Orientadores: Francisco Carlos Groppo, Eneida de Paula / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franz-Montan_Michelle_M.pdf: 573727 bytes, checksum: adca86b59035ee8f175fca2d22f1e4f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo cruzado e cego foi avaliar a eficácia da anestesia tópica de ropivacaína a 1% (forma lipossomada ou não) em Odontologia. Trinta voluntários foram submetidos à anestesia tópica com quatro anestésicos, em oito sessões (tratamentos) determinadas aleatoriamente: 20mg de gel de ropivacaína a 1% -Ropi-20, 60mg de gel de ropivacaína a 1% -Ropi-60, 20mg de gel de ropivacaína a 1% encapsulada em lipossomas -RopiLipo-20, 60mg de gel de ropivacaína a 1% encapsulada em lipossomas -RopiLipo-60, 20mg da mistura eutética de lidocaína a 2.5% e prilocaína a 2.5% (EMLA cream AstraZeneca®) - EMLA-20, 60mg de EMLA cream -EMLA-60, 20mg de gel de benzocaína a 20% (Benzotop® DFL) -Benzo-20 e 60mg de gel de benzocaína a 20% -Benzo-60. Cada tratamento foi aplicado no fundo de sulco da região de canino superior direito durante dois minutos; o intervalo entre os tratamentos foi de uma semana. Foram avaliadas a anestesia pulpar, por meio de estímulo elétrico (pulp tester); a dor durante a punção por meio das escalas analógica visual (EAV) e de 11 pontos em caixa (E11); e a anestesia em tecido mole por meio de estímulo físico. A influência do anestésico na resposta pulpar foi avaliada durante 20 minutos após a aplicação do anestésico tópico. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tratamentos com relação às escalas EAV e E11 (p>0.05). A duração da anestesia em tecido mole com o EMLA-60 e RopiLipo-60 foi maior (p<0.05) do que com os outros tratamentos. No entanto, entre EMLA-60 e RopiLipo-60 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0.05). Nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados exerceu efeito anestésico sobre o tecido pulpar. Assim, a ropivacaína a 1% encapsulada ou não em lipossomas apresentaram eficácia semelhante em reduzir a dor à punção em comparação aos outros anestésicos avaliados, no entanto, nas condições avaliadas, nenhum dos anestésicos exerceu influência sobre a resposta pulpar / Abstract: The objective of this blind and crossover study was to evaluate the efficacy of 1% ropivacaine (liposomal and nonliposomal) for topical anesthesia in Dentistry. Thirty healthy volunteers randomly received the following treatments in eight sessions: 20mg of 1% ropivacaine -Ropi-20, 60mg of 1% ropivacaine -Ropi-60, 20mg of liposome encapsulated 1% ropivacaine -RopiLipo-20, 60mg of liposome encapsulated 1% ropivacaine -RopiLipo-60, 20mg of the eutectic mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine (EMLA cream AstraZeneca®) -EMLA-20, 60mg of EMLA cream -EMLA-60, 20mg of 20% benzocaine gel (Benzotop® DFL) -Benzo-20 and 60mg of 20% benzocaine gel -Benzo-60. At different sessions each treatment was applied in the maxillary-buccal fold of the right canine for two minutes; one week of interval between treatments. Pulpal anesthesia was evaluated using an electrical pulp tester; pain during needle insertion by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and 11-point box scale (BS-11) and soft tissue anesthesia by using a pinprick test. The influence on pulpal response was assessed for 20 minutes after topical application. There were no statistically significant differences among treatments considering VAS and BS-11 scores (p=0.177 and p=0.179, respectively). RopiLipo-60 and EMLA-60 provided a statistically significant longer duration of topical anesthesia than the other topical agents (p<0.05), however, RopiLipo-60 was not significantly different from EMLA-60 (p>0.05). There was no influence on the pulpal response provided by the topical anesthetics evaluated. Liposome and nonliposomal ropivacaine gel at 1% concentration showed similar efficacy for topical anesthesia in oral mucosa when compared to the other topical anesthetics. However, none of the topical anesthetics evaluated were effective in inducing pulpal anesthesia under the evaluated conditions / Mestrado / Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica / Mestre em Odontologia

Orientador: Eneida de Paula / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_FernandaDelGrossiFerraz_M.pdf: 4463129 bytes, checksum: 5243815c313888a7843ea067a3c07d98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Anestésicos locais de longa duração são mundialmente empregados, especialmente em procedimentos cirúrgicos. A Ropivacaina (RVC) é um novo anestésico, considerado de longa duração e que apresenta maior segurança em relação a efeitos adversos como toxicidade ao sistema cardiovascular. A veiculação de anestésicos locais em ciclodextrinas tem sido avaliada como uma maneira de prolongar o tempo de duração da anestesia e diminuir a toxicidade sistêmica destes fármacos. Ciclodextrinas são oligossacarídeos cíclicos capazes de formar complexos de inclusão com moléculas ¿convidadas¿, em geral aumentando a solubilidade aquosa destas. Este trabalho descreve o preparo, a caracterização físico-química e a avaliação do efeito biológico de um complexo de inclusão entre a RVC e a hidroxipropil-beta-ciclodextrina (HP-b-CD). O complexo foi preparado misturando-se quantidades apropriadas de HP-b-CD e RVC, na proporção molar de 1:1, sob agitação em meio aquoso; após secagem em spraydryer o complexo sólido foi ressuspendido em tampão Hepes 20 mM e NaCl 150 mM, pH 7,4. A estequiometria do complexo (1:1) foi determinada através do Método de Variação Contínua. A formação do complexo de inclusão foi confirmada pelas técnicas de Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura, Raios-X e RMN. O efeito anestésico do complexo RVC:HP-b-CD (0,125%, 0,25 e 0,5%) foi avaliado em relação à RVC livre (comercial), em iguais concentrações através do teste de bloqueio do nervo infraorbital, em ratos. Os resultados mostraram aumento no efeito anestésico total (54,5%, 53,3% e 20,0%, respectivamente) e no tempo para recuperação (42,9%, 44,4% e 18,8%, respectivamente) pelo complexo em relação à RVC comercial. A cardiotoxicidade foi avaliada através de medidas de eletrocardiograma, em ratos. Os resultados mostraram que o complexo RVC:HP-b-CD não aumentou o efeito tóxico da RVC livre, apesar de a complexação ter aumentado a quantidade de RVC solúvel em água e o efeito anestésico. Em conclusão: em animais, o complexo da RVC em HP-b-CD mostrou-se uma formulação anestésica de longa duração promissora, possibilitando o uso de doses sub-clínicas e com efeitos similares aos da RVC 0,5% ou ainda como alternativa ao uso da bupivacaína, o anestésico de escolha em bloqueios de longa duração, mas também o mais cardiotóxico. Estes resultados foram obtidos em escala prévia à escala piloto, mostrando que a produção do complexo RVC:HP-b-CD foi adequadamente escalonada para as etapas subseqüentes de desenvolvimento farmacêutico / Abstract: Long-acting local anesthetics (LA) are worldwide used, mainly for surgical procedures. Ropivacaine (RVC) is a new, long-acting LA, with increased cardiovascular safety, in comparison to other anesthetics. The delivery of LA in carriers such as cyclodextrins has been investigated in order to increase the nonciceptive action and to reduce the systemic toxicity of these compounds. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides with a somewhat lipophilic central cavity that is able to form inclusion complexes with guest molecules, increasing their water solubility. Here we report the preparation, physicochemical characterization and evaluation of the biological activity of an inclusion complex, formed between RVC and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-b-CD). The complex was obtained by mixing appropriate amounts of HP-b-CD and RVC (1:1, molar ratio) in water; the solution was spray-dried and the solid complexes were suspended in 20mM HEPES buffer with 150mM NaCl, pH 7.4. The 1:1 stoichiometry of the complex was determined through the Continuous Variation Method. Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Rays and the NMR analysis confirmed the formation of the inclusion complex. The anesthetic effect of the RVC:HP-b-CD complex (0,125%, 0,25 e 0,5%) was compared to that elicited by plain RVC solutions of equivalent concentrations, using the infraorbital nerve-blockade test in rats. The results show that the RVC:HP-b-CD complex improved both the total anesthetic effect (54.5%, 53.3% and 20.0%, respectively) and the time for recovery (42.9%, 44.4% and 18.8%, respectively), in comparison to RVC solutions. The cardiotoxicity was evaluated by electrocardiography, in rats. The results show no enhancement of the heart toxic effect of RVC under complexation, in spite of the increased amount of available (water soluble) RVC and improved anesthetic effect. In conclusion: we found in rats that the RVC:HP b-CD complex is a promising long-acting anesthetic formulation, allowing the use of sub-clinic doses that reach the same anesthetic effects of 0.5% RVC or even ¿ at the therapeutic doses of 0.5% - to replace Bupivacaine, the drug-of-choice in long term anesthesia, but also the more toxic. Finally, these results were obtained in a scale previous the pilot scale and show the feasibility of the scale up procedure adopted, looking forward the technologic development of a pharmaceutical product / Mestrado / Bioquimica / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

The significance of open space in addressing the socio-economic and historical content of townships (former homelands) specifically in Hammanskraal. / Dissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted

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Municipal Bonds represent an important but understudied source of funds for governments. This paper seeks to shed light on the previously hidden political choices that influence the choices of governments to pursue bonds, as well as to act as a springboard for future bond research. / text

Comme de nombreux pays européens, la plupart des Etats d’Afrique noire francophone ont souscrit au concept mondial de l’autonomie locale, à travers des modifications de leurs Lois fondamentales. Pour sa part, la Loi constitutionnelle camerounaise du 18 janvier 1996 consacre clairement la décentralisation territoriale comme mode principal de gestion de la République. Y sont proclamés, tous les grands principes fondamentaux qui sous-tendent la décentralisation territoriale, notamment la personnalité morale de droit public des collectivités territoriales, la libre administration par des conseils élus, l’autonomie administrative et financière pour la gestion des intérêts régionaux et locaux.Le principe constitutionnel de l’autonomie, décliné selon les cas en autonomie administrative et/ou financière, concept à la mode, mais paradoxalement oublié par la doctrine et objet de vives controverses quant à sa mise en oeuvre, fonde l’intérêt de cette étude. L’ambition est de dégager un concept juridique à partir des expressions d’autonomie administrative et financière, afin de doter les différents acteurs intéressés, notamment l’Etat unitaire Cameroun, d’instruments de mesure susceptibles de permettre une mise en oeuvre effective de la force d’autonomie locale sujette à tant de passions dans les discours politiques de tous bords. / Like many European countries, most French-speaking black African states have endorsed the worldwide concept of local autonomy, through changes to their fundamental Laws. For its part, the Cameroonian Constitution Act of 18 January 1996 clearly dedicated territorial decentralization as the main mode of management of the Republic. Y are announced, all the great fundamental principles underlying the territorial decentralization, notably the legal personality of public law of local councils, self-government by elected councils, the administrative and financial autonomy for the management of regional and local interests.The constitutional principle of autonomy, as the case declined in self-administration and / or financial buzzword, but surprisingly overlooked by the literature and subject of intense controversy about its implementation, establishes the relevance of this study. The ambition is to clear a juridical concept from the expressions of administrative and financial autonomy, to endow the different interested actors, notably the unitary state Cameroon, with measuring instruments that could allow an effective implementation of strength of local autonomy subject to so many passions in political rhetoric from all sides.

手稿本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Shou gao ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-185). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 序言 --- p.1-3 / Chapter 第一章 --- 使府僚佐之辟用及利弊 --- p.4-39 / Chapter 第一節 --- 使府僚佐組織概況 / Chapter 第二節 --- 使府僚佐之辟用 / Chapter 第三節 --- 使僚的地位 / Chapter 第四節 --- 使院提高使僚的質素 / Chapter 第五節 --- 使府辟用僚佐之優點 / Chapter 第六節 --- 使府辟用之弊端 / Chapter 第二章 --- 使府僚佐之任遷 --- p.40-150 / Chapter 第一節 --- 文職僚佐之任遷 / Chapter 第二節 --- 軍將任遷 / Chapter 第三章 --- 使府僚佐之出身與前途 --- p.151-176 / Chapter 第一節 --- 使僚之出身 / Chapter 第二節 --- 前途´ؤ´ؤ使僚與唐政權關係之一面 / Chapter 第三節 --- 使府僚佐在仕途上之發展 / 本篇結論 --- p.177-182 / 引人及參考書目 --- p.183-185

Research on the Strategies That Can Improve the Financial Autonomy of Kaohsiung County Abstract Local autonomy is the foundation of democracy, and finance is the basis of government administration. Before local autonomy can be put into practice, a local government must have the legal right to finance. In order to improve the autonomy of local finance, the central government has enacted ¡§General Guideline for Local Taxation¡¨ and ¡§Law on Imposed Fees,¡¨ and the revised draft of the Financial Separation of Revenues and Expenditures Law was submitted to the Legislature for review and discussion. In other words, in the future, the central government will guarantee the basic financial needs of local governments, but local governments must resort to themselves to respond to their respective development and needs in other aspects. This will pose very harsh challenges and burdens to any local government. This is especially true when the financial sources for administrative districts are usually not sufficient. So how to improve the financial autonomy of local governments will be a major topic we will have to deal with. Literature review, analysis of secondary data, and in-depth interviews were conducted to collect financial statistics of government agencies, pertinent to the financial conditions of Kaohsiung County. Interviews of financial chiefs were also conducted to analyze and investigate issues on the system dimension and on the practical dimension. It was found that the central and the local government must work closely before the financial problems of Kaohsiung County can be solved. The things that the central government should do include: canceling the fixed-proportions distribution of over-the-board allocated tax money, revising the calculation of basic financial revenues, canceling inappropriate measures of tax deductions, and establishing statutory subsidy systems. The local government should work to increase the sources of finance, including making good use of ¡§General Guideline for Local Taxation¡¨ and ¡§Law on Imposed Fees,¡¨ improving management of public properties, adjusting tax base of property, setting into motion public facilities, and implementing land re-divisions and sectional buy-up. With regard to saving, the local government should downsize the personnel expenditures, make good use of resources of the private sector, encourage private sector¡¦s participation in investment, and privatize public services. The implementation of local autonomy depends on sound local finances. In the wake of the present difficult public financial conditions, local governments should follow the spirit of ¡§Help oneself before others come to help¡¨ so as to elevate their responsibility and financial autonomy in the future. Only through this method can financial problems be solved effectively.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering - Civil and Environmental Engineering)--University of California, Berkeley, 2008. / "Fall 2008." Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-288). Also avialable online.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration