In Uppsala, Sweden, Vattenfall has a combined heat and power plant. On the premises there is an engineering workshop with old fluorescent and mercury lamps that need to be replaced. This provides a great opportunity to save energy and money by installing more efficient lighting. The main purpose of this study was to present two functional and energy efficient lighting systems including control system. The lighting systems were designed by investigating the working environment, measuring illuminance and by simulations in the software DIALux. Additionally Life Cycle Cost (LCC) was used as an instrument of comparison. One alternative was designed using mainly modern T5 fluorescent lighting. For the other alternative powerful LED-lamps were chosen as the primary light source. The simulations showed the two alternatives to be equally good in regard to performance and energy saving potential. With sustained illuminance level the installed power of both systems was around 34 kW ascompared to 54 kW, the estimated value of the existing lighting system. The LCC, however, differed significantly with the fluorescent alternative having a total cost of 1.1 million SEK over a 20 year period while the same number for the LED alternative being 2.2 million SEK. The difference in LCC makes fluorescent lighting the preferable alternative. The present consumption is estimated to 142 MWh. The fluorescent lighting alternative would have an approximated energy consumption of 78.6 MWh including a control system, giving an energy saving potential of 45 %.

This master’s thesis examines how a small MIMO lighting system can be identified and controlled. Two approaches are examined and compared; the first approach is a dynamic model using state space representation, where the system identification technique is Recursive Least Square, RLS, and the controller is an LQG controller; the second approach is a static model derived from the physical properties of light and a feedback feed-forward controller consisting of a PI controller coupled with a Control Allocation, CA, technique. For the studied system, the CA-PI approach significantly outperforms the LQG-RLS approach, which leads to the conclusion that the system’s static properties are predominant compared to the dynamic properties.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents an optimization methodology for lighting systems that employ LED. Initially, this work brings a calculation methodology capable of obtaining a thermal resistance of heat sink from their dimensions of area, besides enable optimization of the system through reducing their volume by through of change in the number of finned, length and consequently the weight of heat sink. Subsequently, the thesis present a new optimization methodology that has the objective of find the optimal point of operation lighting system taking into consideration the parameters of application current in the device, luminous flux, junction temperature, thermal resistance heat sink, number of LED and lifetime. An example of project is shown, confirming the theory, where the obtained results through of routine calculation coincided with the values found in experimental. The work also present the development of electronic topologies to power a public lighting system employing LED. Therefore, a driver to power of LED based in the integrated two-flyback converters was proposed. One prototype this system was implemented, where the luminaire provide a power of 63W. The experimental results proved the project methodology through of system satisfactory operation, presenting power factor near unit, high efficiency and a low input current distortion was obtained. / Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de otimização para sistemas de iluminação que empregam LEDs. Inicialmente, traz-se uma metodologia de cálculos capaz de obter a resistência térmica de dissipadores de calor a partir de suas dimensões de área, além de possibilitar a otimização do sistema através da redução do volume do mesmo por meio da variação do número de aletas, do comprimento e consequentemente da massa do dissipador. Posteriormente o trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia de otimização que tem o objetivo de encontrar o ponto ótimo de operação do sistema de iluminação, levando-se em conta os parâmetros de corrente direta aplicada no dispositivo, fluxo luminoso, temperatura de junção, resistência térmica do dissipador, número de LEDs e vida útil dos mesmos. Um exemplo de projeto é demonstrado confirmando a teoria apresentada, onde os resultados obtidos através da rotina de cálculos coincidiram com os valores encontrados experimentalmente. O trabalho também apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma topologia eletrônica para alimentar um sistema de iluminação pública empregando LEDs. Dessa maneira, um driver para acionamento de LEDs baseado na integração de dois conversores flyback foi proposto. Um protótipo desse sistema foi implementado, onde a luminária apresenta uma potência de 63W. Resultados experimentais comprovam a metodologia de projeto através da operação satisfatória do sistema, apresentando fator de potência próximo ao unitário, elevada eficiência e o conteúdo harmônico da corrente de entrada do sistema de iluminação atendeu a norma.

The thesis is focused on the problems of illumination of interior space, especially in object in Moravský Písek. The thesis is divided into two parts, where the first part deals in general with the basic quantities and terms which are used in illumination systems. Further, it is about general properties of lights and about general terms of illumination of interiors. The second part is only practical character. At the beginning, there is used manual measurement and modelling to evaluate initial state in program Relux. The measurement is not met in terms of standards. Thanks to the municipal council of Moravský Písek a new lighting system is created, which fully respects the valid normative regulations. Installation of control system of lighting is integrated to proposal, which would result in lower consumption, greater user comfort and greater versatility in the possible use of the object. In the end, there is financial evaluation of illuminating system and comparison classical with led technology.

Este trabalho propõe estratégias de roteamento e de controle de acesso ao meio destinadas as redes urbanas, motivadas pelo monitoramento e controle de variáveis elétricas relacionadas à iluminação pública. Tais estratégias foram desenvolvidas segundo requisitos da aplicação, trabalhos encontrados na literatura, limitações do protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 e as especificações RFC 5548 e IEEE 802.15.4e (draft). As estratégias desenvolvidas foram incorporadas a protocolos encontrados na literatura, as quais geraram protocolos aperfeiçoados para redes urbanas, dentre eles GGPSR e gradiente em função da maior distância, utilizados para o tráfego divergente e convergente, respectivamente. O protocolo GGPSR é composto pelo algoritmo geográfico GPSR, geocast e retransmissões para os vizinhos seguindo o critério do GGPSR em caso de falha. O protocolo baseado na maior distância é composto pelo algoritmo do gradiente, o qual utiliza a maior distância no caso de receptores com pesos de gradiente iguais e retransmissões seguindo o mesmo critério. Foi utilizado um modelo de propagação realista, no qual foi aplicada a estratégia de mapeamento de vizinhos dos nós de acordo com a distância aproximada fornecida pelo atributo do pacote RSSI. Além disso, para ambos os tipos de tráfego, foi aplicado o mecanismo de controle de acesso ao meio RIT com o objetivo de minimizar o consumo energético. A avaliação dos protocolos gerados a partir dessas estratégias foi feita em simulação utilizando a ferramenta NS-2 integrada em cenários de grande escala fornecidos pela concessionária de iluminação pública Elektro, segundo os critérios de energia remascente da rede, média de atraso fim a fim e taxa de entrega fim a fim. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os protocolos gerados superam protocolos propostos na literatura; além disso, a estratégia baseada na distância obtida pelo atributo RSSI viabiliza a aplicação do protocolo GGPSR. Em relação à aplicação do RIT com a estratégia de parâmetros em função do gradiente, esta se mostrou mais eficiente em comparação com os parâmetros de RIT iguais para todos os nós. / This work proposes routing and medium access control strategies for urban networks, particularly related to monitoring and control of electric variables in the street lighting system. Such strategies were developed according to application requirements, studies in the literature, limitations of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, and RFC 5548 and IEEE 802.15.4e (draft) specifications. Strategies were incorporated into protocols found in the literature, which generated specific improved protocols for urban networks, including GGPSR and Gradient based on the farthest neighbor, applied to divergent and convergent traffic, respectively. The GGPSR protocol is composed by the GPSR algorithm, geocast and retransmissions to neighbors according to the GGPSR criterion when a failure occurs. The protocol based on the longest distance comprises the gradient algorithm, which considers the longest distance when receivers have equal gradient weights and retransmissions follow the same criterion. A realistic propagation model was used, implementing the strategy to map neighboring nodes according to the approximate distance provided by the RSSI packet attribute. Moreover, for both traffic ypes, the RIT medium access control mechanism was used in order to minimize energy consumption. Protocols generated by these strategies were evaluated through simulation in NS-2 tool applied to large scale scenarios provided by public street lighting concessionaire Elektro, according to the criteria of remaining energy network, end-to-end average delay and end-to-end delivery rate. Results show that the generated protocols outperform protocols proposed in the literature; in addition, the strategy based on the distance obtained by the RSSI attribute enables the use of the GGPSR protocol. Regarding the use of RIT considering the parameters as a function of the gradient, this strategy is more efficient compared to using the same RIT parameters for all nodes.

Este trabalho propõe estratégias de roteamento e de controle de acesso ao meio destinadas as redes urbanas, motivadas pelo monitoramento e controle de variáveis elétricas relacionadas à iluminação pública. Tais estratégias foram desenvolvidas segundo requisitos da aplicação, trabalhos encontrados na literatura, limitações do protocolo IEEE 802.15.4 e as especificações RFC 5548 e IEEE 802.15.4e (draft). As estratégias desenvolvidas foram incorporadas a protocolos encontrados na literatura, as quais geraram protocolos aperfeiçoados para redes urbanas, dentre eles GGPSR e gradiente em função da maior distância, utilizados para o tráfego divergente e convergente, respectivamente. O protocolo GGPSR é composto pelo algoritmo geográfico GPSR, geocast e retransmissões para os vizinhos seguindo o critério do GGPSR em caso de falha. O protocolo baseado na maior distância é composto pelo algoritmo do gradiente, o qual utiliza a maior distância no caso de receptores com pesos de gradiente iguais e retransmissões seguindo o mesmo critério. Foi utilizado um modelo de propagação realista, no qual foi aplicada a estratégia de mapeamento de vizinhos dos nós de acordo com a distância aproximada fornecida pelo atributo do pacote RSSI. Além disso, para ambos os tipos de tráfego, foi aplicado o mecanismo de controle de acesso ao meio RIT com o objetivo de minimizar o consumo energético. A avaliação dos protocolos gerados a partir dessas estratégias foi feita em simulação utilizando a ferramenta NS-2 integrada em cenários de grande escala fornecidos pela concessionária de iluminação pública Elektro, segundo os critérios de energia remascente da rede, média de atraso fim a fim e taxa de entrega fim a fim. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os protocolos gerados superam protocolos propostos na literatura; além disso, a estratégia baseada na distância obtida pelo atributo RSSI viabiliza a aplicação do protocolo GGPSR. Em relação à aplicação do RIT com a estratégia de parâmetros em função do gradiente, esta se mostrou mais eficiente em comparação com os parâmetros de RIT iguais para todos os nós. / This work proposes routing and medium access control strategies for urban networks, particularly related to monitoring and control of electric variables in the street lighting system. Such strategies were developed according to application requirements, studies in the literature, limitations of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, and RFC 5548 and IEEE 802.15.4e (draft) specifications. Strategies were incorporated into protocols found in the literature, which generated specific improved protocols for urban networks, including GGPSR and Gradient based on the farthest neighbor, applied to divergent and convergent traffic, respectively. The GGPSR protocol is composed by the GPSR algorithm, geocast and retransmissions to neighbors according to the GGPSR criterion when a failure occurs. The protocol based on the longest distance comprises the gradient algorithm, which considers the longest distance when receivers have equal gradient weights and retransmissions follow the same criterion. A realistic propagation model was used, implementing the strategy to map neighboring nodes according to the approximate distance provided by the RSSI packet attribute. Moreover, for both traffic ypes, the RIT medium access control mechanism was used in order to minimize energy consumption. Protocols generated by these strategies were evaluated through simulation in NS-2 tool applied to large scale scenarios provided by public street lighting concessionaire Elektro, according to the criteria of remaining energy network, end-to-end average delay and end-to-end delivery rate. Results show that the generated protocols outperform protocols proposed in the literature; in addition, the strategy based on the distance obtained by the RSSI attribute enables the use of the GGPSR protocol. Regarding the use of RIT considering the parameters as a function of the gradient, this strategy is more efficient compared to using the same RIT parameters for all nodes.

Les systèmes d'éclairage automobiles sont conçus pour éclairer la route de manière optimale. Une dégradation des optiques et des matériaux plastiques peut altérer la qualité du faisceau lumineux. En phase de conception, les simulations thermiques visent à minimiser les coûts engendrés par les tests expérimentaux réalisés sur des maquettes. Avec le développement de nouvelles optiques, la méthode numérique des ordonnées discrètes, utilisée pour le calcul des transferts radiatifs, souffre d'un manque de précision en raison d'une discrétisation spatiale limitée pour les réflexions spéculaires. Une augmentation de la discrétisation pourrait mener à des temps de calculs importants. Pour palier à ce problème, la méthode de Monte Carlo a été choisie afin d'évaluer les densités de flux aux parois dans le cas des surfaces opaques, ou un terme source radiatif dans le cas des matériaux semi-Transparents. Notre algorithme est implémenté dans l'environnement de développement EDStar. Cet environnement inclut la bibliothèque de synthèses d'images PBRT permettant de reproduire les trajets optiques dans une géométrie 3D complexe. L'étude porte sur des produits d'éclairage composés de lampes, ainsi le développement d'un modèle numérique fiable requiert des paramètres pertinents en entrée de modèle. Les travaux ont donc été scindés en trois axes d'études. Le premier inclut une phase de caractérisation des propriétés thermiques d'une lampe à incandescence (25W). Différentes méthodes de mesures ont été étudiées pour déterminer la température du filament, moteur des transferts thermiques, et la température de l'enveloppe. Le second axe consiste à développer un modèle des transferts radiatifs dans le système d'éclairage. L'objectif est de localiser les zones de concentration du rayonnement et estimer leur étendue. Enfin, le troisième axe vise à coupler le calcul radiatif à des simulations thermiques dans l'outil de CFD Fluent. La CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) est ici nécessaire pour résoudre les problèmes convectifs couplés aux autres transferts thermiques dans un produit industriel. / Automotive lighting systems are designed to illuminate the road optimally. Degradation of optical properties or plastics materials may altering the quality of lighting. In the design stage, thermal simulations are intended to minimize the costs of experimental tests performed on prototypes. With the apparition of new headlights optics, the Discrete Ordinates method (DO) is not suitable in certain cases due to a lack of accuracy when dealing with specular reflections and refractions. A raise of the spatial discretization could lead to significant time computation. To overcome this problem, we chose the Monte Carlo method in order to estimate flux densities to the walls in the case of opaque surfaces, or to estimate a radiative source term in the case of semi-Transparent media. Our algorithm is implemented in EDStar coding environment. This environment includes the PBRT synthesis images library allowing the use of raytracing techniques with our algorithm, thus reproducing optical paths of rays in a complex 3D geometry. The development of a reliable numerical model requires relevant parameters in input. This need led us to split the work into three main parts. The first axis includes a characterization phase of thermal properties of an incandescent lamp (25W) in order to model its radiative emission. Different measurements methods have been investigated to determine the temperature of the filament, which is the origine of heat transfers, and the temperature of the glass envelope. The second axis consists in obtaining a precise distribution of flux density distributions in order to locate hot spots and assess their extent. Finally, the third part of study is to couple the radiative calculation to CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. CFD is here necessary to solve problems with convective phenomena coupled with other heat transfers in an industrial product.

The thesis deals with analysis of the public lighting system from the point of view of light sources and luminaries. It focuses on the specifics of the lighting systems such as lighting for pedestrian crossings or decorative lighting. It analyzes the energy consumption depending on daylight and how it manifests a shift sunrise and sunset on the consumption of electricity. The work clarifies how the model can be simplified sunrise, sunset for the entire Czech Republic. Based on the distribution of municipalities with population over 10,000 and modeling of sunrise and sunset calculation is carried out power consumption of lighting systems and compared to the total consumption of the Czech Republic. Simplification is an estimate of the consumption of electricity to villages to 10 000 people on the basis of the estimate, the final consumption of electricity for public lighting for the entire Czech Republic.

本論文は，知的照明システムの改良に関わるものであり，従来の課題であった色温度の実現精度の向上と高価な色温度センシング機材を無くす方法ならびにそれらの最適制御法，これまで不明であったシステムがもたらす省エネルギー性に関する詳細な解析方法を提案し，これらの提案手法の有効性を検証するため新たに改良した知的照明システムを用いて実験を行い，それらの手法の有効性を確認した． / An advanced intelligent lighting system has been proposed and introduced to provide a comfortable personal lighting environment for the workplace using the evaluation and biological information of workers. The research studies the appropriate perspectives of using the intelligent lighting system as a solution of the smart design in the office workspace. In the first part, the research paper has utilized the computerized system and the optimization method to generate the lighting automatically instead of using the sensing devices. The second part is related to energy consumption. The illuminance has been distributed based on the individual preference available of each user inside the office. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

This presented thesis is focused on the complex description of creation the database system for the lighting. The important static and dynamic parameters of light sources and luminaires are listed in the first part of thesis. These parameters are complemented by the measured values and their relationships. The next chapters of thesis are focused to description of obtained parameters, structural design, historical and expected development of individual representatives of light sources. In the following sections are described current state of used data formats of luminaires and the possibilities for describing of light sources. The database systems are created as a result of this thesis. These databases are used for collecting, sorting, searching and sophisticate comparison of the parameters of light sources and luminaires.