Sierra Leone came to world attention in the 1990s when a catastrophic civil war linked to the diamond trade was reported globally. This fleet- ing and particular interest, however, obscured two crucial processes in this small West African state. On the one hand, while the civil war was momentous, brutal and affected all Sierra Leoneans, it was also just one element in the long and faltering attempt to build a nation and state given the country's immensely problematic pre-colonial and British colonial legacies. On the other, the aftermath of the war precipitated a huge inter- national effort to construct a 'liberal peace', with mixed results, and thus made Sierra Leone a laboratory for post-Cold War interventions. Sierra Leone examines 225 years of its history and fifty years of independence, placing state- society relations at the centre of an original and revealing investigation of those who have tried to rule or change Sierra Leone and its inhabitants and the responses engendered. It interweaves the historical narrative with sketches of politicians, anecdotes, the landscape and environment and key turning-points, alongside theoretical and other comparisons with the rest of Africa. It is a new contribution to the debate for those who already know Sierra Leone and a solid point of entry for those who wish to know.

No / The article is organized into two main parts. First, it presents the termination of the conflict in Sierra Leone as a case-study to examine the degree to which cosmopolitan values connecting peacekeeping and peacebuilding are (or are not) evident. The case-study looks at the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) as a model of successful peacekeeping in the sense that everyday security was provided for the people of Sierra Leone through the deployment of a robust peacekeeping mission. This assessment needs to be qualified in relation to serious deficits still to be addressed in post-conflict peacebuilding, yet the success of this mission does provide encouragement for those who see the construction of a cosmopolitan security architecture for Africa as both desirable and achievable. Second, it explores the degree to which an appropriate model of cosmopolitan peacekeeping might emerge at regional and continental levels in Africa through the development of the African Standby Force (ASF). What the case-study presented here and the survey of the African Union (AU)/ASF in the second part of the article have in common is that taken together, they provide some evidence to suggest that, however fragile, the AU is beginning to define an agenda that represents a continent wide and, in that sense at least, a cosmopolitan response to African security issues.

The momentous 2005 Liberian elections followed a devastating civil war. Remarkably, the winner of the presidential race was a woman, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and the second-placed was a footballer, George Weah. In addition, in stark contrast to many African elections in particular those in neighbouring Sierra Leone, voting patterns were fragmented: voters often chose President, Senators and Representatives from different parties or independents. Much can be explained by a remarkably level playing-field delivered by an interim coalition government providing no incumbent. In 2011, the Johnson-Sirleaf incumbency stood to significantly change the dynamics. This article seeks to discern whether Liberian elections maintain their unusual patterns, whether Liberia has joined the ranks of African patron-clientelist, dominant-party or two-party systems, in particular compared to that of Sierra Leone, or whether there are new twists in its democratic development. / Full text of the article was made available on the 1st March 2015 at the end of the publisher's embargo.

No

Yes / This report on Sierra Leone is one of 13 case studies (all of the case studies are available at www.bradford.ac.uk/cics). This research draws upon secondary data sources including existing research studies, reports and evaluations commissioned by operational agencies, and early warning and survey data where this has been available. These secondary sources have been complemented by primary research interviews with government officers, aid policymakers and practitioners, researchers and members of the local population. The author would like to thank Tunde Zack-Williams for comments made on an earlier draft. The analysis and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of DFID or the UK government. 1

No / The primary objective of this book is to provide an analytical understanding of the nature, dynamics and complexity of the politics of economic regionalism through the prism of Sierra Leone in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The book also discusses the following issues: the evolution of economic regionalism in West Africa and the conceptual framework for analysis; the expansion of the economic regionalism; developments within the West Africa sub-region with that of the transformation of the global economy and international political system; political, economic and security developments within ECOWAS; and the civil war in Sierra Leone.

yes / P5. The evaluation was undertaken by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd, the PARC & Associated Consultants. The ACPP Sierra Leone Case study was carried out by Dr Jeremy Ginifer with Ms Kaye Oliver. Work was conducted in three phases. The first was London-based, and involved situating Sierra Leone ACPP activities in the context of UK approaches to conflict prevention and the overall policy framework of the ACPP. The second phase involved field work in Sierra Leone, whilst the third phase involved consultations in London with key government stakeholders. P7. The Sierra Leone Case Study is one of six studies undertaken within the framework of the evaluation of the CPPs. In accordance with the Terms of Reference (ToRs) and the Inception Report, the Evaluation placed maximum emphasis on the macro level: the policy processes in Whitehall by which decisions on allocations are made and implemented by the CPPs. Considerable attention has also been placed on the meso level: the degree to which CPP policies and activities in a given conflict form part of a coherent package of direct interventions by the international community and local actors to the problems of particular large scale deadly conflicts or potential conflicts. The micro-level of analysis (review of specific projects) confines itself largely to the way in which projects impact on the meso and macro levels. The Evaluation has not analysed systematically whether specific projects funded by the CPPs have been well managed and whether they have achieved their specific project goals. Single projects have been analysed to the extent that they reflect on the macro and meso levels. P8. The main findings of the evaluation, reflected in this Synthesis Report, are that the CPPs are doing significant work funding worthwhile activities that make positive contributions to effective conflict prevention, although it is far too early in the day to assess impact. The progress achieved through the CPP mechanisms is significant enough to justify their continuation.

No / Sierra Leone came to world attention in the 1990s when a catastrophic civil war linked to the diamond trade was reported globally. This fleeting and particular interest, however, obscured two crucial processes in this small West African state. On the one hand, while the civil war was momentous and brutal, affecting all Sierra Leoneans, it was also just one element in the long and faltering attempt to build a nation and state, given the country’s immensely problematic pre-colonial and British colonial legacies. On the other, the aftermath of the war precipitated a huge international effort to construct a ‘liberal peace’, with mixed results, and interrupted by the devastating Ebola pandemic. This made Sierra Leone a laboratory for both post-conflict and health crisis interventions. Sierra Leone examines over 230 years of its history and sixty years of independence, placing state–society relations at the centre of an original and revealing investigation of those who have tried to rule or change Sierra Leone and its inhabitants, and the responses engendered. It interweaves the historical narrative with sketches of politicians, anecdotes, the landscape and environment and key turning-points, alongside theoretical and other comparisons with the rest of Africa. It is a new contribution to the debate for those who already know Sierra Leone and a solid point of entry for those who wish to.

Ao retornar à Itália em 1942, após alguns anos no Brasil lecionando na Universidade de São Paulo, Ungaretti foi nomeado professor de literatura na Universidade de Roma. Apesar de alguns percalços posteriores relativos a tal nomeação, Ungaretti permaneceu na universidade até se aposentar, e alguns de seus alunos, assim como ocorreu no Brasil, acabaram por formar vínculos mais fortes com o poeta. Um desses alunos foi Leone Piccioni, filho de Attilio Piccioni, um dos fundadores do partido Democrazia Cristiana e mais tarde ministro e senador. Em 1945 Leone Piccioni, vindo da Universidade de Florença e portando uma carta de apresentação de Giuseppe De Robertis, encontrou-se com Ungaretti, quando então discutiram os possíveis temas da tesi di laurea de Piccioni. Foi a partir de então que Ungaretti e Piccioni começaram a trocar cartas. Ambos moravam em Roma e, embora se encontrassem com bastante frequência e sempre conversassem pelo telefone, Ungaretti sentia necessidade de escrever para Piccioni após ter refletido a respeito de alguma discussão. A correspondência teve início em julho de 1946 e terminou em maio de 1969 tendo Ungaretti morrido em junho de 1970. Essas cartas foram publicadas em um volume na Itália, Lallegria è il mio elemento, em 2013, e nos mostram um Ungaretti mais preocupado com a construção da sua carreira e da sua vida profissional. A análise dessas cartas nos traz novos elementos da vida de Ungaretti que contribuem para uma compreensão mais aprofundada do poeta e de sua obra. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é selecionar, traduzir e contextualizar cartas constantes de tal volume, apresentando quatro aspectos da construção da sua persona pública e profissional que se sobressaíram dessa análise: a chiara fama (ou notório saber), a busca pelo Nobel, o poeta injustiçado e o poeta festejado. / After returning to Italy in 1942, having spent a few years in Brazil teaching at University of São Paulo, Ungaretti was appointed professor of literature at University of Rome. Despite some later obstacles related to such appointment, Ungaretti remained at the University until his retirement, and some of his students, as in Brazil, ended up by creating stronger bonds with the poet. One of these students was Leone Piccioni, son of Attilio Piccioni, one of the founders of the party Democrazia Cristiana, and later minister and senator. In 1945 Leone Piccioni, coming from University of Florence and having a letter of introduction from Giuseppe De Robertis, met Ungaretti to discuss possible subjects of Piccionis tesi di laurea. It was from then on that Ungaretti and Piccioni started to write each other. Both lived in Rome and, though they often met and always talked on the phone, Ungaretti felt the need of writing to Piccioni after having considered some discussion they had. The correspondence started in July 1946 and ended in May 1969, having Ungaretti died in June 1970. These letters were published in Italy in a book called Lallegria è il mio elemento, in 2013, and show us an Ungaretti that is more concerned with the development of his career and professional life. The analysis of these letters gives us new elements of Ungarettis life that contribute to a deeper understanding of the poet and his work. Thus, the purpose of this work is to select, translate and provide the context of letters included in such book, presenting four aspects of the construction of his public and professional persona that stood out in this analysis: chiara fama (widely recognized erudition), search for the Nobel prize, the wronged poet and the celebrated poet.

“The UN Peacebuilding Commission – Lessons from Sierra Leone” by political scientist Andrea Iro is an assessment of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) and the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) by analysing their performance over the last two years in Sierra Leone, one of the first PBC focus countries. The paper explores the key question of how the PBC/PBF’s mandate has been translated into operational practice in the field. It concludes that though the overall impact has been mainly positive and welcomed by the country, translating the general mandate into concrete activities remains a real challenge at the country level.