Introduction of diploma work obtains comprehensive inventory of informations from sententional calculus theory, which correspond to problems that are mentioned in examples in diploma work. These teoretical knowledge regarding to needs of work are mainly analysed on secondary mathematics grade, marginally intervene in problems of college logic. Practical part is a task collection for children in infant school and evaluation of their succes in solving examples. I gave chosen examples to children twice. First time at first lesson, where children expresss their opinions to possibilities of problem solution. These opinions weren´t revised. Next time children made the same examples at last lesson after all preparatory exercises. There were seen progress in childrens argumentation close to information about results. Not until this lessons were children acquainted with correct results. In last part of diploma work I mention my experiences and knowlegde about logic for children and some advices for teachers and parents how to work and evolve children´s logic.

Logika - mokslas, tiriantis mąstymo, samprotavimo dėsnius ir jo formas. Logikos pagalba mes galime nagrinėti teiginius ir įrodymus bei išsiaiškinti, teisingi jie ar ne. Logika yra naudojama daugelyje gyvenimo sričių: filosofijoje, matematikoje, kompiuterinėse programose, ir t.t. Plačiai yra paplitusi klasikinė logika. Šios logikos formulėmis galima nagrinėti uždavinius, kurių objektų būsena yra statinė, tačiau taip pat yra uždavinių, kurių būsena yra dinaminė, t.y. reikšmės ne visada vienodos, jos kinta. Todėl jų negalima išspręsti klasikinėmis logikos formulėmis. Reikalinga kita logika, kuri atsižvelgtų, kaip keičiasi objektų reikšmės kintant laikui, kadangi uždavinio vertė gali visiškai skirtis jei jį nagrinėsime kitu laiko momentu. Tiesinės baigtinės laiko logikos taisyklės gali nagrinėti ir tokius uždavinius, kuriuose reikia atsižvelgti į reikšmių kaitą atitinkamais laiko momentais. Pagrindinis šios logikos skirtumas: tikslesnis uždavinio detalizavimas, papildomos uždavinio nagrinėjimo (sprendimo) priemonės, t.y. naudosime naujus operatorius - laiko. Svarbu atsižvelgti ir į tai, kad uždaviniuose informacija gali būti nepilna. Sprendžiant reikia apibrėžti visus galimus variantus, t.y. esant tam tikrom sąlygom būtina atlikti atitinkamus veiksmus. Tiesinė baigtinė logika neapsiriboja vien tik praeitimi, taip pat yra atsižvelgiama ir į ateitį: nuo to laiko kai žingsnis po žingsnio einame nuo pradinės formos iki tikslo. Šios logikos struktūra yra baigtinė į abi puses, t.y. ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the present paper was to go deeper into the logics of time. By the formula of the classical logic it is possible to analyze only those problems where the condition of the objects is static. However, there are such problems where the condition of the objects is dynamic, i.e., the meanings are not always the same, they change. That is why it is not possible to solve them by the formula of classical logic. By referring to the articles (look [CM97], [MSC97]) calculation rules for the finite linear temporal logic as well as predicates’ logic above the finite temporal logic (PLBLL) were formulated. Concrete possible problem cases were defined by those rules. Therefore, it is no longer difficult to analyze the problems wanted with the help of those rules. Moreover, the formulated rules make it possible to analyze such problems where it is necessary to pay attention to the change of meanings at appropriate time moments. The main difference of this logic is: a more exact detailed analysis of the problem, additional tools of a problem analysis, i.e. new time operators are used. The work of the Turing machine was analyzed (look [Nor04]) over finite temporal structure. Necessary predicates were formulated, with the help of which transit formula were described. Also, this work aims at verifying the effective possibility of using Linear Time logic as a planning language. The main advantage of such a rich and expressive language is the possibility of encoding problem specific... [to full text]

The problem of the evaluation of fuzzy situations arises quite often in real life. Images, symbols, signals and so on usually are fuzzily described and can be considered as fuzzy situations. So the parameters, which characterize the fuzzy situation, are not only numerical ones, but verbal too, for example, an object can be described as "heavy, little and moves fast". It is difficult to decide something formally about the object with such characterization. Leasing companies meet this problem in contracts classification process too. Accordingly most leasing companies have own contracts classification (recognition) systems, which mostly are statistically based and the similarities and differences between good and bad contracts are not computed. Therefore the demand arises to develop the intellectual recognition system using fuzzy logic. This system should be simply integrating in any leasing company. It also must compute and measure the similarities and differences between good and bad contracts from their evaluation history. Such intellectual system could be as an adviser for business expert. The module of fuzzily characterized situation's evaluation is implemented using: 1) fuzzy sets, 2) fuzzy clustering, 3) fuzzy recognition. The general idea was experimentally investigated using artificially generated data as well as using data from real contracts. The software developed during this research is under preparation to be integrated in companies "Baltic... [to full text]

Title: Hare's thesis as a logical and philosophical problem Author: Martin Luhan Department: Department of Logic Supervisor: PhDr. Vladimír Svoboda, CSc. Abstract: The present work is aiming to analyse the problem of inferring from impe- rative premisses to an indicative conclusion which goes by the name Hare's Thesis. The logical analysis of the language of morals was the basis of Richard M. Hare's ethical studies. Therefore a brief presentation of his philosophy is given followed by a detailed walkthrough of his way of dealing with impera- tives. Hare states that logic should be interested in dealing with prescriptive sentences. The paper also presents a selection of some of the semantics of logic of imperatives and some of their fundamental problems. Based on this we finally analyse whether the Hare's Thesis which forbids inferring from im- perative premisses to indicative conclusions is acceptable. And we conclude that in most cases it is reasonable to reject it. Keywords: Logic of imperatives, Hare's Thesis, deontic logic, metaethics

In this thesis we will deal with the logic of public announcement which is a dynamic extension of epistemic logic. First we will explain the logic of truthful public announcement for the multiagent S5 system. Then we will examine what the public announcement can look like in systems weaker than S5. We will focus namely on systems in which the T axiom is invalid and the epistemic modality is interpreted not as a "knowledge" but as a "belief". We will create new semantics of public announcement which is not necessarily truthful but it is believed to be true. We will also try to axiomatize systems that have arisen in this way. Keywords: public announcement logic, logic for belief

This thesis studies the extensions of the four-valued Belnap-Dunn logic, called super-Belnap logics, from the point of view of abstract algebraic logic. We describe the global structure of the lattice of super-Belnap logics and show that this lattice can be fully described in terms of classes of finite graphs satisfying some closure conditions. We also introduce a theory of so- called explosive extensions and use it to prove new completeness theorems for super-Belnap logics. A Gentzen-style proof theory for these logics is then developed and used to establish interpolation for many of them. Finally, we also study the expansion of the Belnap-Dunn logic by the truth operator ∆. Keywords: abstract algebraic logic, Belnap-Dunn logic, paraconsistent logic, super-Belnap logics

<p>U stvarnom životu većina informacija dolazi kao neprecizne ili<br />nepotpune vrednosti.&nbsp; XML tehnologija je napravila veliki<br />napredak u oblasti skladi&scaron;tenja i prenosa podataka.&nbsp; Doktorska<br />disertacija defini&scaron;e fazi XML sintaksu koja kombinuje neodređenosti<br />u vrednostima XML-a i neodređenosti u strukturi XML dokumenata.<br />Takođe, rad pro&scaron;iruje standardnu XQuery upitnu sintaksu fazi<br />elementima i uvodi prioritete i pragove zadovoljenja pomoću<br />GPFCSP-a. Za razliku od drugih radova koji se fokusiraju na<br />postavljanje teorija i definisanje sintaksi, rad posebnu pažnju<br />posvećuje praktičnoj upotrebi definisanih sintaksi. Za potrebe<br />istraživanja razvijen je softverski paket koji omogućava rad kako sa<br />standardnim, tako i sa fazi XML, XSD i DTD dokumentima, kao i<br />postavljanje i izvr&scaron;avanje prioritizovanih fazi XQuery upita. Alat je<br />testiran nad primerima iz prakse.</p> / <p>In real life, as opposed to virtual, most information comes in the<br />form of imprecise or incomplete values. XML&nbsp; technology has<br />made great progress in the field of storage and data transfer.<br />This doctoral dissertation&nbsp; developed XML extension which<br />combines&nbsp; indefiniteness in the values of XML and<br />indefiniteness in the structure of XML into a single fuzzy XML<br />extension. Furthermore,&nbsp; dissertation&nbsp; expands XQuery syntax<br />with fuzzy values and&nbsp; includes priorities and thresholds in<br />fuzzy XQuery extension using&nbsp; GPFCSP for the first time.<br />Unlike other papers that focus on setting up theories and<br />defining syntax, in this&nbsp; dissertation, special attention&nbsp; is turned<br />to their practical use. A tool for working with XML, XSD and<br />DTD documents and prioritized fuzzy XQuery extension<br />queries has been developed. The tool has been tested on<br />practical examples.</p>

This master‘s final paper describes JTAG (boundary scan) interface in which discuss IEEE standart 1149.1 circuit model and the main TAP (Test Access Port) controllers instructions. Accomplished programmable integral logical ICs overview: development, leading manufacturer (ALTERA, XILINX, ACTEL) production and programmable equipment evaluation. Represented recomendation, how we can pick suitable programmable logical device. The paper presents detailed describe searching ICs family XC9500 characteristic, features and merits. In general terms presented programmable logic language VHDL value. It also produces some detailed compose describes of the project, using methods of circuit drawing and VHDL language. Master‘s hypothesis that if we will use JTAG interface processed logical programmable instrumentation in our projects we can save up time, area and improve their quality is confirmed. This is prospective technology which also soon will be in use in Lithuania.

Šiame darbe mes apžvelgėme modalumo logiką S4 bei kvantorinę modalumo logiką S4. Taip pat jų taisykles, aksiomas ir naudojamus skaičiavimus. Pateikėme kelias sekvencijų išvedimo pavyzdžių. Taip pat, apžvelgėme kai kurių, atskirų šių logikų klasių išsprendžiamumą. Taipogi šiame darbe buvo nagrinėjama labai įdomi tema – išsprendžiamumo klasių formavimas, naudojantis formulių transformavimų į klasikinę predikatų logiką. / Logic is the branch of mathematics that deals with the formal principles, methods and criteria of validity of inference, reasoning and knowledge. Logic is concerned with what is true and how we can know whether something is true. This involves the formalization of logical arguments and proofs in terms of symbols representing propositions and logical connectives. The goal of this work is to learn more about modal logic S4 and to consider some it decidable classes of formulas. It’s important, because decidable classes helps the substantiation of different formulas. In this work we will consider the formulas of modal logic without functional symbols.

This Dissertation thesis deals with life-time value, that belongs to area of public relation management. Main part of the thesis focuses on model design of customer value quantification. Before the model was designed, three researches were performed. Two quantitative researches were focused on understanding of actual situation in the area of public relation management in the Czech Republic. This quantitative research provided information used in the model's design. Based on the research input model parameters were set. The proposed method of their processing was designed by using fuzzy logic. The final model provides customer valuation and their division into groups. Moreover, modifications that reflect needed practice are discussed within the model design. The proposed model is applied to real data at the end of the thesis.