Compliments, speech acts used to establish and reinforce solidity in human interaction, are employed extensively in various social situations. The act of giving compliments as well as responding to compliments may differ for various social contexts and cultural norms. Particularly for second language learners, the target environment may influence the way they employ compliments in their second language. This study aimed to investigate the compliment responses of Chinese second language speakers of English in view of their length of stay in the US and topic of the compliment. Four participant groups included a US group, and three Chinese ESL groups with different length of stay in the US. Both quantitative and qualitative results indicated that the four groups shared a similar tendency to employ compliment responses. These results suggest that there may be a new concept of culture developing, which is not bound to geographic location and first language.

<p> Residential stress is a key concept within residential mobility studies. Considerable research, in the past, has been devoted to the task of actually measuring, and quantifying residential stress. </p> <p> Many factors which affect residential stress have been outlined, however, the absolute effect of these factors, and their relative strengths are not known. Many suggest that this is mainly due to the fact that previous research designs have not provided adequate control over extraneous variance, there by preventing the isolation of the effects of individual factors. </p> <p> The body of literature in residential mobility studies exhibits this apparent lack of methodological rigidity through the occurrence of certain inconsistencies in the literature. An example of such an inconsistency deals with the relationship between length of residence and residential stress. studies have been done which actually support the "cumulative inertia hypothesis", that is stress decreases with increasing length of residence, while others have provided evidence for the "cumulative stress hypothesis", that is, stress increases with increasing length of residence. </p> <p> The present study is designed around the recognition of the need to develop and implement a methodology that would alleviate the seemingly contradictory findings presented in the mobility literature. The problem being addressed is to establish the separate and joint effects of life cycle stage and length of residence on residential stress, these being two factors identified in past studies as potentially important determinants of stress. The main findings of the study were that both life cycle stage, and length of residence have significant separate effects on residential stress. Also, when length of residence was introduced as a covariate with life cycle stage in an analysis of covariance, the variation in stress explained by life cycle stage decreased substantially, with length of residence having the greater predictive power. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Chagga women who control land on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, have a deep and profound sense of attachment to their lands and homes. This thesis compares their reasons for attachment to the systemic model. The systemic model states that community attachment is dependent on social ties and interactions. The three factors that lead to these ties are length of residence, social status, and age. In-depth interviews with women in 2002 and 2003, a survey from 2002, and field notes from 2002 and 2003 are used to explain the main factors of attachment of women in three villages on the mountain: Mbahe, Marangu, and Chekereni. This research finds that social ties are not dependent on length of residence, but do have some connections with social status and age. Women have social ties regardless of their length of residence. They interact with each other no matter the social status of the other, but this occurs more frequently as the women are more involved in education and religion. Western influences, land shortages, and economic pressures are causing the interactions of the young and old to be more strained. Though social ties are partly related so social status and age, this thesis finds that the attachment of Chagga women does not completely follow the systemic model. Instead, the women's attachment is primarily associated with family ties. The land has provided food and income for their families for generations and it is the hope of each of the women that it will continue to care for their families in such a way.

<p dir="ltr">Comprehensibility refers to the degree of effort that a listener requires to understand a speaker’s utterance (Derwing & Munro, 1997; Munro & Derwing, 1995; Derwing & Munro, 2005). Previous studies on L2 pronunciation have found that segmental errors could affect comprehensibility (Derwing et al., 1998; Derwing & Munro, 1997; Isaacs & Thomson, 2020; Saito et al., 2017). However, this finding only indicates a correlation between the number of segmental errors and lower comprehensibility. It is still unclear what aspects of pronunciation L2 learners need to practice in order to improve the comprehensibility of their speech. This thesis proposes that the degree of acoustic contrast may play a role in determining comprehensibility. More specifically, it investigates the relation between Mandarin speakers’ acoustic contrast between tense and lax vowels in English (i.e., [i] and [ɪ], [u] and [ʊ]) and the perceived comprehensibility of their speech.</p><p dir="ltr">A sentence production task and a comprehensibility rating task were conducted. In the sentence production task, 20 Mandarin speakers and 10 English speakers read aloud English sentences containing tense and lax vowels and were audio-recorded. The acoustic measurements of the vowels were taken in order to compare Mandarin speakers’ acoustic realization of the tense and lax vowels with English speakers’ productions. In the comprehensibility rating task, 48 English speakers transcribed the sentences recorded during the sentence production task and rated the comprehensibility of the sentences. The comprehensibility ratings were tested for correlation with the number of transcription errors, the degree of spectral and durational contrasts between vowels, and the speakers’ US residency length, in order to investigate the relation between intelligibility errors and comprehensibility, between acoustic contrast and comprehensibility, and between US residency length and comprehensibility.</p><p dir="ltr">The results of the linear-mixed effect model indicated that spectral contrast between [u] - [ʊ], but not [i] - [ɪ], was significantly reduced in Mandarin speakers’ productions compared to the English speakers, suggesting that Mandarin speakers under-differentiated the back vowel pair. A correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i> indicated a significant negative correlation between number of intelligibility errors and comprehensibility, suggesting that intelligibility errors decreased comprehensibility. A correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i> indicated a significant positive correlation between the degree of spectral contrast and comprehensibility rating for sentences with semantically meaningful context, suggesting that increasing the contrast between tense and lax vowels could help increase the comprehensibility of speech. Finally, a correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i><i> </i>indicated no significant correlation between US residency length and comprehensibility, meaning that the relation between residency length and comprehensibility was not confirmed.</p><p dir="ltr">To sum up, acoustic contrast could be one of the contributors to speech comprehensibility. Therefore, directing English L2 learners to focus on increasing the acoustic distance between contrasting vowels could prove a fruitful strategy for improving the comprehensibility of L2 speech.</p>

Diverses études s’accordent sur le fait que les immigrants, notamment dans les premiers moments succédant leur arrivée, sont en meilleure santé que les natifs, ce que l’on appelle l’« effet de sélection de l’immigrant en bonne santé » (ESIBS). Toutefois, cet effet tend à se dissiper avec la durée de résidence dans le pays d’accueil. Dans la perspective de vérifier si ce fait est toujours avéré au Canada, l’objectif principal de l’étude est de documenter l’évolution de l’ESIBS au cours des 20 dernières années. En outre, nous analysons l’évolution du rôle de la durée de résidence dans la dissipation de l’ESIBS, et en particulier nous cherchons à savoir si cette dissipation s’observe toujours et dans quelle mesure. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous appuyons nos analyses sur les données issues de tous les passages de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (ESCC) de 2001 à 2018 (au nombre de 8), excepté celle de 2011-2012 pour laquelle les données sont indisponibles. Pour mesurer la santé des individus, nous nous en remettons principalement à la variable de la santé perçue ou auto-déclarée de l’ESCC. L’analyse descriptive, dans un premier temps, met en lumière le rôle de la durée de résidence sur la santé perçue en croisant cette variable avec une série de variables sociodémographiques, en particulier l’âge, le sexe, l’ethnicité et le revenu. Une analyse multivariée, basée sur le modèle complémentaire log-log (ou cloglog), permet d’étudier de manière plus approfondie les relations entre la variable (dépendante) de santé perçue et ces variables indépendantes. Comme résultats principaux, nous observons que l’ESIBS s’est maintenu tout au long de la période étudiée, de même que l’effet négatif sur la santé de la durée de résidence écoulée. Il semble même que l’ESIBS se soit accentué avec le temps, particulièrement pour les immigrants récents (i.e., durée de résidence < 10 ans). Cette amélioration s’observe plus particulièrement chez les femmes immigrantes récentes en 2018, probablement à cause d’un effet de sélection accru dans ces cohortes d’immigrantes. L’amélioration de la santé perçue des immigrants est également statistiquement significative, mais n’est pas aussi prononcée que pour les immigrantes. Hormis l’état matrimonial et la province de résidence pour lesquels l’effet n’était pas très important dans nos modèles, les autres variables conjuguées avec la durée de résidence permettent d’approfondir notre compréhension de l’ESIBS et de ses relations multivariées avec ses principaux déterminants mesurables. Fait notoire, l’ESIBS se manifeste presqu’exclusivement dans les groupes socioéconomiques les moins avantagés, et pratiquement pas dans les groupes avantagés, indiquant qu’un revenu élevé peut avoir le rôle d’un effet protecteur de la santé, chez les natifs comme chez les immigrants. / Various studies agree that immigrants, especially in the first moments after arrival, are healthier than the native-born, the so-called “healthy immigrant effect” (HIE). However, this effect tends to dissipate with the length of residence in the host country. In order to verify whether this fact is still true in Canada, the main objective of the study is to document the evolution of the HIE over the last 20 years. In addition, we analyze the changing role of residence time in the dissipation of HIE, and in particular whether and to what extent this dissipation is still observed. To achieve our objective, we base our analyses on data from all the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) rounds from 2001 to 2018 (8 in number), except for 2011-2012 for which data are unavailable. To measure the health of individuals, we rely primarily on the perceived or self-reported health variable of the CCHS. The descriptive analysis first highlights the role of length of residence on perceived health by cross-tabulating this variable with a series of socio-demographic variables, in particular age, gender, ethnicity and income. A multivariate analysis based on the complementary log-log (or cloglog) model, allows us to further investigate the relationships between the (dependent self-reported health variable and these independent variables. As main results we observe that the HIE has been maintained throughout the study period, as well as the negative effect of the length of residence on health. It even seems that the HIE has increased over time, especially for recent immigrants (i.e., length of residence <10 years). This improvement is particularly observed among recent immigrant women in 2018, probably due to an increased selection effect in these immigrant cohorts. The improvement in the self-reported health of immigrants is also statistically significant but is not as pronounced as for female immigrants. Apart from marital status and province of residence, for which the effect was not very significant in our models, the other variables combined with length of residence provide further insight into the HIE and its multivariate relationships with its main measurable determinants. Notably, HIE occurs almost exclusively in the lowest socio-economic groups, and almost not in the highest, indicating that high income may act as a protective effect on health, both for natives and immigrants.