The goal of the thesis is to evaluate if developed phase chemical process models for cement clinker and lime production processes are reliable to use as predictive tools in understanding the changes when introducing sustainability measures. The thesis describes the development of process simulation models in the application of sustainability measures as well as the evaluation of these models. The motivation for developing these types of models arises from the need to predict the chemical and the process changes in the production process, the impact on the product quality and the emissions from the flue gas. The main chemical reactions involving the major elements (calcium, silicon, aluminium and iron) are relatively well known. As for the minor elements, such as sodium and potassium metals, sulphur, chlorine, phosphorus and other trace elements, their influence on the main reactions and the formation of clinker minerals is not entirely known. When the concentrations of minor and trace elements increase due to the use of alternative materials and fuels, a model that can accurately predict their chemistry is invaluable. For example, the shift towards using less carbon intensive fuels and more biomass fuels often leads to an increased phosphorus concentration in the products. One way to commit to sustainable development methods in cement clinker and lime production is to use new combustion technologies, which increase the ability to capture carbon dioxide. Introducing oxy-fuel combustion achieves this, but at the same time, the overall process changes in many other ways. Some of these changes are evaluated by the models in this work. In this thesis, a combination of the software programs Aspen Plus™ and ChemApp™ constitutes the simulation model. Thermodynamic data from FACT are evaluated and adjusted to suit the chemistry of cement clinker and lime. The resulting model has been verified for one lime and two cement industrial processes. Simulated scenarios of co-combustion involving different fuels and different oxy-fuel combustion cases in both cement clinker and lime rotary kiln production are described as well as the influence of greater amounts of phosphorus on the cement clinker quality.

The aim of the study was to investigate Seljuk Plasters used in some of their royal administrative or residential buildings from a viewpoint of their raw materials and technological characteristics. Some Byzantine Plasters of the same period were also investigated to make comparison. Plasters from some historic structures in the archaeological sites namely / Alanya Castle, Kubadabad Palaces, Syedra Archaeological Site, Aspendos Amphitheatre, Selinus Archaeological Site-Sekerhane K&ouml / sk and Hasbah&ccedil / e were examined. In a series of examination basic physical properties of the plasters as bulk density, porosity, water absorption capacity and water vapour permeability were obtained. The results indicated that plasters are low dense and high porous materials and having good breathing property. Mechanical properties of the plasters were expressed by the modulus of elasticity (Emod) values which were obtained from ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. The Emod of the plasters being in the range of 1.0 to 5.6 Gpa show that they have enough mechanical strength comparable to historic mortars and bricks. Raw material composition and mineralogical properties of plasters were determined by combined interpretation of several types of analyses such as chemical analyses, particle size distribution of aggregates, petrographic analyses of thin sections by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopic analyses of cross sections coupled with EDX for image analyses and semiquantitative elemental analyses, X-ray powder diffraction analyses for the determination of mineral phases, thermogravimetric analyses and FTIR analyses. Binder used in all plasters was found to be lime with amount in the range of 53.8-96.8% as CaCO3. The main minerals of aggregates are quartz, calcite (limestone), dolomite and opal-A. Regarding particle size distribution of aggregates it was possible to classify them into fine, coarse and mixed aggregates having rather high pozzolanicity. Study on decorative and red zigzag patterned plasters indicated presence of haematite as the source of red pigment. Study on green colored plaster also indicated presence of iron containing mineral with lower oxidation state. The Seljuk and Byzantine Masonries chosen are still surviving buildings that their plasters should be of good quality. In fact, this study approved their quality which may be due to the presence of opal-A and dolomite.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Wollongong, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 206-219.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliographies: leaves 101-103, 191.

The study was made at Lubigi sewage treatment plant in Kampala, Uganda, during February and March 2018. The aim of this master thesis was to treat faecal sludge with two different methods, urea and lime, to investigate the efficiency of the chemicals to inactivate pathogens and to estimate the feasibility and the costs of the treatment. The chemical treatments were performed on sludge of two different moisture contents. The results from the treated sludge were compared with an untreated drying bed filled at the start of the study period to use as a control. The investigated pathogens were E. coli, bacteriophages and Ascaris eggs. The total solids and volatile solids were analysed, and the pH was measured. The results of the study including a calculation of costs were used to assess the feasibility of these treatment methods at Lubigi sewage treatment plant. The results show that the treatment using lime and urea reduces the level of active pathogens in the faecal sludge. The drying process in the beds at the treatment plant also decreases the level of detected pathogens in the sludge, but not to the same extent as when adding chemicals. The E. coli in the treated sludge were under the detection limit before the study period was done. Ascaris eggs were still detected in the sludge by the final sampling occasion. Further monitoring of the treated sludge might show an additional decrease of Ascaris since the time of storage after treatment enables pathogen die-off. The bacteriophages analyses only succeeded for two sampling occasions, although a decrease of detected phages is visible in the results. Again, the time of storage is significant for pathogen reduction, which is why a decrease of bacteriophages is expected if the sludge were to be further monitored. The feasibility of the two treatment methods is mainly restricted by costs. Lime treatment is approximately seven times more expensive than urea treatment and is also required in a larger amount to treat the sludge. On the other hand, using lime to treat faecal sludge is a proven and effective method. Further studies would improve the knowledge of the sludge characteristics at Lubigi and help determine the most preferable treatment for the sludge to protect the environment and public health. For example, by focusing on one treatment method, more detailed information can be gathered, and if performing a study in a larger scale, the representativeness would increase. To make sure there is no risk of spreading pathogens to the environment, further analyses should be carried out directly before selling the sludge to farmers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_vb_me_jabo.pdf: 552942 bytes, checksum: 90d2d05ef5ec3bc3e74ec63175310cbc (MD5) / Objetivou-se avaliar a hidrólise com cal virgem aplicada em pó ou suspensão na cana picada a 4 e 10 mm nos tempos de ação 0 (cana in natura), 3 e 6 horas após hidrólise. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Bovinocultura Leiteira da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial triplo (2×2×3), com 8 repetições. Foram analisadas a temperatura interna (TI), pH, matéria seca (MS) e mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), FDN corrigido para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), lignina (LIG), digestibilidade in vitro (DIV) da MS, FDN, FDA e análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Foram calculados valores de celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos totais (CT) e não fibrosos (CNF). O pH e a TI aumentaram após a aplicação da cal, independente do tempo de ação, comparados com a cana in natura. A média do pH foi de 5,7 e 10; e da TI de 28,9 e 29,75oC; para cana não tratada e tratada, respectivamente. A MS, PB, LIG e HEM não foram alteradas por nenhum dos tratamentos. A MM, EE e FDA foram alterados pela hidrólise. A média da MM foi 4,1 e 6,62% e do EE 0,38 e 0,62% para cana in natura e para tratada, respectivamente. O FDA da cana in natura e tratada (3 e 6 horas de hidrólise) foram iguais (P>0,05), porém os valores para cana após 3 e 6 horas de hidrólise diferiram entre si, médias de 39,40; 41,55 e 35,37% para cana in natura, após 3 e 6 horas de hidrólise, respectivamente. A FDN e FDNcp sofreram alterações pelos tamanhos de partículas e formas de aplicação. O valor de FDN foi de 52,55 e 53,52%; e a FDNcp 50,08 e 50,98% para 4 e 10mm. Já a FDN foi de 53,86 e 52,21% e FDNcp de 51,20 e 49,87% para cana com cal aplicada em pó e em suspensão, respectivamente... / This study aimed to evaluate the hydrolysis with virgin lime applied powdered or suspension on sugarcane chopped at 4 and 10 mm in the times of action 0 (fresh sugarcane), 3 and 6 hours after hydrolysis. The experiment was carried out at the Dairy Cattle Department of UNESP, Jaboticabal in a completely randomized design in a triple factorial (2×2×3), 8 repetitions. The internal temperature (IT), pH, dry matter (DM) and mineral (MM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), lignin (LIG), in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DM, NDF, ADF and analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Values of cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were calculated. The pH and IT increased after application of lime, regardless of time of action, compared to fresh sugarcane. The pH average was 5.7 and 10, and IT 28.9 and 29.75°C; for untreated and treated sugarcane, respectively. The DM, CP, LIG and HEM were changed by no treatment. The MM, EE and ADF were altered by hydrolysis. The averages were 4.1 and 6.62% of MM and 0.38 and 0.62% of EE for fres and treated sugarcane, respectively. The ADF for fresh and treated sugarcane (3 and 6 h of hydrolysis) were similar (P> 0.05), but the values for cane after 3 and 6 h of hydrolysis differ from each other, average of 39.40, 41, 55 and 35.37% for fresh sugar cane, after 3 and 6 hours of hydrolysis, respectively. The NDF and NDFap unchanged by particle size and application forms. The NDF was 52.55 and 53.52%, and 50.98% and 50.08 NDFap for 4 and 10mm. The NDF was 53.86 and 52.21% and NDFap 51.20 and 49.87% for cane with lime powdered and applied in suspension, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Atushi Sugohara / Banca: Flávia Fernanda Simili / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a hidrólise com cal virgem aplicada em pó ou suspensão na cana picada a 4 e 10 mm nos tempos de ação 0 (cana in natura), 3 e 6 horas após hidrólise. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Bovinocultura Leiteira da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial triplo (2×2×3), com 8 repetições. Foram analisadas a temperatura interna (TI), pH, matéria seca (MS) e mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), FDN corrigido para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), lignina (LIG), digestibilidade in vitro (DIV) da MS, FDN, FDA e análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Foram calculados valores de celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos totais (CT) e não fibrosos (CNF). O pH e a TI aumentaram após a aplicação da cal, independente do tempo de ação, comparados com a cana in natura. A média do pH foi de 5,7 e 10; e da TI de 28,9 e 29,75oC; para cana não tratada e tratada, respectivamente. A MS, PB, LIG e HEM não foram alteradas por nenhum dos tratamentos. A MM, EE e FDA foram alterados pela hidrólise. A média da MM foi 4,1 e 6,62% e do EE 0,38 e 0,62% para cana in natura e para tratada, respectivamente. O FDA da cana in natura e tratada (3 e 6 horas de hidrólise) foram iguais (P>0,05), porém os valores para cana após 3 e 6 horas de hidrólise diferiram entre si, médias de 39,40; 41,55 e 35,37% para cana in natura, após 3 e 6 horas de hidrólise, respectivamente. A FDN e FDNcp sofreram alterações pelos tamanhos de partículas e formas de aplicação. O valor de FDN foi de 52,55 e 53,52%; e a FDNcp 50,08 e 50,98% para 4 e 10mm. Já a FDN foi de 53,86 e 52,21% e FDNcp de 51,20 e 49,87% para cana com cal aplicada em pó e em suspensão, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the hydrolysis with virgin lime applied powdered or suspension on sugarcane chopped at 4 and 10 mm in the times of action 0 (fresh sugarcane), 3 and 6 hours after hydrolysis. The experiment was carried out at the Dairy Cattle Department of UNESP, Jaboticabal in a completely randomized design in a triple factorial (2×2×3), 8 repetitions. The internal temperature (IT), pH, dry matter (DM) and mineral (MM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), lignin (LIG), in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DM, NDF, ADF and analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Values of cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were calculated. The pH and IT increased after application of lime, regardless of time of action, compared to fresh sugarcane. The pH average was 5.7 and 10, and IT 28.9 and 29.75°C; for untreated and treated sugarcane, respectively. The DM, CP, LIG and HEM were changed by no treatment. The MM, EE and ADF were altered by hydrolysis. The averages were 4.1 and 6.62% of MM and 0.38 and 0.62% of EE for fres and treated sugarcane, respectively. The ADF for fresh and treated sugarcane (3 and 6 h of hydrolysis) were similar (P> 0.05), but the values for cane after 3 and 6 h of hydrolysis differ from each other, average of 39.40, 41, 55 and 35.37% for fresh sugar cane, after 3 and 6 hours of hydrolysis, respectively. The NDF and NDFap unchanged by particle size and application forms. The NDF was 52.55 and 53.52%, and 50.98% and 50.08 NDFap for 4 and 10mm. The NDF was 53.86 and 52.21% and NDFap 51.20 and 49.87% for cane with lime powdered and applied in suspension, respectively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A irrigação na citricultura ganhou grande importância nos últimos oito anos, devido à utilização de porta-enxertos menos tolerantes a seca. Hoje grande parte da citricultura irrigada é feita por gotejamento, sistema em que apenas uma porcentagem do sistema radicular recebe água. Esses pontos tornam de grande valia estudos relacionados às respostas das plantas submetidas a diferentes áreas molhadas de solo e também ao estresse hídrico. Esse trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de lima ácida Tahiti a pequenas porcentagens de área molhada. Foi avaliada condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (T), temperatura foliar (Tf), potencial de água na folha (), teor de clorofila e produtividade e qualidade de frutos. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Areão ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, em um pomar de 1ha de lima ácida Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) enxertadas em citromelo Swingle (Poncitrus trifoliata (L.) x Citrus paradisi Macf.) no espaçamento 7x4m e irrigados por gotejamento. Para leituras de condutância estomática e transpiração foi utilizado um porômetro de equilíbrio dinâmico e balanço nulo LI-COR 1600 (Licor, Inc., Lincoln, EUA). Para temperatura da folha foi utilizado um termômetro de infravermelho (Scantenp). Para determinação de potencial de água na folha foi utilizado uma camâra de Scholander (Modelo 3005 Soil Mosture Equipament Co., Santa Bárbara, CA, EUA), e para determinação do teor de clorofila foi utilizado o um clorofiLOG (Falker). A avaliação de qualidade de frutos foi feita seguindo as metodologias propostas por Bleinroth et al. (1976). As diferentes porcentagens de área molhada foram dadas por diferentes números e tipos de gotejadores, de forma a aplicar sempre a mesma lâmina de irrigação. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para gs, T, e Tf, porém Tf foi sempre superior a temperatura do ar, podendo ser um indicador de deficiência hídrica. Quanto ao potencial hídrico das folhas, o tratamento não irrigado apresentou menores valores em relação aos tratamentos de maior área irrigada. O tratamento não irrigado também apresentou menores teores de clorofila, principalmente o teor de clorofila b, na face sul (mais sombreada). A produção e qualidade de frutos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. / The irrigation in citrus gained great importance in the last eight years, due to the use of rootstocks less tolerant to drought. Currently, much of the citrus is irrigated by drip irrigation system, where only a percentage of the root system receives water. These items make great value for studies related to the responses of plants subjected to different áreas of wet soil and also to water stress. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of Tahiti lime fruit a small percentage of wetted area. Was evaluated stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (T), leaf temperture (Tf), the leaf water potential (), chlorophyll content and productivity and quality of fruit. The experiment was conducted at the farm Areão ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Brazil, in a orchard of 1 ha of Tahit lime fruit (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) grafted in a citromelo Swingle (Poncitrus trifoliata (L.) x Citrus paradise Macf.) in a spacing of 7x4 m. For readings of stomatal condutance and transpiration was used a steady-state null-balcance porometer. For leaf temperature was used a infrared thermometer (Scantenp). To determine the potential of water on the sheet was used a Board of Scholander (Model 3005 - Soil Mosture Equipament Co., Santa Barbara, CA), and to determine the level of chlorophyll was used a clorofiLOG (Falker). The evaluate of quality of fruits was made following the methodology proposed by Bleinroth et al. (1976). The different percentages of wetted area were given by different numbers and types of drip, so as to always apply the same depth of irrigation. The results showed that there was no significant difference among treatments for gs, T, and Tf, but Tf was always higher than the air temperature and can be an indicator of water stress. As the water potential of the leaves, the non-irrigated treatment had lower values in relation to treatment of larger irrigated área. The nonirrigated treatment had lower levels of chlorophyll, especially the content of chlorophyll b, in the south side (more shaded). The production and quality of fruit showed no significant differences.

Brown’s Method was found to be a very satisfactory technique for determining the exchange capacity of soils. It was simple, rapid and gave comparable results with Shollenberger’s technique for thirty soils from Vancouver Island. The Puri Method gave comparable results to Brown’s but was too lengthy. Considerable variation occurred at high percent base saturation levels when determined by Schollenberger, Brown and Purl Methods for these soils. It was concluded, however, that Brown’s Method as well as being rapid and simple gave satisfactory results. As much as twenty percent variation in percent base saturation was noted for soils having the same pH value. The percent base saturation of a soil cannot be estimated from its pH with a high degree of accuracy. The total titration curves produced by adding increments of calcium to hydrogen saturated soils showed that the exchange capacity and base saturation could be determined by this method. It was also concluded the position and shape of the curves, indicated the buffer capacity of the soil. In a greenhouse experiment where Virginian Stock was grown as the indicator crop on five levels of percent base and calcium saturation, the following conclusions were made: (1) That a relationship exists between calcium and base saturation of the soil and plant growth. (2) That the flex point for the growth saturation curves occurred at 30% calcium saturation and 60% base saturation for both soil types. (3) That response to lime in the greenhouse coincided with known response in the field. (4) That a relationship exists between base saturation in the soil and calcium content of the plant. (5) That 1200 gm. samples of soil were better suited for saturation studies than 300 gm. samples. (6) That below a certain percent base saturation calcium is not available to plants. (7) That base saturation studies should form a sound basis for estimating the lime requirement of soils. The lime requirement of six soil types was estimated by three methods: (1) Percent Base Saturation expressed on a Volume Weight Basis. (2) Percent Base Saturation expressed on a weight basis. (3) Titration Curves on a weight basis. It was concluded that the Percent Base Saturation Method expressed on a volume weight basis gave a good indication of the lime requirement for the six soil types studied. The latter two methods indicated that very large quantities of lime were required for soils with low apparent specific gravities. This may result in overliming of the surface horizons / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate