Forty-five Angus steers (358 kg BW) were utilized in a completely randomized block design with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the hypothesis that differing dietary linolenic acid (from corn, flaxseed plus corn, or milo) and whole cottonseed (WCS) inclusion (0, 5, or 15% DM) would interact to alter fatty acid metabolism and deposition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in subcutaneous (s.c.) and interfasicular (i.f.) adipose tissues, and thereby decrease carcass quality score. During the feeding period (135 d), steers receiving flaxseed or corn diets had a greater gain:feed ratio (0.119 and 0.108, respectively) than steers receiving the milo diet (0.093). Following transportation to a local abattoir and overnight starvation, there was less decrease in weight in flaxseed-fed steers (1.51%) than in steers fed the corn (2.89%) or milo diets (3.11%). Ribeye area of steers fed milo was less than that of steers fed the corn or flaxseed diets. Lipogenesis from acetate in s.c. adipose tissue was greater in steers fed flaxseed (5.42 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) than in the corn (3.10 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) or milo (1.92 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) groups. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity in s.c. adipose tissue was unchanged between the 0% WCS group (88.1 nmol mg protein-1 7 min-1) and the 15% WCS group (20 nmol mg protein-1 7 min-1). The i.f. saturated fatty acid percentages increased with increasing levels of WCS. The i.f. cis-9, trans-11 CLA percentage increased with increasing WCS in the steers fed the corn diet, whereas it remained unchanged or even decreased slightly in the steers fed the flaxseed or milo-based diets. Steers fed flaxseed had a greater s.c. adipose concentration of vaccenic acid (18:1trans-11) than the steers fed milo. Steers fed flaxseed also had greater s.c. and i.f. percentages of linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) than steers fed either of the other grain sources. Increased dietary linolenic acid from flaxseed may have increased s.c. adipocyte volume by stimulating lipogenesis. These data indicate that rations formulated to provide increased levels of linolenic acid (i.e., flaxseed) will increase feed efficiency and lipogenesis from acetate without altering either the quality or composition of the beef carcasses.

This thesis evaluated supplementation with two components of flaxseed during exercise training on inflammation in older adults.<P>Experiment 1: This experiment assessed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) supplementation during aerobic exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: One hundred subjects aged 50y or older were randomized to receive either SDG or placebo before completing a 6-month walking program. Fasting concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-á, glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol as well as leukocyte cell count were measured every two months while body composition, resting blood pressure, and a composite Z-score of six metabolic syndrome risk factors were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: Men on placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z-score (p<0.05). TAG increased (p=0.017) in men on placebo relative to men on SDG and men on SDG decreased (p=0.045) DBP relative to men on placebo. Conclusions: SDG had no effect on inflammation while it is effective in attenuating risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older males but not females.<p>Experiment 2: This experiment evaluated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation during strength exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: Fifty-one healthy older adults (65.4±0.8y) were randomized to receive ALA or a placebo before completing a 12 wk strength training program. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks for TNF-á and IL-6, muscle strength, body composition, and muscle thickness. Results: Males supplementing with ALA decreased IL-6 concentration (p=0.003). The female placebo and male ALA group had a significant increase in knee flexor thickness (p<0.05). Chest and leg press strength, lean tissue mass, and muscle thickness significantly increased, while percent fat and total body mass decreased with training (p<0.05), with no difference between ALA and placebo. Conclusions: ALA lowers IL-6 in older men, but has minimal effect on muscle mass and strength during resistance training.<p>General Conclusion: A composite score of metabolic syndrome is attenuated in males supplementing with SDG. ALA reduces IL-6 in older men. Older men, but not older women, derive specific health benefits from increased consumption of components of flaxseed consumed during an exercise program.

This thesis evaluated supplementation with two components of flaxseed during exercise training on inflammation in older adults.<P>Experiment 1: This experiment assessed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) supplementation during aerobic exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: One hundred subjects aged 50y or older were randomized to receive either SDG or placebo before completing a 6-month walking program. Fasting concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-á, glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol as well as leukocyte cell count were measured every two months while body composition, resting blood pressure, and a composite Z-score of six metabolic syndrome risk factors were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: Men on placebo increased metabolic syndrome composite Z-score (p<0.05). TAG increased (p=0.017) in men on placebo relative to men on SDG and men on SDG decreased (p=0.045) DBP relative to men on placebo. Conclusions: SDG had no effect on inflammation while it is effective in attenuating risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older males but not females.<p>Experiment 2: This experiment evaluated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) supplementation during strength exercise training on inflammation in older adults. Methods: Fifty-one healthy older adults (65.4±0.8y) were randomized to receive ALA or a placebo before completing a 12 wk strength training program. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and 12 weeks for TNF-á and IL-6, muscle strength, body composition, and muscle thickness. Results: Males supplementing with ALA decreased IL-6 concentration (p=0.003). The female placebo and male ALA group had a significant increase in knee flexor thickness (p<0.05). Chest and leg press strength, lean tissue mass, and muscle thickness significantly increased, while percent fat and total body mass decreased with training (p<0.05), with no difference between ALA and placebo. Conclusions: ALA lowers IL-6 in older men, but has minimal effect on muscle mass and strength during resistance training.<p>General Conclusion: A composite score of metabolic syndrome is attenuated in males supplementing with SDG. ALA reduces IL-6 in older men. Older men, but not older women, derive specific health benefits from increased consumption of components of flaxseed consumed during an exercise program.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(課程) 学位授与年月日:平成23年3月25日 村松崇氏の博士論文として提出された

A study was performed to investigate the effect of diet modifications on skin and hair coat condition in canines. The study included 24 normal adult dogs fed a baseline diet (Ol'Roy[trademark]), during an acclimation period of 12 wk (Phase I). Nine female Beagles and 15 male Hound mix-breed dogs were used. For the next 12 wk (Phase II) the dogs were divided into three groups and fed one of three specially formulated diets. They contained similar ingredients and had similar nutrient profiles except for the following differences: Diet A contained lower but adequate amounts of dietary zinc and linoleic acid than diet B. Diet C was similar to B with respect to zinc and linoleic acid but contained more α-linolenic acid. An evaluation panel conducted skin and hair coat condition scoring on wk 0, 4, 7, and 12 (Phase I) and wk 14, 16, 19, and 24 (Phase II). The panel evaluated the dogs for glossiness, softness, scale, greasiness, and overall condition. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration (HYDR) assessments were determined on wk 3, 7, and 11 (Phase I) and wk 11, 12, 15, 19, and 23 (Phase II) using a Tewameter[trademark] and Corneometer[trademark] respectively. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 5, 8, 16, 28, 56, and 84. Profiles of plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined at each collection period. Serum zinc concentrations were analyzed on wk 12, 14, and 24. The hypothesis was that a diet containing increased LA, ALA, and zinc concentrations (diet C) would show improvements of skin and hair coat condition in dogs compared to the other diets. All three test diets caused significant improvements compared to Ol'Roy[trademark]. Diet B caused more improvement than diet A in both subjective and objective assessments of skin and hair coat. Based on mean values diet B is better to be fed to dogs that need to improve skin hydration and diet C should be fed to dogs that need to decrease TEWL. Diet C not only led to improvements in skin and hair coat condition, but also provided additional benefit by producing less pro-inflammatory conditions in the skin.

Forty-five Angus steers (358 kg BW) were utilized in a completely randomized block design with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the hypothesis that differing dietary linolenic acid (from corn, flaxseed plus corn, or milo) and whole cottonseed (WCS) inclusion (0, 5, or 15% DM) would interact to alter fatty acid metabolism and deposition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in subcutaneous (s.c.) and interfasicular (i.f.) adipose tissues, and thereby decrease carcass quality score. During the feeding period (135 d), steers receiving flaxseed or corn diets had a greater gain:feed ratio (0.119 and 0.108, respectively) than steers receiving the milo diet (0.093). Following transportation to a local abattoir and overnight starvation, there was less decrease in weight in flaxseed-fed steers (1.51%) than in steers fed the corn (2.89%) or milo diets (3.11%). Ribeye area of steers fed milo was less than that of steers fed the corn or flaxseed diets. Lipogenesis from acetate in s.c. adipose tissue was greater in steers fed flaxseed (5.42 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) than in the corn (3.10 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) or milo (1.92 nmol h-1 105 cells-1) groups. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity in s.c. adipose tissue was unchanged between the 0% WCS group (88.1 nmol mg protein-1 7 min-1) and the 15% WCS group (20 nmol mg protein-1 7 min-1). The i.f. saturated fatty acid percentages increased with increasing levels of WCS. The i.f. cis-9, trans-11 CLA percentage increased with increasing WCS in the steers fed the corn diet, whereas it remained unchanged or even decreased slightly in the steers fed the flaxseed or milo-based diets. Steers fed flaxseed had a greater s.c. adipose concentration of vaccenic acid (18:1trans-11) than the steers fed milo. Steers fed flaxseed also had greater s.c. and i.f. percentages of linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) than steers fed either of the other grain sources. Increased dietary linolenic acid from flaxseed may have increased s.c. adipocyte volume by stimulating lipogenesis. These data indicate that rations formulated to provide increased levels of linolenic acid (i.e., flaxseed) will increase feed efficiency and lipogenesis from acetate without altering either the quality or composition of the beef carcasses.

The effects of temperature, reaction time, and substrate concentration on the incorporation of decanoic acid (DA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), into cocoa butter, were compared, using an immobilized enzyme derived from Rhizomucor miehei. All variables had an effect on incorporation of DA and ALA into cocoa butter but effects were not equivalent for the two fatty acids. Thus, DA was not an adequate model fatty acid for the incorporation of ALA into cocoa butter. The highest ALA incorporation achieved was 77.3±1.3. Samples with ALA incorporated were prepared as “pure” and “blends”, and these exceeded the milk and dark chocolate Canadian Food and Drug Regulation guidelines for products making omega-3 fatty acid content claims. The highest %TAG content, 97.3±1.0%, was achieved for the 11.9wt% “blend” sample. Differential scanning calorimetry suggested that both “pure” and “blend” samples contained mainly form IV and V, with much smaller quantities of form II polymorphs.

The biological activity of α-linolenic acid (ALA) is poorly understood and primarily associated with its conversion to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study used the Δ6 desaturase knockout (D6KO) mouse, which lacks Δ6 desaturase and therefore cannot convert ALA, to evaluate the independent effects of ALA on preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). First, the capacity of very long chain fatty acids to rescue the D6KO lipid profile was established. Next, to evaluate the independent effects of ALA, D6KO or wild-type mice were fed diets containing lard, canola, flaxseed, or fish oil. Following treatment, liver phospholipid fatty acid composition was evaluated and livers were scored for steatosis and inflammation. Glucose tolerance was also evaluated. D6KO mice fed ALA-rich diets had lower liver lipid accumulation, lower hepatic inflammation (8 weeks) and improved glucose tolerance (20 weeks) relative to lard-fed D6KO mice. Overall, this thesis supports an independent biological role for ALA. / D.W.L. Ma is funded by the Canola Council of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation Leaders Opportunity Fund with matching from the Ontario Research Fund; Jessica Monteiro is funded Ontario Graduate Scholarship.

Breast cancer molecular subtypes, based on expression of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors, alter prognosis and treatment options. &alpha;-linolenic acid (ALA) is a complementary therapy, however its effectiveness across breast cancer types and estrogen environments is unclear. This research determined the effect of ALA on growth, apoptosis, fatty acid profile, and gene changes in four breast cancer cell lines with varying receptor expression with or without (&plusmn;) estradiol (E2). ALA (50-200uM) &plusmn; E2 reduced growth in all cell lines. 75&mu;M ALA +E2 increased phospholipid % ALA in all cell lines and induced apoptosis in cell lines lacking the three receptors. Cellular % ALA was positively associated with apoptosis and inversely associated with cell growth. ALA altered expression of cell cycle, apoptosis and signal transduction genes. In conclusion, ALA incorporates into breast cancer cells, reduces growth and induces apoptosis regardless of receptor status or E2 level.

Breast cancer molecular subtypes, based on expression of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor 2 receptors, alter prognosis and treatment options. &alpha;-linolenic acid (ALA) is a complementary therapy, however its effectiveness across breast cancer types and estrogen environments is unclear. This research determined the effect of ALA on growth, apoptosis, fatty acid profile, and gene changes in four breast cancer cell lines with varying receptor expression with or without (&plusmn;) estradiol (E2). ALA (50-200uM) &plusmn; E2 reduced growth in all cell lines. 75&mu;M ALA +E2 increased phospholipid % ALA in all cell lines and induced apoptosis in cell lines lacking the three receptors. Cellular % ALA was positively associated with apoptosis and inversely associated with cell growth. ALA altered expression of cell cycle, apoptosis and signal transduction genes. In conclusion, ALA incorporates into breast cancer cells, reduces growth and induces apoptosis regardless of receptor status or E2 level.