Les structures pliées intéressent architectes et ingénieurs pour leurs qualités structurelles autant que spatiales et plastiques. En prenant comme point de départ la bande rectiligne pliée, ce travail de recherche aborde non pas la conception de surfaces plissées mais celle de structures réticulées. La conception de structures “à trous” à partir de bandes pliées constitue un angle d’approche original. La notion de continuité induite par le pli transforme la manière de concevoir la structure réticulée, habituellement caractérisée par des nœuds et barres dissociés. L’emploi de bandes continues rectilignes est une approche possible pour rationaliser la conception de formes complexes en minimisant la quantité de chutes de matière. Cette recherche explore de nouvelles méthodes de conception des formes courbes. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont :- la classification des différentes approches possibles dans la conception à partir de bandes rectilignes pliées- l'étude d'éléments modulaires pliés dont l’assemblage permet la génération de surfaces courbes variables: la géométrie de différentes configurations de bandes pliées sera décrite ainsi que les assemblages autorisés / Folded structures are attractive to architects and engineers for their structural qualities as well as spatial and plastic qualities. Taking as a starting point a linear folded stripe, this research does not address the design of pleated surfaces but that of reticular structures. The design of structures with "holes" from folded stripes is an original angle of approach. From a conceptual point of view, the continuity caused by folds transforms the usual conception by separated nodes and bars of reticular structures. The use of continuous linear stripes is one possible approach to make more efficient the design of complex shapes by minimizing the produced offcuts. This research investigates new methods of designing curved shapes. The aims of this research are:- A classification of different possible approaches encountered when conceiving from folded stripes.- The study a modular folded elements which assembly allows the generation of various curved surfaces : the geometry of different configurations of folded stripes and the assemblies allowed will be described

Within this paper recently developed mathematical tools for the modelling of contact problems on thin film structures [1] for multilayers and gradient coatings are adapted to allow the investigation of laminate structures of transversal isotropy. Applying series approaches using Bessel and Sinus functions complete three dimensional solutions can be found for relatively complex laminate structures allowing to model quasistatic contact, impact and bending loads. Worked into a small computer program the approach can be used to model laminate structures with up to 100 different layers on an ordinary personal computer in an acceptable calculation time. The new tool is applied to analyse a variety of load problems typically occurring in windsurfing and leading to damage of the boards consisting of a laminated shell and an polymer foam core. [1] N. Schwarzer: „Modelling of the mechanics of thin films using analytical linear elastic approaches“, habilitation thesis of the TU-Chemnitz 2004, department “Physics of solid bodies”, http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2004/0077

Within this paper recently developed mathematical tools for the modelling of contact problems on thin film structures [1] for multilayers and gradient coatings are adapted to allow the investigation of laminate structures of transversal isotropy. Applying series approaches using Bessel and Sinus functions complete three dimensional solutions can be found for relatively complex laminate structures allowing to model quasistatic contact, impact and bending loads. Worked into a small computer program the approach can be used to model laminate structures with up to 100 different layers on an ordinary personal computer in an acceptable calculation time. The new tool is applied to analyse a variety of load problems typically occurring in windsurfing and leading to damage of the boards consisting of a laminated shell and an polymer foam core. [1] N. Schwarzer: „Modelling of the mechanics of thin films using analytical linear elastic approaches“, habilitation thesis of the TU-Chemnitz 2004, department “Physics of solid bodies”, http://archiv.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/2004/0077

Detta examensarbete har utförts vid högskoleingenjörsprogrammet Byggteknik och design vid Kungliga Tekniska högskolan och i samarbete med Ramböll Sverige. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och analysera dagens ytterväggskonstruktioner för framtidens energieffektiva flerbostadshus.  Ytterväggskonstruktionen som är en del i byggnadens klimatskal, har en viktig och betydelsefull funktion för att kunna klara av framtida byggnaders energikrav. För att en väggkonstruktion ska fungera finns det en rad andra påverkande faktorer som måste tas hänsyn till. Därför kommer examensarbetet att fokusera på ytterväggskonstruktioners byggfysikaliska egenskaper såsom lufttäthet, fukt, uppbyggnad och beständighet. För att kunna lösa uppgiften har vi varit i kontakt med åtta olika byggnadsentreprenörer i Stockholmsområdet och utfört studiebesök ute i produktionen. Det finns flera faktorer som styr valet av ytterväggskonstruktion för projektet och på grund av detta finns det en rad olika typer av ytterväggskonstruktioner som används i dagens byggande av flerbostadshus. I vår jämförelse mellan sex olika ytterväggskonstruktioner har vi analyserat byggfysikaliska egenskaper och produktionsmetoder utifrån samma grundparametrar. Eftersom ytterväggarna skiljer sig mellan lätt respektive tung stomme har vi valt att presentera en från varje kategori. Enligt vår bedömning i vår analys har vi kommit fram till att en lätt utfackningsvägg med stålregelstomme och en tung väggkonstruktion med platsgjuten skalväggsstomme har de bästa förutsättningarna för att i framtiden utgöra de främsta alternativen inom ytterväggskonstruktioner för flerbostadshus.Rapporten är skriven för läsare som antas ha viss kunskap inom området byggteknik, dvs. den riktar sig främst till intressenter till byggbranschen och studenter inom området. / This thesis has been carried out at the Bachelor's program of construction engineering and design at the Royal Institute of Technology and in collaboration with Ramböll Sweden. The purpose of this report is to examine and analyze today's outer wall structures for the future of energy efficient buildings. The outer wall construction that is part of the building envelope has an important and significant flaw to meet future energy requirements of buildings. For a long time different wall construction projects have been designed to create wall panels with low U-values. For a wall structure to function, there are a number of confounding factors to be taken into account. Therefore, the thesis will focus on outer wall structure building physical properties such as air density, moisture, structure and stability.  In order to solve the task we have been in contact with eight different contractors in the Stockholm area and conducted field trips out in production. There are several factors that determine the choice of exterior wall construction for the project and because of this there are a number of different types of exterior wall structures used in today's construction of apartment buildings. In our comparison of six different wall constructions, we have analyzed the construction of physical characteristics and production methods on the same basic parameters. Since the outer walls differ between light and heavy body, we have chosen to present one from each class. Our conclusion is that a light stud walls with steel stud frame and a heavy wall construction with in-situ shell wall structure is best equipped to continue being the main option in exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The report is written for readers who knowledgeable in the field of building technology, i.e. it is mainly addressed to interested parties in the construction industry and students in the field.

[pt] A tese investiga os princípios da pesquisa experimental para a criação de objetos em harmonia com o meio ambiente físico e social. A base para este estudo é a pesquisa realizada no Laboratório de Investigação em Livre Desenho (LILD) da PUC-Rio. Defendemos a tese de que a metodologia experimental para a pesquisa dessas técnicas se beneficia tanto de elementos da cultural material pré-industrial, quanto de técnicas informatizadas e do conhecimento universitário moderno. A partir do encontro desses diferentes saberes, a pesquisa experimental pode enriquecer seus parâmetros e ter maior potencial para a geração de objetos em harmonia com o meio ambiente físico e social. A tese conta com o resultado da pesquisa em dois campos - uma aldeia indígena na Amazônia e o laboratório CPI (Construction Process Investigation), da Universidade do Havaí. Também é feita a descrição de oficinas realizadas para o compartilhamento de técnicas desenvolvidas no laboratório. A partir dos elementos, apresentamos um debate acerca da pesquisa e do desenvolvimento de objetos em harmonia com o meio ambiente físico e social e concluímos que o encontro entre os conhecimentos da cultura material de sociedades pré-industriais e da pesquisa acadêmica ligada à indústria potencializa a metodologia da pesquisa de técnicas em harmonia com o meio ambiente físico e social. / [en] This thesis investigates the principles of the experimental research for the creation of objects that are in harmony with the physical and social environments. The base for this study is the research done in the Laboratório de Investigação em Livre Desenho (LILD). We defend the idea that the experimental methodology in this kind of research is enrichened both by elements of pre-industrial material culture and by modern academic knowledge. With these different knowledges, experimental research can enrich its parameters and have greater potential to create objects in harmony with the physical and social environments. Thus, the thesis has the result of two fiel researches - and indigenous village in the Amazon and the CPI (Construction Process Innovation) lab of the University of Hawaii. There is also a description of workshops that have been done to share the techniques developed in the laboratory. Based on these elements, we present a discussion about the experimental research and about the development of objects in harmony with the physical and social environments, and we come to the conclusion that the integration of elements of pre-industrial societies and of academic research related to the industry favors to the development of the methodology for research of techniques in harmony with the physical and social environments.