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Liquid crystal display is the most valuable and universal produce of the electric monitor presently. Due to the non-luminant display device, it must use the light source of the backlight module to reach display effect . In backlight module field , it is focus on the even distribution of the light source and the perfect appearance without any defect occurrence. Besides, the existence of film waving will cause the bad phenomenon .To improve and avoid the defect occurrence,through the workable analysis experiment can find the real element progressively . In the experiment , we will focus on the characteristic of the film material and each material¡¦s dimension which analyze by BM-7 and Nieo LCD analyzer,etc. According to angle orientation.From the result,we can realize that the stronger structure material and larger heat capacity of Diffusion Film, will decrease the expand and shrink for temperature , and film waving caused by temperature changing, which may resolve the film waving effectively.

As telas de cristal líquido (LCD) são usadas em TVs, calculadoras, telefones celulares, computadores (laptop e palm), vídeo games e agendas eletrônicas. O aumento e a rápida obsolescência tecnológica desses dispositivos eletrônicos causa o descarte excessivo de LCDs usados, diminuindo a vida útil de aterros. Por isso é necessário o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de reciclagem de LCDs, que deve ser iniciada pela caracterização de LCDs, seguida do processamento das telas com objetivo de separar os materiais, utilizando algumas técnicas de Tratamento de Minérios. Os ensaios realizados para caracterização dos componentes da tela foram: solubilização em solvente; chama; infravermelho; DSC; MEV com EDS; difração de raios-X; e perda ao fogo. A seqüência identificada dos materiais de fora para dentro foi: triacetato de celulose, poli (álcool) vinil dopado com iodo, triacetato de celulose, cristal líquido, vidro com ITO, triacetato de celulose, poli (álcool) vinil dopado com iodo, triacetato de celulose, polímero não identificado com mica. Após a caracterização foi realizada a etapa de liberação de materiais, utilizando-se de moinhos de rolos, de disco, de martelos, de bolas, separação por álcool, imersão em nitrogênio líquido, e solubilização em água, para separação dos materiais recicláveis. A operação de Tratamento de Minérios que apresentou cerca de 98% de separação dos materiais foi com o moinho de martelos. Este material pode ser usado eventualmente como substituto da areia. Para viabilizar a separação dos materiais existe a necessidade de alteração no projeto das LCDs. / Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are used in TVs, calculators, mobiles, computers (laptop and palm), video games and electronic agendas. The increasing and fast technological obsolescence of these electronic devices causes their extreme discard, decreasing the landfills useful life. Therefore it is necessary the development of a LCD recycling methodology which must be started by the LCDs characterization, followed by the displays processing with the objective of separating materials, using some Ore Treatment techniques. The characterization tests of the LDC components: solvent solubilization, flame, infrarred, DSC, MEV with coupled EDS, X-ray diffraction and loss on fire. The sequence of the identified materials were: celulose triacetate, poly vinyl alcohol with iodine, cellulose triacetate, liquid cristal, ITO glass, cellulose triacetate, poly vinyl alcohol with iodine, cellulose triacetate, polymer with muscovite. Following the characterization, the materials releasing step was performed. Firstly the LCDs were grinded using different kinds of mills, then the grinded materials were passed through several separation tests: separation on alcohol, immersion in liquid nitrogen and solubilization in water. Hammer milling present the best results. The project of the LCDs should be improved in order to allow the materials separation.

Abstract Advocate ' the knowledge economy ' in era in the whole world now, the enterprises possess knowledge which also calling the value of Intangible Assets, has already surmounted the general tangible assets gradually, and can produce the greatest value for enterprises. In view of the knowledge economy era arrival, how is the enterprise via ' Knowledge Management (KM), make the latent knowledge and technology inside personnel transform outside show knowledge, and it is the key subject that enterprises face to reach the knowledge application and innovation through storing, sharing and spreading. LCD display industry is following semiconductor, Taiwan does one's utmost to promote one of the industries of development. The industry of the display is an industry with keen competition, the life cycle of the products is short, and the technical development of the products is fast. So it need under limited resources, avoid making the repeated mistake and paying, save the time of solving problems in order to be absorbed in the products for reform and innovation. So, this main key of research lies in inspecting how LCD display industry uses the effective knowledge management style to promote one's own competitiveness. The extensive academic theory and knowledge management style of current industry at first of this text carries on the research discussion, the purpose lies in that it influences organizing to promote the information management factor to find out. And the high-order executive and advisor representative to enterprises, carry on depth interview, make deep quality and analyze the data. The result of study finds, the enterprise culture is influenced organization to carry out the important factor of knowledge management. In addition, external knowledge becomes and offers the important source that enterprises maintain the competition advantage.

As telas de cristal líquido (LCD) são usadas em TVs, calculadoras, telefones celulares, computadores (laptop e palm), vídeo games e agendas eletrônicas. O aumento e a rápida obsolescência tecnológica desses dispositivos eletrônicos causa o descarte excessivo de LCDs usados, diminuindo a vida útil de aterros. Por isso é necessário o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de reciclagem de LCDs, que deve ser iniciada pela caracterização de LCDs, seguida do processamento das telas com objetivo de separar os materiais, utilizando algumas técnicas de Tratamento de Minérios. Os ensaios realizados para caracterização dos componentes da tela foram: solubilização em solvente; chama; infravermelho; DSC; MEV com EDS; difração de raios-X; e perda ao fogo. A seqüência identificada dos materiais de fora para dentro foi: triacetato de celulose, poli (álcool) vinil dopado com iodo, triacetato de celulose, cristal líquido, vidro com ITO, triacetato de celulose, poli (álcool) vinil dopado com iodo, triacetato de celulose, polímero não identificado com mica. Após a caracterização foi realizada a etapa de liberação de materiais, utilizando-se de moinhos de rolos, de disco, de martelos, de bolas, separação por álcool, imersão em nitrogênio líquido, e solubilização em água, para separação dos materiais recicláveis. A operação de Tratamento de Minérios que apresentou cerca de 98% de separação dos materiais foi com o moinho de martelos. Este material pode ser usado eventualmente como substituto da areia. Para viabilizar a separação dos materiais existe a necessidade de alteração no projeto das LCDs. / Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are used in TVs, calculators, mobiles, computers (laptop and palm), video games and electronic agendas. The increasing and fast technological obsolescence of these electronic devices causes their extreme discard, decreasing the landfills useful life. Therefore it is necessary the development of a LCD recycling methodology which must be started by the LCDs characterization, followed by the displays processing with the objective of separating materials, using some Ore Treatment techniques. The characterization tests of the LDC components: solvent solubilization, flame, infrarred, DSC, MEV with coupled EDS, X-ray diffraction and loss on fire. The sequence of the identified materials were: celulose triacetate, poly vinyl alcohol with iodine, cellulose triacetate, liquid cristal, ITO glass, cellulose triacetate, poly vinyl alcohol with iodine, cellulose triacetate, polymer with muscovite. Following the characterization, the materials releasing step was performed. Firstly the LCDs were grinded using different kinds of mills, then the grinded materials were passed through several separation tests: separation on alcohol, immersion in liquid nitrogen and solubilization in water. Hammer milling present the best results. The project of the LCDs should be improved in order to allow the materials separation.

L'imagerie de polarisation apporte des informations complémentaires à l'imagerie conventionnelle. L'oeil humain n'étant cependant pas sensible à la polarisation de la lumière, l'utilisation d'équipements spécifiques est indispensable. Depuis le XIXème siècle, des scientifiques étudient la polarisation de la lumière: d'abord avec de simples lames polarisantes, puis depuis une vingtaine d'années à l'aide de modulateurs à cristaux liquides (CL). Ces derniers présentent un avantage considérable par rapport aux lames polarisantes: ils permettent des vitesses de modulation de la polarisation de la lumière qui ne peuvent être atteintes avec des lames orientées mécaniquement. Les CL nématiques alignés parallèlement et les CL nématiques en hélice sont les plus répandus aujourd'hui, que ce soit dans des équipements grand public tels que les écrans d'ordinateur, ou dans des équipements professionnels. Ils fonctionnent à des fréquences maximales de l'ordre de 50Hz. La vitesse de fonctionnement de ces CL peut toutefois encore être dépassée en utilisant des CL ferroélectriques, pouvant atteindre le kiloHertz. Ces éléments sont rapportés dans la littérature comme des éléments bistables, donc ne permettant pas de moduler la polarisation incidente de manière accordable, contrairement aux CL nématiques. En d'autres termes, un seul modulateur à CL ferroélectriques ne permet a priori pas d'analyser la totalité de la polarisation. Seulement une fraction de la polarisation linéaire du faisceau incident peut être identifiée.Le présent travail vise à montrer qu'a posteriori des CL ferroélectriques convenablement commandés peuvent être utilisés de manière accordable pour analyser la totalité de la polarisation. Partant d'un modulateur à CL ferroélectriques conventionnel, il est montré dans un premier temps que l'on peut analyser la totalité de la polarisation linéaire dès lors que la commande électrique est adaptée. Puis dans un deuxième temps, en exploitant la dépendance en longueur d'onde du comportement du modulateur, nous démontrons que cet élément optique peut être utilisé pour analyser la totalité de la polarisation du faisceau incident, c'est-à-dire la composante linéaire aussi bien que circulaire. Un polarimètre à division temporelle est développé pour prouver la faisabilité d'un polarimètre n'utilisant qu'un seul et unique modulateur à CL ferroélectriques pour tout élément polarisant. Un défaut a également été mis en évidence dans la restitution de l'information de polarisation avec un polarimètre à division temporelle lors de l'observation d'objets en mouvement. Avec un tel système, l'acquisition des différentes images d'intensités nécessaires à l'estimation de l'information de polarisation se fait séquentiellement. Par conséquent, le mouvement d'un objet dans la scène pendant la phase d'acquisition se répercute sur la séquence d'images d'intensités, ce qui produit des artéfacts lors de l'estimation de la polarisation. Des solutions à ce problème sont proposées. / Analyzing the polarization of the light can bring complementary information to the classical imaging. Since the human eye is not capable of catching the polarization, specific sensing device have to be developed. Since the XIXth century, scientists study the polarization of the light: first with polarizing plates, then for the past two decades with liquid crystals (LC). These last elements have the enormous advantage to allow light modulation frequency far beyond what can be reach with mechanically rotated plates. Aligned nematic LC and twisted nematic LC are the most common technologies used today, either in devices made for the general public such as computer screens, or in professional devices. Their typical modulation rate is 50Hz. Higher modulation rate, around the kiloHertz, can be reached using ferroelectric LC. Ferroelectric LC are known to be bistable components, unable to modulate the polarization in an accordable manner, contrary to nematic LC. As a consequence, only a fraction of the linear polarization can be estimated with ferroelectric LC.The present work aims to demonstrate that correctly electrically driven, a ferroelectric LC cell can be used to analyzed the whole polarization of the incident light beam. Firstly, it is shown that a single ferroelectric LC modulator is sufficient to analyze the whole linear polarization, as long as the command signal is properly designed. Secondly, based on the wavelength dependency of the modulator's behavior, it is show that a single modulator can be used to analyze the total polarization, that is both linear and circular polarization. A prototype of division of time polarimeter is developed in order to demonstrate the feasibility of a polarimeter using a single ferroelectric LC modulator and no other polarization sensitive component. In the mean time, a defect has been highlighted while observing moving objects with a division of time polarimeter. With this kind of polarimeter, intensity images needed to compute the polarization information are acquired one after another. As a consequence, the motion of an object is observable on the intensity pictures, which leads to defects on the picture of the estimated polarization information. Solutions to this issue are proposed.

For a back-light module with multiple cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) in mid-size or large size liquid crystal displays, a balance scheme must be included to have approximately equal currents among the lamps and hence to output equal brightness. In this thesis, a half-bridge inverter is adopted to drive multiple step-up transformers with the same turn ratio, in which the primary windings of the transformers are connected in series whereas the second windings drive CCFLs in parallel. Due to the series connection of the transformer sets, the current going through the primary windings is identical, so that the lamp currents from second windings tend to be equal. A driver circuit with the proposed scheme is designed for 8 U-type cold cathode fluorescent lamps in a 32-inch backlight module. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the balance scheme, even for the lamps operating at low current.

This work discusses the effect of photo-alignment in a liquid-crystal film that is doped with nanoparticles and azo-dye. The vertical alignment that is induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes can be changed into homogeneous alignment by the absorption of photo-excited azo-dye. Both electro-optical and surface properties are analyzed to confirm this phenomenon. An electrically tunable polarization-dependent LC phase grating is produced using the method. By this method, we also present a transflective liquid crystal display with a single cell-gap in a dual-alignment configuration. This dual structure was fabricated via a single-step laser-light exposure through a photomask. The vertical alignment induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes can be changed into a homogeneous alignment via absorption of photo-excited azo dye. The LC molecules at the transmissive and reflective pixels are homogeneous and hybrid alignment, respectively, at which optimal phase retardations of half and quarter wavelengths are achieved. Both nanoparticle- and azo-dye-induced vertical and homogeneous alignments are non-contact alignment processes and have potential for practical application.

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Liquid crystal (LC) materials have been widely applied in electro-optical devices, among which display is the most successful playground and numerous new applications in photonic areas (such as laser beam steering devices) are also emerging. To well guide the device design for optimum performance, accurate modeling is of prior and practical importance. Generally, the modeling of LC devices includes two parts in sequence: accurate LC molecule deformation extraction under external electric fields and optical calculation thereafter for the corresponding electro-optical behaviors. In this dissertation, first, hybrid finite element method and finite difference method are developed to minimize the free energy of the LC systems. In this part of study, with computer-aided derivation, the full forms of the LC free energy equations without any simplification can be obtained. Besides, Galerkin's method and weak form technique are further introduced to successfully degrade the high order nonlinear derivative terms associated with the free energy equations into ones that can be treated by first order interpolation functions for high accuracy. The developed modeling methods for LC deformation are further employed to study display structures, such as 2D and 3D in-plane switching LC cells, and provides accurate results. Followed is the optical modeling using extended Jones matrix and beam propagation method to calculate the electro-optical performances of different devices, according to their amplitude modulation property or diffractive one. The developed methods are further taken to assist the understanding, development, and optimization of the display and photonic devices. For their application in the display area, sunlight readable transflective LCDs for mobile devices and the related optical films for wide viewing angle are developed and studied. New cell structure using vertically aligned liquid crystal mode is developed and studied to obtain a single cell gap, high light efficiency transflective LCD that can be driven by one gray scale control circuit for both transmissive and reflective modes. And employing an internal wire grid polarizer into a fringe field switching cell produces a single cell gap and wide viewing angle display with workable reflective mode under merely two linear polarizers. To solve the limited viewing angle of conventional circular polarizers, Poincare sphere as an effective tool is taken to trace and understand the polarization change of the incident light throughout the whole LC system. This study further guides the design of high performance circular polarizers that can consist of purely uniaxial plates or a combination of uniaxial and biaxial plates. The developed circular polarizers greatly enhance the viewing angle of transflective LCDs. Especially, the circular polarizer design using a biaxial film can even provide comparable wide viewing angle performance for the same vertically aligned cell as it is used between merely two linear polarizers, while using circular polarizers can greatly boost the display brightness. As for the beam steering device modeling, the developed LC deformation method is taken to accurately calculate the associated LC director distribution in the spatial light modulator, while beam propagation method and Fourier transformation technique are combined to calculate the near and far fields from such devices. The modeling helps to better understand the origins and formations of the disclinations associated with the fringe fields, which further result in reduced steering efficiency and output asymmetric polarizations between positive and negative diffractions. Optimization in both voltage profile and driving methods is conducted to well tune the LC deformation under strong fringe fields and improve the light efficiency.