E-mail is an important tool for faculty and staff at the university, college, department, and instructor levels. E-mail is a useful medium in the academic setting for corresponding at all levels. Instructors e-mail students about assignments, lectures, and urgent information: for example, postponed classes and changes in the schedule. In addition e-mail is used to let potential students know about job opportunities. Other routine uses for e-mail include group communications within academic committees and groups of students collaborating on projects. Most users of e-mail who send messages to multiple recipients enter each recipients e-mail address into the TO: field individually or enter the name and e-mail address into a distribution list individually. Both methods are time consuming. This thesis describes a tool for facilitating the use of e-mail for classroom management. This tool, List Maker converts class roll listings to e-mail distribution lists for five common e-mail clients: Pegasus Mail, Eudora Lite, Netscape Messenger, Microsoft Outlook Express, and Microsoft Outlook 97/98. List Maker also converts address books and distribution lists from one e-mail client to another. The List Maker program has been adopted for use in selected departments within ETSU. A survey of the programÆs users indicates that List Maker made it easier for users to create distribution list from class rolls. Efforts to distribute List Maker to other Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR) colleges, unfortunately, have not yet succeeded due to a lack of uniform computing platforms and e-mail policies in the TBR.

The main objective of this dissertation is to seek answers to three questions: 1) Why did it take so much longer for women than men to win the vote? 2) Why did it take women so long to be elected in any numbers to national legislatures?, and 3) What has been the political significance of women's entry into national legislatures? The answers are sought by examining an aspect of the development of parties ignored by most political scientists, namely the relationship between women's suffrage, party politics and patriarchal power. An empirical study on Iceland is used to examine this aspect in detail. In the period 1908- 1926, women in Iceland ran separate lists at local and national elections. The fate of the women's lists in Reykjavik is explored and so are the policies of women councillors. Iceland was not the only country to see the emergence of separate women's political organizations that ran candidates at elections. The outcome was nowhere as successful as in Iceland. Through the rise, and decline, of the women's lists and women's policies in Reykjavik, the factors that allowed women to carry out their own maternalistic politics within a male-run system are illuminated. The dissertation draws on numerous theories and postulations within political science. It also challenges many of them. Theda Skocpol's structured policy approach proves highly useful in examining the larger political environment and factors that stimulated or hindered women's politics and policies in Reykjavik. The approach does not, however, account for male power as a force on its own. The structured policy approach is challenged by providing another important factor, the role of individuals and their ideas as a political force. The conclusion is that patriarchal theories are needed within political science, and it is suggested that political parties, their origin and working methods, provide excellent starting points from which to examine male power, or patriarchy, as a political force of its own. / digitalisering@umu

Obwohl therapeutisch angestrebte Veränderungen im Rahmen der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie vor allem als Veränderungen des Erlebens und Verhaltens im Alltag des Patienten konzipiert werden, konzentriert sich die Psychotherapieforschung bei der Aufklärung relevanter Wirkmechanismen bislang eher auf Einflüsse der unmittelbaren therapeutischen Interaktion sowie auf den Beitrag konkreter Intervention. Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Sitzungen wurden in ihrer Bedeutung für Veränderungen eher vernachlässigt. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass ein umfassenderes Verständnis dieser Prozesse helfen könnte, psychotherapeutische Behandlungen weiter zu optimieren und ihre Gesamteffektivität zu erhöhen. Die vorliegende Arbeit macht veränderungsrelevante Prozesse außerhalb des eigentlichen Therapiekontextes zum Ausgangspunkt verschiedener Überlegungen zur Optimierung verhaltenstherapeutischer Behandlungen. Dabei werden exemplarisch Prozesse in der Wartezeit zwischen Anmeldung zur Psychotherapie und Beginn der eigentlichen Behandlung sowie therapeutische Hausaufgaben als veränderungsrelevante Aktivitäten zwischen zwei Therapiestunden untersucht. Einen wichtigen Bereich potentieller Veränderungsprozesse stellen Einflüsse in der Zeit vor der Therapie dar. In der Überblicksarbeit „Wartezeit für Psychotherapiepatienten – und wie sie zu nutzen ist“ (Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004) wird zunächst die derzeitige Versorgungslage im Psychotherapiesektor in Bezug auf Wartezeiten dargestellt und damit assoziierte Probleme aufgezeigt. Es werden Empfehlungen für einen konstruktiven Umgang mit diesen Wartezeiten diskutiert sowie eine konkrete Vorgehensweise vorgeschlagen. In einer Praxiserhebung wurden darüber hinaus ca. 300 Patienten auf einer Warteliste für ambulante Verhaltenstherapie mit einem Kurzfragebogen zu eigeninitiierten problembezogenen Aktivitäten und Coping-Strategien befragt („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). Es zeigte sich, dass das therapierelevante Verhalten in der Wartezeit erheblich variierte, jedoch fast alle Patienten bereits während der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf ihr Problem aktiv wurden. Überraschenderweise konnten keine klaren Assoziationen zwischen Patienten-Charakteristika und Art des gezeigten Selbsthilfe- oder Copingverhaltens nachgewiesen werden. Eine erste Exploration der Effekte von Selbsthilfe-Verhalten in der Wartezeit auf das Therapie-Ergebnis ergab hypothesenkonträr, dass aktive Selbsthilfe ein ungünstigeres Behandlungsergebnis im Hinblick auf depressive Symptome vorhersagte – hier bleibt jedoch offen, inwieweit dieses Ergebnis durch den fehlenden Erfolg der Selbsthilfestrategien und einen damit verbundenen Selbstwirksamkeitsverlust moderiert wird. Die Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese, dass systematische und erwiesenermaßen nutzbringende Angebote für Patienten in der Wartezeit helfen könnten, Kosten durch Inanspruchnahme weiterer Dienste zu sparen und die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von Patienten schon vor Beginn der Therapie zu erhöhen. Diese Annahme wurde anhand einer speziell für die Wartezeit entwickelten Intervention untersucht („Hilft wenig viel? Eine Minimalintervention für Patienten während der Wartezeit auf ambulante Verhaltenstherapie“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). In einer universitären Psychotherapieambulanz wurden 75 Patienten mit Angst- bzw. depressiven Störungen nach Anmeldung zur Behandlung kontrolliert einer Versuchs- oder einer Kontrollgruppe zugewiesen. Während die Kontrollgruppe wie üblich auf den Behandlungsbeginn wartete, erhielt die Versuchsgruppe bibliotherapeutische Materialien sowie ein Informationsblatt zur Überbrückung von Wartezeit. Beide Gruppen wurden vor und nach der Wartezeit im Hinblick auf Erwartungen und Einstellungen zur Behandlung sowie hinsichtlich ihrer Zufriedenheit mit der Einrichtung untersucht. Die Minimalintervention erbrachte differenziell positive Effekte, insbesondere bei Personen mit geringem Vorwissen über Psychotherapie; ein global positiver Einfluss auf die untersuchten Variablen konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei Teilnehmern mit depressiven Erkrankungen wurden sogar vereinzelt negative Effekte der Intervention beobachtet. Entsprechend wurde geschlussfolgert, dass ein patienten- und störungsübergreifendes Vorgehen in der Wartezeit für eine Optimierung der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung nicht Erfolg versprechend erscheint. Neben Prozessen in der Wartezeit auf Psychotherapie sind auch Prozesse zwischen den eigentlichen Therapiesitzungen ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt zur Steigerung der Gesamteffektivität. Trotz ihrer theoretischen Bedeutsamkeit existieren bislang nur wenige empirische Befunde zur Frage, wie Hausaufgaben zur Therapieeffektivität beitragen und wie sie gewinnbringend einzusetzen sind. Eine Befragung von 77 verhaltenstherapeutisch arbeitenden Psychotherapeuten ergab, dass der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Praxis mit einer Vielzahl von Problemen behaftet ist: Nur ca. ein Drittel der vereinbarten Aufgaben wurde durch den Patienten wie geplant erledigt („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Die Hausaufgaben-Compliance war dabei positiv korreliert mit der Vergabe schriftlicher Materialien, einem späteren Therapiestadium sowie der allgemeinen Einstellung zu Hausaufgaben. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wurden konkrete Maßnahmen für einen gewinnbringenden Einsatz von Hausaufgaben abgeleitet. Aufgrund der überraschend häufigen Probleme im Umgang mit Hausaufgaben beschäftigte sich eine weitere Arbeit mit allgemeinen Empfehlungen für den effektiven Einsatz von Hausaufgaben und deren empirischer Fundierung („Der Einsatz von Hausaufgaben in der Psychotherapie. Empfehlungen und ihre empirische Fundierung“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Mehrzahl der in der Literatur genannten Empfehlungen noch nicht empirisch untersucht ist bzw. nicht nachgewiesenermaßen mit der Hausaufgabenerledigung assoziiert ist. In den bisher beschriebenen empirischen Arbeiten wurden Schwierigkeiten bei der aussagekräftigen Erfassung des Geschehens außerhalb des Therapiekontexts deutlich. Aus diesem Grund wurde im Rahmen einer weiteren Studie das Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) als ambulantes Monitoring-Verfahren auf seine Anwendbarkeit bei der Untersuchung von klinisch relevanten Veränderungsprozessen überprüft („Implementierung, Akzeptanz und Informationsgehalt eines „Ecological Momentary Assessment“-Ansatzes bei Patienten mit Panikstörung und Agoraphobie“; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Insgesamt konnte EMA gut in eine allgemeine Versorgungsstruktur implementiert werden und bot einen deutlichen Informationsgewinn gegenüber klassischen Erhebungsmethoden. In weiteren Studien sollte jedoch weiter untersucht werden, ob der Einsatz von EMA zu systematischen Stichprobenselektionseffekten führt. Die vorgestellten Befunde lassen den enormen Forschungsbedarf erkennen, der auf dem Gebiet veränderungsrelevanter Prozesse außerhalb der therapeutischen Beziehung und Intervention besteht. Aus diesem Grund wird abschließend eine weiterführende Forschungsagenda entwickelt und praxisnahe Vorschläge zur Optimierung der therapeutischen Versorgung abgeleitet. / Therapeutic outcome in cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) is often defined as lasting changes in cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes in a patient’s daily life. Psychotherapy research, on the contrary, mainly focuses on processes during therapeutic sessions and effects of specific interventions in examining mechanisms of change. Processes outside the therapeutic setting were mostly neglected, although it might be assumed that a comprehensive knowledge of these processes might help optimizing treatment and enhancing overall therapeutic effectiveness. The present dissertation is based on assumptions about the importance of change-relevant processes outside the direct therapist-patient-interaction on CBT outcome. Processes during waiting time for psychotherapy and therapeutic homework assignments are exemplarily scrutinized. Influences prior to therapy start are an important research subject in studying change processes outside the therapeutic setting. In a first paper, the status of German psychotherapy health care in relation to waiting times is reviewed, and related problems are discussed („Waiting time for psychotherapy – and how to make use of it“; Helbig, Hähnel, Weigel & Hoyer, 2004). Recommendations for using these waiting times for therapy preparation are proposed. Additionally, about 300 patients on a outpatient CBT waiting list were surveyed using a specifically developed questionnaire that retrospectively assessed problem-related activities and coping strategies („What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2008). It showed that patient behaviour during waiting time largely varied; however, almost all patients instigated activities in regard to their problem. Surprisingly, no clear associations between patient characteristics and coping behaviour could be found. A preliminary exploration of self-help effects during waiting on therapy outcome pointed out unfavourable effects of active self-help – however, it remained open whether failure in self-help and a related decrease of perceived self-effectiveness contributed to this surprising finding. It was concluded that a therapist initiated offer for using waiting times might help reduce additional health care utilization and promote patients’ self-effectiveness even prior to therapy start. This assumption was examined in a subsequent study on the effects of a minimal intervention for waiting list patients („Effects of a minimal intervention for patients on a CBT waiting list“; Helbig & Hoyer, 2007). 75 patients reporting depressive and anxiety disorders at intake were allocated to either waiting as usual or an intervention group. Patients in the intervention group received bibliotherapeutic materials and a leaflet informing about strategies that might help bridging the waiting time. Before and after waiting, consumer satisfaction, attitudes towards psychotherapy and treatment expectations were assessed in both groups. The minimal intervention had some positive effects, especially in patients with less knowledge about psychotherapy; however, there was no global improvement in the intervention group. In patients with depressive disorders, single adverse effects were observed. It was concluded that the use of therapy preparation strategies cannot overall be recommended, but has to take differences among patients into account. Besides processes prior to therapy start, intersession processes might be used for enhancing overall therapy effectiveness. Despite their theoretical importance, little is known about therapeutic homework assignments and their effective use. A survey among 77 behaviour therapists showed that only about one third of homework is completed as assigned („Problems with homework in CBT: Rare exception or rather frequent?“; Helbig & Fehm, 2004). Homework compliance was positively associated with providing written materials, a later stage of therapy and positive attitudes towards homework. Recommendations for homework assignment were derived from these findings. Due to the surprisingly frequent problems related to homework use, a review on recommendations for effective homework use and their empirical foundation was conducted („Homework recommendations in theory and research. Empirical results on the recommended use of homework“; Helbig & Fehm, 2005). It was shown that the majority of homework recommendations is not examined yet, or lacks empirical evidence. The empirical studies described above disclosed methodological difficulties in a meaningful assessment of intersession processes. Thus, a last study was designed to test the feasibility of an ambulatory assessment strategy (EMA) for examining clinically relevant mechanisms of change (“Feasibility, compliance and information content of an Ecological Momentary Assessment approach in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia”; Helbig, Lang, Swendsen, Hoyer & Wittchen, 2009). Overall, EMA demonstrated feasibility in routine care as well as substantial information gains compared to questionnaire measures. Further studies should reappraise whether EMA is linked to systematic sample selection effects. Presented findings refer to a substantial need for further research on change-relevant processes outside the therapeutic setting. Against this background, the dissertation concludes with an intersession research agenda and with recommendations for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.

Aims: The purpose of the qualitative study was to gain insight into the way parents experience and manage the waiting process following a referral to a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. The aim was to use the information for future service delivery and therapeutic engagement. Method: 6 parents whose child had been referred to a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and had been waiting for more than eight weeks were recruited using a purposive sampling method and participated in a semi-structured interview. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using the principles of Pidgeon & Henwood’s (1992) grounded theory techniques, facilitating the development and refinement of a theoretical model. Results: The resulting model highlights the waiting experience as fraught by loneliness, abandonment and self blame resulting in an interchanging role of being active or passive and the subsequent cycle they subside into. Some parents use the waiting time effectively by searching for their own answers but may eventually become passive following a belief that their parenting is insufficient. The disempowerment and self blame that is perpetuated through waiting intensifies the parents’ helplessness and results in a wide disparity between a negative self view and the idealised view of the professional. Conclusion: This study described the difficult experiences parents face while waiting for their child’s initial appointment. Parents need to be offered support, information and empowerment while waiting with ongoing communication from the service. Recommendations for future service and clinical delivery are provided.

This study determined whether a pre-operative cardiac “pre-habilitation” (Prehab) program improves the health of elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients to a greater extent than standard care (StanC). Seventeen elective CABG patients were randomized to StanC (n= 9) or Prehab (n= 8) at Baseline and were followed at 1-2 weeks pre-operatively (Preop) and Three months post-operatively. Functional walking ability was assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and 5-meter Gait Speed Test. Baseline data was not different between groups. Patients in StanC did not improve 6MWT scores; whereas Prehab patients improved 6MWT distance by 35% and 39% at Preop and Three months post-operatively, respectively (p<0.05). Gait speed scores were 25% and 27% lower in Prehab patients at Preop and Three months post-operatively, respectively, as compared to StanC (p<0.05). These data suggest that Prehab is an attractive intervention for enhancing functional walking ability before and after elective CABG surgery.

Šis darbas skirtas prekių surinkimo iš skirtingų internetinių parduotuvių į sistemą sprendimo paieškai. Darbo metu siekta realizuoti internetinę svetainę, kurioje būtų galima registruoti elektronines parduotuves, nurodyti jų sugeneruotą prekių sąrašo failo nuorodą ir pagal failo prekių informaciją automatiškai importuoti jas į sistemos duomenų bazę. Darbo metu sukurtas 3 žingsnių parduotuvių registravimo vedlys, jų prekių importavimo mechanizmas, paremtas XML failų nuskaitymu, portalo ir parduotuvių administravimo sistemos. Atlikus įvairius testavimus nustatyta, kad sukurti sprendimai veikia kaip numatyta, bei kad portalas tinkamas naudojimui. / This work is dedicated to finding solution of how to import eshops products into the system. During the time of work the goal was to implement a website, in which you could register eshops, provide an URL of generated file and using file‘s products information automatically import them into system‘s database. During the time of work there has been created a 3 steps e-shops registration guide, their products import solution, which is based on loading XML files, website‘s and e-shops administration systems. After conducting various tests, it has been proven, that created solutions operate as supposed to and that website is suitable for use.

Hintergrund: Der Artikel berichtet Ergebnisse einer kontrollierten Studie zu Effekten einer Minimalintervention in der Wartezeit auf Beginn einer ambulanten Psychotherapie. Methoden: 75 Personen, die sich in einer universitären Verhaltenstherapieambulanz aufgrund von Angst- oder depressiven Störungen anmeldeten, wurden parallelisiert nach Alter, Geschlecht und Diagnose zwei Bedingungen zugeordnet. Die Versuchsgruppe (VG) erhielt während der Wartezeit auf den Behandlungsplatz bibliotherapeutische Materialien; die Kontrollgruppe (KG) wartete ohne Intervention. Vor und nach der Wartezeit wurden Einstellungen und Erwartungen zur Behandlung, nach der Wartezeit zusätzlich die Zufriedenheit mit der behandelnden Einrichtung sowie das Hilfesuchverhalten während der Wartezeit erhoben. Ergebnisse: Es konnten keine global positiven Effekte der Wartezeitintervention nachgewiesen werden. Es fanden sich lediglich zwei grundlegende Gruppenunterschiede: Die Teilnehmer der VG beurteilten sich subjektiv als besser vorbereitet auf Wartezeit und Therapie, und ihre Angst vor Stigmatisierung hatte sich signifikant reduziert. Weiterführende Analysen in einzelnen Patientengruppen ergaben zusätzlich Hinweise darauf, dass Angstpatienten und Patienten mit geringem Vorwissen mehr von der Maßnahme profitierten; allerdings traten bei einigen Patienten mit depressiven Störungen auch negative Effekte durch die Minimalintervention auf. Schlussfolgerung: Die Befunde erlauben eine differenziertere Bewertung der Frage, ob und in welcher Form unspezifische minimale Interventionen während der Wartezeit auf Psychotherapie nutzbringend sind. Weiterführende Studien sollten die differenzielle Wirksamkeit spezifischerer Maßnahmen in ausgewählten Patientengruppen prüfen. / The article describes a controlled study that explores effects of a minimal intervention for outpatients waiting for their behavior therapy to start. Methods: Patients applying for psychotherapy for anxiety disorders or depression at an outpatient psychotherapy unit, matched for age, sex and diagnosis, were assigned to either a waiting list as usual (WL) or to an active waiting group (AW) that received bibliotherapeutic materials. Attitudes towards treatment and therapy expectations were assessed before and after waiting time; consumer satisfaction and help-seeking behavior during the waiting time were assessed post waiting. Results: After the waiting time, the two groups differed only in their fear of stigmatization, which had significantly declined in the AW group, and in the subjective preparedness for waiting list and treatment. Additional analyses regarding different patient groups suggested that especially patients with anxiety disorders and patients with little knowledge about psychotherapy benefited from the intervention; on the other hand, some patients with depressive disorders reported negative effects due to the minimal intervention. Conclusions: Findings point out the need for a more sophisticated evaluation of minimal interventions for patients waiting for psychotherapy. Further studies should clarify the differential effectiveness of custom-tailored interventions addressing specific patient populations. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

This study determined whether a pre-operative cardiac “pre-habilitation” (Prehab) program improves the health of elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients to a greater extent than standard care (StanC). Seventeen elective CABG patients were randomized to StanC (n= 9) or Prehab (n= 8) at Baseline and were followed at 1-2 weeks pre-operatively (Preop) and Three months post-operatively. Functional walking ability was assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and 5-meter Gait Speed Test. Baseline data was not different between groups. Patients in StanC did not improve 6MWT scores; whereas Prehab patients improved 6MWT distance by 35% and 39% at Preop and Three months post-operatively, respectively (p<0.05). Gait speed scores were 25% and 27% lower in Prehab patients at Preop and Three months post-operatively, respectively, as compared to StanC (p<0.05). These data suggest that Prehab is an attractive intervention for enhancing functional walking ability before and after elective CABG surgery.

A doença hepática terminal reduz de forma significativa a qualidade de vida de pacientes e com o transplante do órgão é possível melhorar as condições de saúde. A sexualidade é aspecto central do ser humano durante todo o ciclo vital. É área complexa do comportamento humano, assim a sexualidade de candidatos e receptores de transplante de fígado não deve ser menosprezada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre as alterações na sexualidade de candidatos e receptores de transplante de fígado. Trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura: as bases de dados selecionadas para a busca dos estudos primários foram PubMed, CINAHL e LILACS. Os 16 estudos primários incluídos na revisão foram agrupados em três categorias: (1) sexualidade feminina (n=5); (2) sexualidade masculina (n=5) e; (3) sexualidade masculina e feminina (n=6). Na categoria 1, os principais temas de investigação foram contracepção, gravidez, disfunção sexual, presença de sintomas ginecológicos e doença sexualmente transmissível. Na categoria 2, o foco principal dos estudos primários agrupados foi a disfunção erétil e investigou-se também desejo/satisfação sexual e as consequências de homens que tiveram filhos, em regime imunossupressor com ácido mycofenólico. Na categoria 3, a avaliação da função sexual foi o principal tema abordado nas pesquisas analisadas. A sexualidade é problemática desafiadora, revestida por tabus e preconceitos, vivenciada de forma diferente pelos indivíduos. Assim, os pacientes podem apresentar dificuldades em relatar para os profissionais da saúde seus problemas, acarretando atraso do diagnóstico e tratamento, prolongando a sensação de desconforto e sentimento de angústia. A dificuldade em abordar sobre sexualidade também ocorre por parte dos profissionais de saúde que não recebem capacitação adequada. O conhecimento sobre as dúvidas e problemas vivenciados pelos candidatos e receptores de transplante de fígado pode proporcionar a implementação de intervenções direcionadas para prevenção, redução ou controle das complicações no período pré e pós-transplante. O presente estudo forneceu subsídios para encorajar os profissionais de saúde a incorporar a sexualidade na rotina de atendimento destes pacientes, bem como indicou lacunas no conhecimento para a condução de novas pesquisas com o propósito de implementar intervenções na pratica clínica para prevenir, minimizar e/ou controlar as alterações relacionadas à sexualidade do paciente, contribuindo para a melhoria da assistência de enfermagem e, consequentemente, para o sucesso do tratamento / The end-stage liver disease significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. However, with organ transplantation it is possible to improve health conditions. Sexuality is a central aspect of the human being throughout the life cycle. It is a complex area of the human behavior and therefore the sexuality of liver transplant candidates and recipients should not be overlooked. The present study aimed to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the changes in the sexuality of candidates and recipients of liver transplant. This is an integrative literature review, and the databases selected for the search of the primary studies were PubMed, CINAHL and LILACS. The 16 primary studies included in the review were grouped into three categories: (1) female sexuality (n = 5), (2) male sexuality (n = 5) and (3) male and female sexuality (n = 6). In category 1, the main research topics were contraception, pregnancy, sexual dysfunction, presence of gynecological symptoms and sexually transmitted disease. In category 2, the focus of the primary studies grouped was erectile dysfunction, it was also investigated the sexual desire/satisfaction, and the consequences of men who had children under immunosuppressive regimen with mycophenolic acid. In category 3, the evaluation of sexual function was the main topic addressed in the studies analyzed. Sexuality is a challenging problem, enrobed with taboos and prejudices, and experienced differently by individuals. Thus, patients may present difficulties in reporting their problems to health professionals, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment, prolonging feelings of discomfort and distress. The difficulty in addressing sexuality also occurs on the part of health professionals who do not receive adequate training. Knowledge about the doubts and problems experienced by candidates and recipients of liver transplant can facilitate the implementation of interventions aimed at prevention, reduction or control of complications in the pre- and post-transplantation period. The present study provided subsidies to encourage health professionals to incorporate sexuality in the care routine of these patients, it also indicated gaps in knowledge for the conduct of new research with the purpose of implementing interventions in clinical practice to prevent, minimize and/or to control the changes related to the patient\'s sexuality, contributing to the improvement of nursing care and, consequently, to the success of the treatment

Syftet med denna studien var att utforska den möjliga användningen av digitala inköpslistor i enfamiljekonstellation. Detta genomfördes genom kvalitativa metoder och insamlad empiri från dagböcker,intervjuer, observationer och en fokusgrupp. I studien deltog fyra medlemmar i en familj. Resultatet harsedan analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och en del av analysen har omvandlats till tabeller.Resultatet visade att det finns ett behov av digitala inköpslistor i en familjekonstellation och funktionersom behöver uppfylla behoven. Studien avslutas genom att ge fem övergripande guidelines till design. / The purpose of this study was to explore the possible use of digital shopping lists in a family constellation.This was accomplished through qualitative methods and collected empirical data from diaries, interviews,observations and a focus group. The study involved four family members. The result has then beenanalyzed using previous research and parts of the analysis has been transformed into tables. The resultshowed that there is a need for digital shopping lists in a family constellation and features that need tomeet the needs of the family. The study concludes by giving five overall guidelines for design.