This thesis presents an expressive (non-photorealistic) rendering approach created by combining volumetric rendering techniques with the Line Integral Convolution (LIC) in 3D space. Although some techniques that combine volume rendering with the LIC have been introduced in computer graphics, they are mainly used for the scientific visualization fields, such as the visualization of 3D fluid fields. Unlike earlier research, we will focus on artistic representation, which is significantly different than scientific visualization research. We will implement a brush-stroke effect on the implicit surfaces by using the LIC. The implicit surfaces are described as volume datasets that are created by the voxelization of triangular meshes. To acquire smearing effects on the surface we convolve along the vector fields with the densities of the voxels of the datasets. These vector fields are defined by users as texture maps. The final images are rendered with volume ray casting, integrating colors and densities of voxels with Perlin noise along vector fields. The Perlin noise provides randomness and allows us to generate scratches. Smearing effects on the surface of an object create the illusion of 3D brush-strokes as if a painter had created brush strokes on a canvas. The rendering system is implemented using standard C and C++ programming languages. 3D models are then created using Alias MayaTM and TopmodTM.

Introduction This paper explores the experiences of staff working on a sex offender treatment programme for people with a learning disability. This area has not previously been the subject of research. Method Semi-structured interviews were carried out with eight participants working on a treatment programme for sex offenders with a learning disability. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results Four superordinate themes emerged from the data: rewards and motivation; the challenge of effecting change; the personal impact of work; and ways of managing the impact of work Conclusions The results suggest that working on the treatment programme is a complex and challenging experience. Participants both shared and had distinct ways of meeting the challenges of work and this had an impact on the process of effecting change with group members and their own well-being – these issues were reflected in relation to the themes of empathy and humour.

The high demand on accuracy in radiotherapy is to a large extent ensured through measurements of dose to water. The liquid ionisation chamber (LIC) is a type of detector that has several desirable properties for such measurements, e.g. a small active volume and minimal directional dependent response. There are, however, still gaps in knowledge concerning fundamental characteristics of this kind of detector. One of these characteristics is the detector’s response variation in relation to water with varying beam quality. This work aims to increase the knowledge of the LIC’s behaviour and attempts to come up with a method to construct correction factors for the response variation. The response model proposed by Eklund and Ahnesjö [2009] has been evaluated for two LICs, one filled with isooctane and the other with tetramethylsilane (TMS). The evaluation was done for two photon beams, 6 and 15 MV. It was found that the energy dependent response calculations from this method could not explain the difference between the LIC and reference air-filled ionisation chamber measurements in the larger fields. The response model leads to corrections for the TMS filled LIC in the direction away from the reference measurements. For the LIC filled with isooctane the corrections points towards the reference but were too small to completely explain the difference. / De höga kraven på noggrannhet i radioterapi kontrolleras genom mätningar av dos till vatten. Vätskejonisationskammaren (LIC) är en detektor med flera önskvärda egenskaper för sådana mätningar, den har exempelvis en liten aktiv volym och en respons med litet vinkelberoende. Fortfarande finns luckor i kunskapen om denna detektors grundläggande egenskaper. En av dessa är hur detektorns respons skiljer sig från vatten beroende på strålkvalitet. Syftet med detta arbete har varit att öka kunskapen om LICens beteende samt att försöka komma fram till en metod för att konstruera korrektionsfaktorer för den strålkvalitetsberoende responsen. Responsmodellen, presenterad av Eklund och Ahnesjö [2009], utvärderades för två LICar, en fylld med isooktan och en med tetrametylsilan (TMS), i två fotonstrålar, 6 och 15 MV. Den energiberoende responsen som beräknades från responsmodellen kunde inte förklara skillnaden mellan LIC- och referenskammarmätningarna i de stora fälten. Som referenskammare användes en luftfylld jonkammare. Modellen ledde till korrektioner i riktning bort från referenskammarvärdet för den TMS-fyllda kammaren. För kammaren med isooktan skedde korrektionen i riktning mot referenskammaren men var för liten för att helt förklara skillnaden.

A crescente disponibilidade de recursos computacionais para o cálculo, simulação e aquisição de dados permite que cientistas e engenheiros produzam enormes conjuntos de dados, bi ou tridimensionais, em geral multivariados. A aplicação de técnicas de Computação Gráfica com o objetivo de ganhar compreensão desses dados compreende o objeto de estudo da área conhecida por Visualização Científica. Texturização é uma forma de variar as propriedades de uma superfície ponto a ponto de forma que esta simule detalhes que não estão de fato presentes na sua geometria. A texturização pode ser aplicada usando as técnicas de mapeamento de textura, e a textura procedimental . Conjuntos de dados vetoriais tridimensionais necessitam de técnicas complexas e computacionalmente caras para que sejam visualizadas com sucesso. No caso de dados vetoriais densos, a visualização torna-se mais difícil, uma vez que as técnicas convencionais não produzem uma visualização adequada desse dados. A técnica conhecida por Line Integral Convolution (LIC) produz bons resultados para conjunto de dados vetoriais densos a um custo computacional aceitável. Esta técnica utiliza uma textura de ruído branco e o cálculo de streamlines como base para a geração da imagem LIC. Esta técnica produz assim uma imagem bidimensional de uma fatia selecionada desse conjunto de dados, interpolando a textura ruído segundo o campo vetorial a ser visualizado. Este trabalho propõe-se a invertigar a técnica LIC e sua relevância no contexto de visualização científica, através da implementação da classe vtkImageLIC. Esta classe segue os princípios de orientação a objetos podendo, assim, ser integrada à biblioteca de visualização VTK, conferindo-lhe portabilidade e capacidade de extensão. / The increasing availability of computational resources for calculus, simulation and data acquisition allow scientists and engineers to generate enormous datasets, bi or tridimensional, generally, multi-varied. The application of Computer Graphics techniques aiming at gathering a better understanding of these data is the target of an area known as Scientific Visualization (ViSC). Texturing is a means of changing the surface’s properties step by step in such a way that it simulates details which are not present in the surface´s geometry. Texturing can be applied through texturing mapping and procedural techniques. Tridimensional vectorial datasets require complex and computer-demanding techniques to be successfully visualized. For dense vectorial dataset, the visualization becomes more difficult, since conventional techniques do not generated an adequate visualization of data. The technique known as Line Integral Convolution (LIC) produces better results for dense vectorial dataset within acceptable computational costs. This technique uses a white noise texture and streamline calculus as the foundation for LIC image generation. As a result, the technique produces a bidimensional image of a selected slice of the dataset, by interpolating the white noise texture according to the vector field to be visualized. This work aims to investigate the LIC technique and its relevance in the context of Scientific Visualization, culminating with the implementation of the vtkImageLIC class. This class is bound to object oriented programming principles and can be integrated with the VTK visualization Library, allowing it to be portable and easily extensible.

A crescente disponibilidade de recursos computacionais para o cálculo, simulação e aquisição de dados permite que cientistas e engenheiros produzam enormes conjuntos de dados, bi ou tridimensionais, em geral multivariados. A aplicação de técnicas de Computação Gráfica com o objetivo de ganhar compreensão desses dados compreende o objeto de estudo da área conhecida por Visualização Científica. Texturização é uma forma de variar as propriedades de uma superfície ponto a ponto de forma que esta simule detalhes que não estão de fato presentes na sua geometria. A texturização pode ser aplicada usando as técnicas de mapeamento de textura, e a textura procedimental . Conjuntos de dados vetoriais tridimensionais necessitam de técnicas complexas e computacionalmente caras para que sejam visualizadas com sucesso. No caso de dados vetoriais densos, a visualização torna-se mais difícil, uma vez que as técnicas convencionais não produzem uma visualização adequada desse dados. A técnica conhecida por Line Integral Convolution (LIC) produz bons resultados para conjunto de dados vetoriais densos a um custo computacional aceitável. Esta técnica utiliza uma textura de ruído branco e o cálculo de streamlines como base para a geração da imagem LIC. Esta técnica produz assim uma imagem bidimensional de uma fatia selecionada desse conjunto de dados, interpolando a textura ruído segundo o campo vetorial a ser visualizado. Este trabalho propõe-se a invertigar a técnica LIC e sua relevância no contexto de visualização científica, através da implementação da classe vtkImageLIC. Esta classe segue os princípios de orientação a objetos podendo, assim, ser integrada à biblioteca de visualização VTK, conferindo-lhe portabilidade e capacidade de extensão. / The increasing availability of computational resources for calculus, simulation and data acquisition allow scientists and engineers to generate enormous datasets, bi or tridimensional, generally, multi-varied. The application of Computer Graphics techniques aiming at gathering a better understanding of these data is the target of an area known as Scientific Visualization (ViSC). Texturing is a means of changing the surface’s properties step by step in such a way that it simulates details which are not present in the surface´s geometry. Texturing can be applied through texturing mapping and procedural techniques. Tridimensional vectorial datasets require complex and computer-demanding techniques to be successfully visualized. For dense vectorial dataset, the visualization becomes more difficult, since conventional techniques do not generated an adequate visualization of data. The technique known as Line Integral Convolution (LIC) produces better results for dense vectorial dataset within acceptable computational costs. This technique uses a white noise texture and streamline calculus as the foundation for LIC image generation. As a result, the technique produces a bidimensional image of a selected slice of the dataset, by interpolating the white noise texture according to the vector field to be visualized. This work aims to investigate the LIC technique and its relevance in the context of Scientific Visualization, culminating with the implementation of the vtkImageLIC class. This class is bound to object oriented programming principles and can be integrated with the VTK visualization Library, allowing it to be portable and easily extensible.

Five target genes were selected in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites for localization studies. These five genes, detected through proteomics studies, included TgME49_227450, TgME49_223080, TgME49_262390, TgME49_230940, and TgME49_269620. Localization of these five target proteins is a first step to confirm their interaction with TgCrk2 and understand their function and role in TgCrk2 regulation of the tachyzoite cell cycle. Gene models for the targets were analyzed using ToxoDB and ApE analysis tools. Endogenous tagging constructs were created for each target. Transgenic parasites were created. Finally, localization analysis of the target proteins in tachyzoites was completed using immunofluorescent microscopy following. One protein was found to be nuclear, two were located in the cytoplasm, and two were unable to be analyzed. Future research should be completed in order to prove these putative interactors are really correlated with TgCrk2 through Co-immunoprecipitation.

Diss.--Sprachwissenschaft--Zürich. / Bibliogr. p. 136-139.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataBT.pdf: 1220401 bytes, checksum: a52c88053d4d3cde9e007821b799d056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The liquid of the rind of green coconut (LCCV), an effluent stream from the industrial processing of green coconut rind, is rich in sugars and is a suitable feedstock for fermentation. The first step of this study was to evaluate the potential of natural fermentation of LCCV. As the literature did not provide any information about LCCV and due to the difficulty of working with such an organic effluent, the second step was to characterize the LCCV and to develop a synthetic medium to explore its potential as a bioprocess diluent. The third step was to evaluate the influence of initial condensed and hydrolysable tannins on alcoholic fermentation. The last step of this work was divided into several stages: in particular to evaluate (1) the influence of the inoculum, temperature and agitation on the fermentation process, (2) the carbon source and the use of LCCV as diluent, (3) the differences between natural and synthetic fermentation of LCCV, in order to determine the best process conditions. Characterization of LCCV included analyses of the physico-chemical properties as well as the content of DQO, DBO and series of solids. Fermentation was carried out in bench-scale bioreactors using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as inoculum, at a working volume of 5L and using 0.30% of soy oil as antifoam. During fermentations, the effects of different initial sugars concentrations (10 - 20%), yeast concentrations (5 and 7.5%), temperatures (30 - 50?C) and agitation rates (400 and 500 rpm) on pH/sugars profiles and ethanol production were evaluated. The characterization of LCCV demonstrated the complexity and variability of the liquid. The best conditions for ethanol conversion were (1) media containing 15% of sugar; (2) 7.5% yeast inoculum; (3) temperature set point of 40?C and (4) an agitation rate of 500 rpm, which resulted in an ethanol conversion rate of 98% after 6 hours of process. A statistical comparison of results from natural and synthetic fermentation of LCCV showed that both processes are similar / A utiliza??o do l?quido da casca de coco verde (LCCV) em fermenta??o surgiu como uma alternativa ao aproveitamento de um efluente, rico em a??cares ferment?veis, liberado pelas usinas de beneficiamento da casca de coco verde. A primeira fase deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fermentativo do l?quido da casca de coco verde atrav?s da fermenta??o natural do l?quido. Por n?o possuir informa??o dispon?vel na literatura e pela dificuldade de se trabalhar com um efluente org?nico, a segunda fase foi realizar a caracteriza??o do l?quido e a elabora??o de um meio sint?tico, para melhor explorar seu potencial como diluente em bioprocessos. A terceira fase, estudar a influ?ncia de taninos iniciais condensados e hidrolis?veis em fermenta??o alco?lica. A ?ltima fase foi dividida em tr?s etapas, na qual se avaliou a influ?ncia da quantidade de in?culo no processo fermentativo; a influ?ncia da fonte de carbono e do uso de LCCV como diluente; a temperatura; a agita??o e, finalmente, o estudo comparativo entre o LCCV in natura e sint?tico, nas condi??es ?timas de processo. Para a caracteriza??o foram realizadas an?lises f?sico-qu?micas do LCCV, bem como os teores de DQO, DBO e s?rie de s?lidos. As fermenta??es foram realizadas em biorreator de bancada, com volume de trabalho de 5L, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e 0,30% de ?leo de soja como antiespumante. Nas fermenta??es foram avaliadas diferentes concentra??es de a??cares iniciais (10 a 20%) e de levedura (5 e 7,5%), e diferentes temperaturas (30 a 50?C) e agita??es (400 e 500rpm). Durante o processo foram analisados o perfil de pH e de a??cares, e a produ??o de etanol. A caracteriza??o do LCCV demonstrou a complexidade e variabilidade do l?quido. As melhores condi??es foram alcan?adas nos meios contendo 7,5% de levedura, 15% de a??cares, 40?C, sob agita??o de 500rpm, sendo obtida uma efici?ncia de convers?o em etanol de 98% ap?s 6 horas de processo. Durante o estudo comparativo do LCCV in natura e sint?tico, atrav?s dos par?metros avaliados durante a fermenta??o, um estudo estat?stico revelou a similaridade do meio sint?tico com o meio natural

Tensors are of great interest to many applications in engineering and in medical imaging, but a proper analysis and visualization remains challenging. Physics-based visualization of tensor fields has proven to show the main features of symmetric second-order tensor fields, while still displaying the most important information of the data, namely the main directions in medical diffusion tensor data using texture and additional attributes using color-coding, in a continuous representation. Nevertheless, its application and usability remains limited due to its computational expensive and sensitive nature. We introduce a novel approach to compute a fabric-like texture pattern from tensor fields on arbitrary non-selfintersecting surfaces that is motivated by image space line integral convolution (LIC). Our main focus lies on regaining three-dimensionality of the data under user interaction, such as rotation and scaling. We employ a multi-pass rendering approach to estimate proper modification of the LIC noise input texture to support the three-dimensional perception during user interactions.

Les réactions de métallation des acides benzoïques mono-méthoxylés dans les positions 2-, 3- et 4- par les bases fortes alkyllithiées, les amidures de lithium encombrés et n-BuLi/t-BuOK (superbase) ont été étudiées. Relativement aux groupes ortho-directeurs connus, la fonction CO2H présente un pouvoir ortho-directeur moyen. Cette caractéristique constitue un avantage. En effet, il est possible de modifier la position de métallation en changeant la base et/ou en modulant les conditions expérimentales. De plus, les étapes de protection et de déprotection (souvent difficiles) de la fonction carboxylique, habituellement requises sont évitées.<br />Avec les bases alkyllithiées, il y a formation intermédiaire d'un complexe de prélithiation (effet CIPE). Le complexe le plus stable est généralement celui formé entre le carboxylate et la base lithiée. Les bases amidures métallent la position la plus acide thermodynamiquement (les effets inductifs et mésomères prédominent) et la régiosélectivité est généralement différente. La superbase de Lochmann-Schlosser plus "vorace" et moins sélective est davantage sensible à l'encombrement stérique et réagit préférentiellement en ortho de la fonction alkoxy. Les différentes techniques chimiques mises au point nous ont permis de proposer une synthèse éclair de l'acide lunularique.<br />Un mécanisme pour les réactions de lithiation dirigée est proposé.<br />Les acides 2-fluoro- et 2-méthoxybenzoïques donnent des réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique (ipso-substitution) avec les organolithiens. L'introduction d'un atome de silicium en position 6 du cycle permet de diminuer la réactivité du carboxylate vis-à-vis de la base nucléophile. Le premier exemple de réaction d'échange brome-lithium en présence d'eau lourde est présenté. Une interprétation à ce phénomène est donnée.<br />Enfin, les réactions de métallation de la phénothiazine sont réanalysées sur le plan mécanistique. Contrairement à ce qui est indiqué dans la littérature, il est vraisemblable que ces transformations ne font pas intervenir un dianion. Le mécanisme suivi dépend de l'électrophile et ce dernier est susceptible d'intervenir dans le processus de métallation.