Esta dissertação explora os desafios agravados pela miniaturização da tecnologia na fabricação e projeto de circuitos integrados digitais. Os efeitos físicos do regime nanométrico reduzem o rendimento da produção e encurtam a vida útil dos dispositivos, restringindo a utilidade dos padrões de projeto convencionais e ameaçando a evolução da tecnologia CMOS como um todo. Nesta dissertação é exposta uma consistente revisão bibliográfica dos principais efeitos físicos parasitas presentes no regime nanométrico. Como o NBTI tem recebido destaque na literatura relacionada à confiabilidade de circuitos, este efeito de envelhecimento recebe destaque também neste texto, sendo explorado mais detalhadamente. Diversas técnicas de avaliação de redução do NBTI são demonstradas, sendo apresentados, em cada um destes tópicos, trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito desta dissertação e seus resultados. O circuito proposto como técnica de avaliação de NBTI permite uso de simulações elétricas para análise de degradação de circuitos. A análise da influência do rearranjo da estrutura de transistores para reduzir a degradação quanto ao NBTI apresenta bons resultados e não impede o uso de outras técnicas combinadas. / This thesis explores the challenges worsened by the technology miniaturization in fabrication and design of digital integrated circuits. The physical effects of nanometric regime reduce the production yield and shorten the devices lifetime, restricting the usefulness of standard design flows and threatening the evolution of CMOS technologies. This thesis exposes a consistent bibliographic review about the main aggressive physical effects of nanometric regime. NBTI has received special attention in reliability literature, so this text follows the same strategy, deeply exploring this aging effect. A broad set of NBTI evaluation and mitigation techniques are explained, including developed works in each one of these categories. The proposed circuit as NBTI evaluation technique allows the use of electrical simulation for circuit degradation analysis. The analysis of the transistors arrangement restructuring as a technique for NBTI degradation reduction shows satisfactory results, while does not restrict the use of other combined techniques.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de concevoir, fabriquer et caractériser les dispositifs plasmoniques basés sur les cavités métalliques bidimensionnelles monocristallines pour le transfert d'information et la réalisation d'opérations logiques. Les fonctionnalités ciblées émergent de l'ingénierie spatiale et spectrale de résonances plasmon d'ordre supérieur supportées par ces cavités prismatiques. Les nouveaux éléments étudiés dans cette thèse ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles stratégies de transfert et de traitement de l'information en optique intégrée et miniaturisée. Dans un premier temps, nous caractérisons la réponse optique des nanoplaquettes d'or ultra-fines et de taille submicronique (400 à 900 nm) par spectroscopie en champ sombre. La dispersion des résonances plasmoniques d'ordre supérieur de ces cavités est mesurée et comparée avec un bon accord aux simulations obtenues par la méthode des dyades de Green (GDM). En outre, nous présentons une analyse par décomposition lorentzienne des réponses spectrales de ces nanoprismes déposés sur des minces substrats métalliques. Nous avons, par ailleurs systématiquement étudié les effets qui pourraient modifier les résonances plasmoniques par microscopie de luminescence non-linéaire, qui s'est avérée un outil efficace pour observer la densité d'états locale des plasmons de surface (SPLDOS). En particulier, nous montrons que les caractéristiques spectrale et spatiale des résonances plasmoniques d'ordre supérieur peuvent être modulées par la modification du substrat (diélectrique ou métallique), par l'insertion contrôlée d'un défaut dans la cavité ou par le couplage électromagnétique, même faible, entre les deux cavités. L'ingénierie rationnelle de la répartition spatiale des résonances confinées 2D a été appliquée à la conception de dispositifs à transmittance accordable entre deux cavités connectées. Les géométries particulières sont produites par gravure au faisceau d'ions focalisé sur des plaquettes cristallines d'or. Les dispositifs sont caractérisés par cartographie de luminescence non-linéaire en microscopie confocale et en microscopie de fuites. Cette dernière méthode offre un moyen unique d'observer la propagation du signal plasmon dans la cavité. Nous démontrons la dépendance en polarisation de la transmission plasmonique dans les composants à symétrie et géométrie adéquates. Les résultats sont fidèlement reproduits par notre outil de simulation GDM adapté à la configuration de transmission. Enfin, notre approche est appliquée à la conception et à la fabrication d'une porte logique reconfigurable avec plusieurs entrées et sorties. Nous démontrons que dix des douze portes logiques possibles à 2 entrées et 1 sortie sont activable sur une même structure en choisissant les trois points d'entrée et de sortie et en ajustant le seuil de luminescence non-linéaire pour le signal de sortie. / The main objective of this PhD work is to design, fabricate and characterize plasmonic devices based on highly crystalline metallic cavities for the two-dimensional information transfer and logic gate operations. First, we thoroughly characterize the optical response of ultra-thin gold colloidal cavities of sub-micronic size (400 to 900 nm) by dark- field spectroscopy (Fig. 1a). The dispersion of the high order plasmonic resonances of the cavities is measured and compared with a good agreement to simulations obtained with a numerical based on the Green Dyadic Method (GDM). We further extend our experiments to systematically tune the spectral responses of these colloidal nanoprisms in vicinity of metallic thin film substrates. A comprehensive study of these sub-micronic size cavity in bowtie antenna configuration is performed. We show a polarization-dependent field enhancement and a nanoscale field confinement at specific locations in these bowtie antennas. We systematically study the effects that could potentially affect the plasmonic resonances by non-linear photon luminescence microscopy, which has proved to be an efficient tool to observe the surface plasmon local density of states (SPLDOS). Inparticular, we show that an effective spatially and spectrally tuning of the high order plasmonic resonances can be achieved by the modification of the substrate (dielectric or metallic), by the controlled insertion of a defect inside a cavity or by the weak electromagnetic coupling between two adjacent cavities. The rational tailoring of the spatial distribution of the 2D confined resonances was applied to the design of devices with tunable plasmon transmittance between two connected cavities. The specific geometries are produced by focused ion milling crystalline gold platelets. The devices are characterized by non-linear luminescence mapping in confocal and leakage radiation microscopy techniques. The latter offers a unique way to observe propagating SPP signal over a 2D plasmonic cavity. We demonstrate the polarization-dependent mode-mediated transmittance for devices withadequate symmetry. The results are faithfully reproduced with our simulation tool based on Green dyadic method. Finally, we extend our approach to the design and fabrication of a reconfigurable logic gate device with multiple inputs and outputs. We demonstrate that 10 out of the possible 12 2-input 1-output logic gates can be implemented on the same structure by choosing the two input and the one output points. We also demonstrate reconfiguration of the device by changing polarization of the incident beam, set of input locations and threshold of the non-linear luminescence readout signal.

Esta dissertação explora os desafios agravados pela miniaturização da tecnologia na fabricação e projeto de circuitos integrados digitais. Os efeitos físicos do regime nanométrico reduzem o rendimento da produção e encurtam a vida útil dos dispositivos, restringindo a utilidade dos padrões de projeto convencionais e ameaçando a evolução da tecnologia CMOS como um todo. Nesta dissertação é exposta uma consistente revisão bibliográfica dos principais efeitos físicos parasitas presentes no regime nanométrico. Como o NBTI tem recebido destaque na literatura relacionada à confiabilidade de circuitos, este efeito de envelhecimento recebe destaque também neste texto, sendo explorado mais detalhadamente. Diversas técnicas de avaliação de redução do NBTI são demonstradas, sendo apresentados, em cada um destes tópicos, trabalhos desenvolvidos no âmbito desta dissertação e seus resultados. O circuito proposto como técnica de avaliação de NBTI permite uso de simulações elétricas para análise de degradação de circuitos. A análise da influência do rearranjo da estrutura de transistores para reduzir a degradação quanto ao NBTI apresenta bons resultados e não impede o uso de outras técnicas combinadas. / This thesis explores the challenges worsened by the technology miniaturization in fabrication and design of digital integrated circuits. The physical effects of nanometric regime reduce the production yield and shorten the devices lifetime, restricting the usefulness of standard design flows and threatening the evolution of CMOS technologies. This thesis exposes a consistent bibliographic review about the main aggressive physical effects of nanometric regime. NBTI has received special attention in reliability literature, so this text follows the same strategy, deeply exploring this aging effect. A broad set of NBTI evaluation and mitigation techniques are explained, including developed works in each one of these categories. The proposed circuit as NBTI evaluation technique allows the use of electrical simulation for circuit degradation analysis. The analysis of the transistors arrangement restructuring as a technique for NBTI degradation reduction shows satisfactory results, while does not restrict the use of other combined techniques.

Le diagnostic médical, se fait traditionnellement, par l'examen des symptômes cliniques, puis en cherchant sur des prélèvements (sang, urine, biopsies, etc.) la présence (ou l'absence) simultanée des bio-marqueurs des diverses pathologies envisagées par le médecin. La recherche des bio-marqueurs se fait a l'aide d'équipements importants, dans un laboratoire d'analyse; les résultats étant communiqués au médecin, qui va les interpréter en appliquant un algorithme de diagnostic médical.Nous avons voulu regrouper dans un seul dispositif, pour une pathologie donnée, la détection des bio-marqueurs et une implémentation de l'algorithme de diagnostic approprié. La présence ou l'absence d'un bio-marqueur peut être représentée par une variable booléenne, et l'algorithme de diagnostic par une fonction booléenne complexe dont la valeur indiquera la présence de la pathologie ciblée.Notre dispositif de diagnostic sera un nano-calculateur biochimique artificiel dans lequel les informations logiques seront représentées par des métabolites et les calculs effectués par un réseau enzymatique synthétique. Pour réaliser ce calculateur, il a été nécessaire d'établir un fondement théorique des réseaux logiques enzymatiques. Nous avons ensuite utilisé cette théorie pour définir ce qu'est un circuit logique enzymatique et comment il calcule correctement la fonction booléenne associée. Pour des raisons de modularité et de réutilisabilité, nous avons décidé de concevoir des bibliothèques de portes logiques enzymatiques implémentant les opérateurs booléens de base, puis d'assembler ces briques de base pour obtenir le réseau enzymatique complet. J'ai donc conçu et développé deux outils logiciels, NetGate et NetBuild, qui vont réaliser automatiquement ces opérations.NetGate, qui va créer des bibliothèques contenant des centaines de portes logiques enzymatiques obtenues à partir de réseaux métaboliques d'organismes existants. Auparavant, il était nécessaire d'analyser manuellement ces réseaux métaboliques pour extraire chaque porte.NetBuild, qui va utiliser une bibliothèque de portes (par exemple créée par NetGate) et les assembler pour construire des circuits qui calculent une fonction booléenne donnée. Ces circuits utilisent comme entrées des métabolites spécifiques (par exemple: bio-marqueurs d'une pathologie) et produisent en sortie une espèce moléculaire facilement détectable (par colorimétrie par exemple). / The medical diagnosis is traditionally done by examining the clinical symptoms and by searching in samples (blood, urine, biopsies, etc.) for the simultaneous presence (or absence) of biomarkers of the various pathologies considered by the doctor. The search for biomarkers is conducted using large equipments in a specialised laboratory; The results being communicated to the doctor, who will then interpret them by applying a medical diagnostic algorithm.We wanted to combine in a single device, for a given disease, the detection of its biomarkers and an implementation of the appropriate diagnostic algorithm. The presence or absence of a biomarker can be represented by a boolean variable, and the diagnostic algorithm by a complex boolean function whose value indicates the presence of the targeted disease. Our diagnostic device is an artificial biochemical nano-computer in which logical information is represented by metabolites and the computations performed by a synthetic enzymatic network. To build this computer, it has been necessary to establish a theoretical basis of enzymatic logical networks. We then used this theory to define what an enzymatic logic network is, and how it computes correctly the associated boolean function. For modularity and reusability reasons, we decided to design libraries of enzymatic logic gates that implement basic boolean operators, and then to assemble these building blocks to get the complete logic enzymatic network. So, I have designed and developed two software tools, NetGate and NetBuild, which will automatically perform these operations.NetGate creates libraries containing hundreds of enzymatic logic gates obtained from the metabolic networks of living organisms. Before that, it was necessary to manually analyse these metabolic networks in order to extract each logic gate.NetBuild uses a library of logic gates (for example created using NetGate) and assembles them to build circuits that compute a given boolean function. These circuits use specific metabolites for its inputs (for example the biomarkers of a pathology) and produce a readily detectable molecular species (using colorimetry for example).

No description available.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma anÃlise numÃrica para a obtenÃÃo de portas lÃgicas totalmente Ãptica baseada em um acoplador direcional nÃo-linear simÃtrico (NLDC) em fibras de cristal fotÃnico (PCF). O projeto mais comumente usado para o NLDC-PCF à uma fibra holey, utilizada neste trabalho, em que a seÃÃo transversal à uma matriz periÃdica de buracos de ar que se prolonga por todo o comprimento da fibra, operando com dois pulsos de luz ultracurtos na forma de sÃlitons, de duraÃÃo mÃnima de 100fs (femtosegundos). Investigamos dois formatos de modulaÃÃo por pulsos, a modulaÃÃo por amplitude de pulso (PAM) na modalidade de chaveamento de mudanÃa de amplitude (ASK) e a modulaÃÃo por largura de pulso (PWM) para obter portas lÃgicas no NLDC-PCF duplo simÃtrico. Avaliamos o efeito resultante de um incremento no parÃmetro codificaÃÃo PAM (ε) e PWM (w), considerando a dispersÃo de segunda ordem (β2), a dispersÃo de terceira ordem (β3) e efeitos nÃo-lineares, tais como: SPM (Self Phase Modulation), SS (Self-Steepening) e IRS (lntrapulse Raman Scattering) em uma configuraÃÃo sem perdas. Os nossos resultados indicam que à possÃvel obter operaÃÃes lÃgicas utilizando um controle de fase entre os pulsos de entrada. / We present a numerical analysis for obtaining all-optical logic gates based on a nonlinear directional coupler symmetric (NLDC) based on photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The most commonly used to project the NLDC-PCF is a holey fiber, used here in cross section which is a periodic array of air holes extending through the length of the fiber, using two ultrashort light pulses in form of solitons, the minimum duration of 100fs (femtoseconds). We investigated two forms of modulation pulse, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in the form of amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation and pulse width modulation (PWM) for logic gate NLDC-PCF symmetrical double. We evaluated the effect resulting from an increase in the offset parameter encoding PAM (ε) and PWM (w), considering the second order dispersion (β2), the third order dispersion (β3) and non-linear modulation effects SPM (Self Phase Modulation), SS (Self-Steepening) and IRS (lntrapulse Raman Scattering) in a configuration without loss. Our results indicate that logical operations can be obtained using a phase control between the input pulses.

We investigate the geometric phase (GP) acquired by the states of a spin-1/2 nucleus which is subject to a static magnetic field. This nucleus as the carrier system of GP, is taken as coupled to a dissipative environment, so that it evolves non-unitarily. We study the effects of different characteristics of different environments on GP as nucleus evolves in time. We showed that magnetic field strength is the primary physical parameter that determines the stability of GP / its stability decreases as the magnetic field strength increases. (By decrease in stability what we mean is the increase in the time rate of change of GP.) We showed that this decrease can be very rapid, and so it could be impossible to make use of it as a quantum logic gate in quantum information theory (QIT). To see if these behaviors differ in different environments, we analyze the same system for a fixed temperature environment which is under the influence of an electromagnetic field in a squeezed state. We find that the general dependence of GP on magnetic field does not change, but this time the effects are smoother. Namely, increase in magnetic field decreases the stability of GP also for in this environment / but this decrease is slower in comparison with the former case, and furthermore it occurs gradually. As a second problem we examine the entanglement of two atoms, which can be used as a two-qubit system in QIT. The entanglement is induced by an external quantum system. Both two-level atoms are coupled to a third two-level system by dipole-dipole interaction. The two atoms are assumed to be in ordinary vacuum and the third system is taken as influenced by a certain environment. We examined different types of environments. We show that the steady-state bipartite entanglement can be achieved in case the environment is a strongly fluctuating, that is a squeezed-vacuum, while it is not possible for a thermalized environment.

One of the major challenges hindering advancement of quantum computing is the sensitive nature of the physical systems used to build a quantum computer. One suggestion for improving reliability is a particular type of logic gates, based on Berry's geometric phase, showing improved robustness to external disturbance of the quantum system over the course of a calculation. Such logic gates have previously been shown for the smallest possible two-level qubits. Using the method of adiabatic shortcut we endevour to discover similarly realistic and robust logic gates for units of quantum information in higher dimensions. The example shown in this paper discusses three-level qutrits, but is expected to apply to theoretically unlimited higher dimensions since new geometric complications are expected to arise primarily when moving from a two-level to a multi-level problem.  We here present a set of primitive single-qutrit gates able to perform universal quantum computations if supplemented by a two-qutrit gate. We also present a set of condensed single-qutrit gates for commonly needed operations. By detailing the underlying mathematical framework, relying on the multi-dimensional generalisation of Berry's phase describing the time evolution of degenerate quantum states, we also suggest an easily scalable geometric interpretation of quantum gates in higher dimensions along with visual representation of logic gates using parameters of the physical system to sequentially unlock and manipulate subspaces of the quantum information unit.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Apresentamos neste trabalho, uma analise numÃrica para obtenÃÃo de portas lÃgicas em acoplador nÃo-linear simÃtrico (NLDC) em fibras de cristal fotÃnico (PCF), que em sua secÃÃo transversal à formada com matriz periÃdica de buracos de ar, operando em pulso de luz ultracurtos na forma de sÃlitons, com duraÃÃo de 100fs (fentosegundos). Foram investigados formatos dos pulsos em modulaÃÃo por amplitude de pulso (PAM), com chaveamento de mudanÃa de amplitude (ASK), com objetivo de obter portas lÃgicas no NLDC-PCF triplo planar simÃtrico. Neste trabalho usamos acopladores duplos de fibra Ãptica na constituiÃÃo de um InterferÃmetro Mach-Zenhder para construir um sensor de corrente, sua funcionalidade à aplicada para investigar a qualidade da corrente alternada, quer seja na geraÃÃo, transmissÃo ou distribuiÃÃo de energia elÃtrica. Como o interferÃmetro de Mach-Zenhder usa um agente mecÃnico, usaremos o mesmo agente para construir o sensor de corrente constituÃdo de um PiezelÃtrico. Ao fazer o comparativo dos dois sensores, podemos destinar sua usabilidade em diferenciados consumidores / In this work, a numerical analysis to obtain gates in coupler symmetrical nonlinear (NLDC) in photonic crystal fibers (PCF), which in cross section is formed with periodic array of air holes, operating in light pulse ultrashort as solitons, lasting 100fs (fentosegundos). The pulses in pulse amplitude modulation formats were investigated (WFP), with amplitude shift keying (ASK), in order to obtain logic gates in the triple NLDC PCF-planar symmetrical. In this paper we use double couplers fiber optic in setting up a Mach-Zenhder Interferometer to build a current sensor, its functionality is applied to investigate the quality alternating current, whether in the generation, transmission or distribution of electricity. Since the interferometer of Mach-Zenhder uses a mechanical agent, agent will use the same for constructing the current sensor constituted of a piezoelectric. In making the comparison of the two sensors, we can allocate its usability in different consumers

No description available.