n'étaient pas tenus d'avoir une formation juridique et qui ne recevaient aucune rémunération, exerçant un service obligatoire au bénéfice de la collectivité (carga concejil). Cette justice municipale avec ses juges «profanes» représente l'un des nombreux éléments qui autorise à qualifier le XIXe siècle mexicain de période de transition juridique. À Guadalajara, deux types de juges sont intervenus dans l’administration de justice par des procès verbaux au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle : les alcaldes constitucionales et les commissaires de police. Leurs tribunaux étaient les institutions judiciaires ordinaires les plus proches des justiciables où étaient résolus divers conflits du quotidien, principalement de caractère civil, mais aussi criminels. Bien que chacun eût incarné une justice paternelle, peu répressive et caractérisée par sa simplicité procédurale, les tribunaux des commissaires de police étaient des espaces moins coercitifs encore, plus souples et ouverts à la négociation. S’il est vrai que ces derniers avaient certes moins d’attributions en matière de sanctions, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils gardaient une plus grande proximité avec les justiciables. / The oral trials (juicios verbales) and conciliation which emerged in the judicial domain following the declaration of the 1812 Spanish Constitution, represented for many decades the lowest level of the Mexican judicial system. Although subjected to a number of modifications after the country’s independence, their essential characteristics were preserved: both processes were primarily attributed to local judges who required no legal training and received no remuneration. These judges performed an obligatory service for the benefit of the community (carga concejil). Such municipal justice, embodying judges from among the laypeople, is one of a number of elements that supports the description of the Mexican nineteenth century as a period of legal transition. In Guadalajara, two types of judge exist in oral trial judicial administration during the first half of the nineteenth century: alcaldes constitucionales and police officers (comisarios de policía). Their courts were the ordinary judicial institutions closest to the litigants in which various everyday conflicts were resolved, chiefly civil ones, but also criminal. While both categories of judge represented a paternal type of justice, minimally repressive and simple in its process, the police officers’ courts were less coercive and more open to negotiation. While these latter courts certainly possessed fewer powers than the alcaldes constitucionales regarding sanctions, in certain respects they nevertheless were more accessible to the litigants.
3

L'état aux champs : l'administration de justice rurale au Chili (1824-1875) / State in the countryside : rural judicial administration in Chili (1824-1875)

Bilot, Pauline 06 May 2019 (has links)
Au Chili, au XIXe siècle, les inspecteurs et les sous-délégués étaient les fonctionnaires qui rendaient justice aux plus bas échelons, à savoir respectivement dans les districts et les sous-délégations qui composaient la République. Ils étaient nommés par le gouverneur du département parmi les hommes sachant lire et écrire et dotés d’une certaine indépendance économique et d’une bonne réputation sociale. L’immense majorité n’avait aucune formation en droit ni même de connaissances juridiques : il s’agissait de juges legos, en opposition aux avocats des universités, les letrados. Ils instruisaient, uniquement à l’oral, des procès de montant minime et mineur ainsi que, dans le cas des sous-délégués, des affaires criminelles légères ; en d’autres termes, les procès les plus courants et les plus nombreux. En outre, ils assumaient des prérogatives administratives et policières larges, cumul unique de fonctions qui les rendaient responsables de l’ordre public dans leur circonscription. Tout ceci, sans aucune rémunération ni gratification de la part de l’État : il s’agissait en effet de charges honorifiques, assumées gratuitement. [...] Au regard de ces évolutions, la figure administrative du juge de campagne semble être « à contre-courant », ce que n’ont pas manqué de remarquer les juristes éclairés de l’époque. Dès lors, cette thèse s’interroge sur la permanence de ce fonctionnaire pendant toute la période étudiée entre le Règlement d’administration de justice de 1824 et la Loi d’Organisation et d’attribution des Tribunaux de 1875. Elle cherche également à comprendre le sens et le poids de cette fonction, à rendre compte de son activité et des conditions dans lesquelles elle s’exerçait, à imaginer son efficacité et son acceptation au sein de la communauté, autant d’éléments qui peuvent contribuer à sa longévité. Deux terrains d’études ont été privilégiés pour leur valeur représentative de différents types de campagnes chiliennes : le département de Curicó, vallée d’agriculture commerciale et d’exportation traditionnelle, et le département de Copiapó, désert minier inséré dans l’économie capitaliste. [...] Certaines de ces sources sont inédites, en particulier, les rapports de visites judiciaires, les affaires judiciaires, les correspondances administratives qui permettent de rendre aux juges de campagne leur «visage humain». En somme, elles aident à comprendre comment se fit la construction de l’État dans les campagnes, depuis l’angle de vue de ces dernières. / In Chile, during the nineteenth century, inspectors and sub-delegates were civil servants who served justice to the lowest strata – namely in the districts and the sub-delegations that formed the Republic. They were appointed by the governor of the province and were men who could read and write, enjoyed a certain economic independence and had decent social status. Most of them had no legal training nor knowledge: they were lego judges, as opposed to university lawyers, the letrados. They were conducting minor trials orally and, in the case of sub-delegates, light indictable cases; that is to say the most common and numerous ones. In addition, they held wide administrative and police entitlements which combined roles making them responsible for public order within their constituencies. All this, without any remuneration or gratuity from the State: such positions were in fact honorary charges, performed for free. [...] In view of these developments, the administrative feature of the county judge was appearing to “go against the grain”, which got noticed by the enlightened jurists of the time. Therefore, this thesis questions the permanence of these civil servants throughout the studied period, i.e. between the Justice Administrative Rules of 1824 and the Judiciary and Judicial Appointment Law of 1875. It also seeks to understand the meaning and credence of this function, to report on its activity and the conditions under which it was exercised, to imagine its effectiveness and its acceptance within the community – all of which being potentially able to contribute to its longevity. Two fields of study were favored in view of their representative value of the Chilean countryside: the Curicó province, a valley marked by commercial agriculture and traditional export, and the Copiapó province a mining desert well included in capitalist economy. [...] The studied “maladministration-of-justice” cases show that, before punishing and penalizing, the letrado judge attempted to advise and to guide his lego judges. Custodians of a valuable "know-how", these "ignorant" of the Law proved to be absolutely necessary for the maintenance of law and order. They acted – in more or less regulatory procedural terms – upon the daily life conflicts and disputes of their community as revealed through the sources (some of them being previously unpublished). Moreover, reports of judicial visits, court cases and administrative correspondence allow us to see county judges with a "human face". In short, they provide a way to understand how the state formation took place, in the countryside and from the latter’s own point of view. / En Chile, en el siglo XIX, los inspectores y los subdelegados eran los funcionarios que administraban justicia a escala territorial local, es decir,respectivamente en los distritos y en las subdelegaciones que componían la República. Eran nombrados por el gobernador del Departamento entre los hombres que sabían leer y escribir, que eran dotados de cierta independencia económica, y que gozaban de buena reputación social. La gran mayoría de ellos no poseía una formación en derecho y tampoco conocimientos jurídicos:eran jueces “legos”, en oposición a los abogados de las universidades, los“letrados”. Inspectores y subdelegados conocían, solamente de forma verbal,juicios de mínima y menor cuantía. En el caso de los subdelegados, estos también conocían delitos leves; es decir, los juicios más comunes y numerosos.Por otra parte, inspectores y subdelegados asumían prerrogativas administrativas y policiales amplias, manejando un cúmulo único de funciones,que los hacía responsables del orden público en su circunscripción. Todo esto,sin ninguna remuneración ni gratificación de parte del Estado: se trataba en realidad de cargos concejiles, asumidos gratuitamente.Considerando estas evoluciones, la figura administrativa del juez rural parece estar a “contracorriente”, lo que fue muy bien percibido por los juristas ilustrados de la época. [...] Partiendo de esta observación, esta tesis cuestiona la permanencia de estos funcionarios durante todo el período estudiado entre el Reglamento de Administración de Justicia de 1824 y la Ley de Organización y de Atribuciones de los Tribunales de 1875. El trabajo busca comprender el sentido y el peso de esta función, así como rendir cuenta de su actividad y delas condiciones en las cuales se ejercía, e imaginar su eficacia y su aceptación en el seno de la comunidad. Todo lo anterior pudo contribuir a su permanencia.Dos terrenos de investigación fueron privilegiados por su valor representativo de los diferentes espacios rurales chilenos: el departamento de Curicó, valle de agricultura comercial y de exportación tradicional, y el departamento de Copiapó, desierto minero inserto en la economía capitalista. [...]Algunas de las que se estudiaron para este trabajo son inéditas, en particular, los informes de visitas judiciales, los expedientes judiciales, y las correspondencias administrativas, que permiten dar a los jueces rurales un“rostro humano”. En síntesis, ayudan a comprender cómo se realizó la construcción del Estado en el espacio rural, y desde el punto de vista de este último.

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