Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation presents the development of methodologies that aim to reduce the effect of distributed generation sources in the protection of electric power systems. First were analyzed problems associated with integration of Distributed Generation sources in electric power systems, focusing on the influence of these sources in protecting these systems. Considering the problem associated with increased short circuit current and its resulting influence on overcurrent, it's developed a methodology that aims to restore the coordination of such devices by inserting fault current limiters together with sources of GD installed. In a second step is developed a method for allocation of fault current limiters in distribution systems for which insertion of source GD does not cause a miscoordination between fuses and reclosers. This methodology uses genetic algorithms and aims to determine the installation location and sizing of limiters. Coordination between the fuses and also between these and reclosers is verified, and if necessary, it is suggested to replace equipment that was overloaded. The developed methodologies aimed at minimizing the cost of replacing equipment and limiters so that the limiters are allocated considering not only the optimal location and sizing, as well as the number of devices to be replaced. / Essa dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de metodologias que visam reduzir o efeito da inserção de fontes de Geração Distribuída na proteção de sistemas elétricos de potência. Primeiramente foram analisados problemas associados à inserção das fontes de Geração Distribuída em sistemas elétricos de potência, focando na influência dessas fontes na proteção desses sistemas. Considerando o problema associado ao aumento da corrente de curto-circuito e sua consequente influência nos relés de sobrecorrente, desenvolve-se uma metodologia que visa restaurar a coordenação desses dispositivos através da inserção de limitadores de corrente de falta juntamente com as fontes de GD instaladas. Em um segundo momento desenvolveu-se um método para a alocação dos limitadores de corrente de falta em sistemas de distribuição para que a inserção das fontes de GD não cause uma descoordenação entre elos-fusíveis e religadores. Essa metodologia faz uso de algoritmos genéticos e visa determinar o local de instalação e o dimensionamento dos limitadores. Verifica-se a coordenação entre os elos fusíveis e também entre elos e religador, e se necessário, sugere-se para substituição de equipamentos superados. As metodologias desenvolvidas têm como objetivo a minimização dos custos de limitadores e a substituição de equipamentos de forma que os limitadores são alocados considerando-se não só o local e dimensionamento ótimos, como também o número de dispositivos a serem substituídos.

Transport codes are beginning to be parallelized in order to allow more complex add-ons, such as geochemical packages, to utilize finer, more accurate grids, and to reduce solution times making stochastic and Monte Carlo simulations more feasible. Most codes parallelized via MPI (message passing interface) offer good results, but require the development of a new parallel code. OpenMP, the shared-memory standard, offers incremental parallelization, allowing sequential codes to remain relatively intact with minimal changes or additions. OpenMP allows speedup to be seen on personal computers with dual processors or greater, unlike some other parallelization approaches that require a supercomputer. An operator-split strategy creates an environment for easy parallelization by decoupling the transport and reactions of species. The transport, when decoupled from the reactions, is dependent on surrounding nodes and not on species. Therefore, each species transport can be solved on a different processor. The reactions, when decoupled from the transport, are dependant on the other species concentrations and not on the surrounding nodes, allowing the concentrations for all species to be solve for at a given node as if in a batch reactor. This allows a parallelization of the nodes. Two codes are parallelized in this work. The first is a 100-species 1D theoretical problem. The second is RT3D, a modular computer code for simulating reactive multi-species transport in 3-dimensional groundwater systems written and developed by Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement. RT3D is a sub-component of a parent code, MT3DMS, which utilizes RT3D to solve reaction terms. A speedup factor of 3.91 is seen on four processors, accomplishing a processor efficiency of approximately 98% while spent in RT3D itself.