[EN] Computers are now present everywhere, but their potential is not fully exploited due to some lack of acceptance. In this thesis, the pen computer paradigm is adopted, whose main idea is to replace all input devices by a pen and/or the fingers, given that the origin of the rejection comes from using unfriendly interaction devices that must be replaced by something easier for the user. This paradigm, that was was proposed several years ago, has been only recently fully implemented in products, such as the smartphones. But computers are actual illiterates that do not understand gestures or handwriting, thus a recognition step is required to "translate" the meaning of these interactions to computer-understandable language. And for this input modality to be actually usable, its recognition accuracy must be high enough. In order to realistically think about the broader deployment of pen computing, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of handwriting and gesture recognizers. This thesis is devoted to study different approaches to improve the recognition accuracy of those systems. First, we will investigate how to take advantage of interaction-derived information to improve the accuracy of the recognizer. In particular, we will focus on interactive transcription of text images. Here the system initially proposes an automatic transcript. If necessary, the user can make some corrections, implicitly validating a correct part of the transcript. Then the system must take into account this validated prefix to suggest a suitable new hypothesis. Given that in such application the user is constantly interacting with the system, it makes sense to adapt this interactive application to be used on a pen computer. User corrections will be provided by means of pen-strokes and therefore it is necessary to introduce a recognizer in charge of decoding this king of nondeterministic user feedback. However, this recognizer performance can be boosted by taking advantage of interaction-derived information, such as the user-validated prefix. Then, this thesis focuses on the study of human movements, in particular, hand movements, from a generation point of view by tapping into the kinematic theory of rapid human movements and the Sigma-Lognormal model. Understanding how the human body generates movements and, particularly understand the origin of the human movement variability, is important in the development of a recognition system. The contribution of this thesis to this topic is important, since a new technique (which improves the previous results) to extract the Sigma-lognormal model parameters is presented. Closely related to the previous work, this thesis study the benefits of using synthetic data as training. The easiest way to train a recognizer is to provide "infinite" data, representing all possible variations. In general, the more the training data, the smaller the error. But usually it is not possible to infinitely increase the size of a training set. Recruiting participants, data collection, labeling, etc., necessary for achieving this goal can be time-consuming and expensive. One way to overcome this problem is to create and use synthetically generated data that looks like the human. We study how to create these synthetic data and explore different approaches on how to use them, both for handwriting and gesture recognition. The different contributions of this thesis have obtained good results, producing several publications in international conferences and journals. Finally, three applications related to the work of this thesis are presented. First, we created Escritorie, a digital desk prototype based on the pen computer paradigm for transcribing handwritten text images. Second, we developed "Gestures à Go Go", a web application for bootstrapping gestures. Finally, we studied another interactive application under the pen computer paradigm. In this case, we study how translation reviewing can be done more ergonomically using a pen. / [ES] Hoy en día, los ordenadores están presentes en todas partes pero su potencial no se aprovecha debido al "miedo" que se les tiene. En esta tesis se adopta el paradigma del pen computer, cuya idea fundamental es sustituir todos los dispositivos de entrada por un lápiz electrónico o, directamente, por los dedos. El origen del rechazo a los ordenadores proviene del uso de interfaces poco amigables para el humano. El origen de este paradigma data de hace más de 40 años, pero solo recientemente se ha comenzado a implementar en dispositivos móviles. La lenta y tardía implantación probablemente se deba a que es necesario incluir un reconocedor que "traduzca" los trazos del usuario (texto manuscrito o gestos) a algo entendible por el ordenador. Para pensar de forma realista en la implantación del pen computer, es necesario mejorar la precisión del reconocimiento de texto y gestos. El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio de diferentes estrategias para mejorar esta precisión. En primer lugar, esta tesis investiga como aprovechar información derivada de la interacción para mejorar el reconocimiento, en concreto, en la transcripción interactiva de imágenes con texto manuscrito. En la transcripción interactiva, el sistema y el usuario trabajan "codo con codo" para generar la transcripción. El usuario valida la salida del sistema proporcionando ciertas correcciones, mediante texto manuscrito, que el sistema debe tener en cuenta para proporcionar una mejor transcripción. Este texto manuscrito debe ser reconocido para ser utilizado. En esta tesis se propone aprovechar información contextual, como por ejemplo, el prefijo validado por el usuario, para mejorar la calidad del reconocimiento de la interacción. Tras esto, la tesis se centra en el estudio del movimiento humano, en particular del movimiento de las manos, utilizando la Teoría Cinemática y su modelo Sigma-Lognormal. Entender como se mueven las manos al escribir, y en particular, entender el origen de la variabilidad de la escritura, es importante para el desarrollo de un sistema de reconocimiento, La contribución de esta tesis a este tópico es importante, dado que se presenta una nueva técnica (que mejora los resultados previos) para extraer el modelo Sigma-Lognormal de trazos manuscritos. De forma muy relacionada con el trabajo anterior, se estudia el beneficio de utilizar datos sintéticos como entrenamiento. La forma más fácil de entrenar un reconocedor es proporcionar un conjunto de datos "infinito" que representen todas las posibles variaciones. En general, cuanto más datos de entrenamiento, menor será el error del reconocedor. No obstante, muchas veces no es posible proporcionar más datos, o hacerlo es muy caro. Por ello, se ha estudiado como crear y usar datos sintéticos que se parezcan a los reales. Las diferentes contribuciones de esta tesis han obtenido buenos resultados, produciendo varias publicaciones en conferencias internacionales y revistas. Finalmente, también se han explorado tres aplicaciones relaciones con el trabajo de esta tesis. En primer lugar, se ha creado Escritorie, un prototipo de mesa digital basada en el paradigma del pen computer para realizar transcripción interactiva de documentos manuscritos. En segundo lugar, se ha desarrollado "Gestures à Go Go", una aplicación web para generar datos sintéticos y empaquetarlos con un reconocedor de forma rápida y sencilla. Por último, se presenta un sistema interactivo real bajo el paradigma del pen computer. En este caso, se estudia como la revisión de traducciones automáticas se puede realizar de forma más ergonómica. / [CAT] Avui en dia, els ordinadors són presents a tot arreu i es comunament acceptat que la seva utilització proporciona beneficis. No obstant això, moltes vegades el seu potencial no s'aprofita totalment. En aquesta tesi s'adopta el paradigma del pen computer, on la idea fonamental és substituir tots els dispositius d'entrada per un llapis electrònic, o, directament, pels dits. Aquest paradigma postula que l'origen del rebuig als ordinadors prové de l'ús d'interfícies poc amigables per a l'humà, que han de ser substituïdes per alguna cosa més coneguda. Per tant, la interacció amb l'ordinador sota aquest paradigma es realitza per mitjà de text manuscrit i/o gestos. L'origen d'aquest paradigma data de fa més de 40 anys, però només recentment s'ha començat a implementar en dispositius mòbils. La lenta i tardana implantació probablement es degui al fet que és necessari incloure un reconeixedor que "tradueixi" els traços de l'usuari (text manuscrit o gestos) a alguna cosa comprensible per l'ordinador, i el resultat d'aquest reconeixement, actualment, és lluny de ser òptim. Per pensar de forma realista en la implantació del pen computer, cal millorar la precisió del reconeixement de text i gestos. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi de diferents estratègies per millorar aquesta precisió. En primer lloc, aquesta tesi investiga com aprofitar informació derivada de la interacció per millorar el reconeixement, en concret, en la transcripció interactiva d'imatges amb text manuscrit. En la transcripció interactiva, el sistema i l'usuari treballen "braç a braç" per generar la transcripció. L'usuari valida la sortida del sistema donant certes correccions, que el sistema ha d'usar per millorar la transcripció. En aquesta tesi es proposa utilitzar correccions manuscrites, que el sistema ha de reconèixer primer. La qualitat del reconeixement d'aquesta interacció és millorada, tenint en compte informació contextual, com per exemple, el prefix validat per l'usuari. Després d'això, la tesi se centra en l'estudi del moviment humà en particular del moviment de les mans, des del punt de vista generatiu, utilitzant la Teoria Cinemàtica i el model Sigma-Lognormal. Entendre com es mouen les mans en escriure és important per al desenvolupament d'un sistema de reconeixement, en particular, per entendre l'origen de la variabilitat de l'escriptura. La contribució d'aquesta tesi a aquest tòpic és important, atès que es presenta una nova tècnica (que millora els resultats previs) per extreure el model Sigma- Lognormal de traços manuscrits. De forma molt relacionada amb el treball anterior, s'estudia el benefici d'utilitzar dades sintètiques per a l'entrenament. La forma més fàcil d'entrenar un reconeixedor és proporcionar un conjunt de dades "infinit" que representin totes les possibles variacions. En general, com més dades d'entrenament, menor serà l'error del reconeixedor. No obstant això, moltes vegades no és possible proporcionar més dades, o fer-ho és molt car. Per això, s'ha estudiat com crear i utilitzar dades sintètiques que s'assemblin a les reals. Les diferents contribucions d'aquesta tesi han obtingut bons resultats, produint diverses publicacions en conferències internacionals i revistes. Finalment, també s'han explorat tres aplicacions relacionades amb el treball d'aquesta tesi. En primer lloc, s'ha creat Escritorie, un prototip de taula digital basada en el paradigma del pen computer per realitzar transcripció interactiva de documents manuscrits. En segon lloc, s'ha desenvolupat "Gestures à Go Go", una aplicació web per a generar dades sintètiques i empaquetar-les amb un reconeixedor de forma ràpida i senzilla. Finalment, es presenta un altre sistema inter- actiu sota el paradigma del pen computer. En aquest cas, s'estudia com la revisió de traduccions automàtiques es pot realitzar de forma més ergonòmica. / Martín-Albo Simón, D. (2016). Contributions to Pen & Touch Human-Computer Interaction [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68482 / TESIS

Over the course of years from 1995 to 2008 was acquired by Average Earnings Information System under the professional gestation of the Czech Republic Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs wage and personal data by individual employees. Thanks to the fact that in this statistical survey are collected wage and personal data by concrete employed persons it is possible to obtain a wage distribution, so it how this wages spread out among individual employees. Values that wages can be assumed in whole wage interval are not deterministical but they result from interactions of many random influences. The wage is necessary due to this randomness considered as random quantity with its probability density function. This spreading of wages in all labor market segments is described a wage distribution. Even though a representation of a high-income employee category is evidently small, one's incomes markedly affect statistically itemized average wage level and particularly the whole wage file variability. So wage employee collections are distinguished by the averaged wage that exceeds wages of a major employee mass and the high variability due to great wage heterogeneity. A general approach to distribution of earning modeling under current heterogeneity conditions don't permit to fit by some chosen distribution function or probably density function. This leads to the idea to apply some quantile approach with statistical modeling, i.e. to model an earning distribution with some appropriate inverse distributional function. The probability modeling by generalized or compound forms of quantile functions enables better to characterize a wage distribution, which distinguishes by high asymmetry and wage heterogeneity. The application of inverse distributional function as a probability model of a wage distribution can be expressed in forms of distributional mixture of partial employee's groups. All of the component distributions of this mixture model correspond to an employee's group with greater homogeneity of earnings. The partial employee's subfiles differ in parameters of their component density and in shares of this density in the total wage distribution of the wage file.

Chung, Tsz Kin = 均值回復正態過程的雙撞擊時間分佈以及其在金融上的應用 / 鍾子健. / Thesis submitted in: December 2008. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chung, Tsz Kin = Jun zhi hui fu zheng tai guo cheng de shuang zhuang ji shi jian fen bu yi ji qi zai jin rong shang de ying yong / Zhong Zijian. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Mean-reverting lognormal (MRL) process --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- MRL-process and AR(l)-process --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Double Hitting Time Distribution of a Mean-Reverting Log-normal Process --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Probability density function --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Interpolation scheme - estimates and bounds --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Multi-stage approximation scheme --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Hitting time distribution and density --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6 --- Numerical analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7 --- Appendix --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Solving the Fokker-Planck equation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Probability density function associated with two piecewise-continuous boundaries --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- Pricing Exotic Options with Mean Reversion --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Barrier options --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Double barrier options --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Rebates --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Numerical examples --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Lookback options --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Expected minimum and maximum --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Standard lookback options --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Fixed strike lookback options --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Lookback spread option --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Numerical examples --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sensitivity analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Analysis ´ؤ double knock-out call option --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Analysis ´ؤ floating strike lookback put option --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Analysis ´ؤ lookback spread option --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Summary --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5 --- Appendix --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Closed-form price formula of the double knock-out call option --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Derivations of lookback options --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- Using First-Passage-Time Density to Assess Realignment Risk of a Target Zone --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1 --- Realignment risk of a target zone --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Currency option market and target zone --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- First-Passage-Time approach --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Option price and implied volatility --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- FPT density and realignment risk --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2 --- The ERM crisis of 1992 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- British pound (GBP) target zone --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Italian lira (ITL) target zone --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Summary --- p.85 / Chapter 5 --- Market Expectation of Appreciation of the Renminbi --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Chinese Renminbi exchange rate system --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2 --- First-Passage-Time approach --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- Estimations of expected maximum appreciation of Renminbi --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4 --- Appendix --- p.99 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Derivations of the expected minimum and maximum --- p.99 / Bibliography --- p.101

This paper thoroughly investigates needs and requirements for overhead distribution feeder inspection and develops models to investigate possible relations between short term inspections remarks and outages. The study was conducted in collaboration with Fortum Distribution AB that supplied extensive information about their overhead power feeders concerning both inspection and power outages. The investigated models where lognormal linear model, Poisson generalized linear model and negative binomial generalized linear model. All models were implemented utilizing offset terms to compensate for differences in feeder length and amount of overhead versus underground feeders. The Poisson generalized linear model was rejected at an early stage due to overdispersion and neither of the remaining models fit the data perfectly. There for conclusions were primarily concluded from similarities and differences amongst the models. The results either implicate that maintenance is scheduled sufficiently fast, with respect to short term inspection, to ensure a high system reliability or no relationships between short term inspection and feeder outages exist. Therefore the final conclusion was that maintenance and reinvestment decisions should not be based on short cycle inspection data.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-125). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Abstract High radio capacity is one of the main targets in wireless network planning. The characteristics of the broadband radio channel pose serious challenges for achieving this goal. This thesis views the capacity problem from two frameworks. In the first, the effective user capacity in advanced direct sequence wideband code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) radio networks is evaluated. Sensitivity to various imperfections in key system parameters is studied. The analysis is based on a mathematical foundation that presents complex signal models and enables evaluation of the performance losses due to parameter estimation errors and multipath fading. The effective number of users supported in a cell is restricted by the multiple access interference (MAI) in the same cell (intracell interference) and overall background noise. The studied wideband CDMA receiver structures comprise conventional rake receivers with both the maximal ratio combining (MRC) and equal gain combining (EGC) schemes that can be supplemented with either linear decorrelating or nonlinear successive cancellation-based multiuser detectors and M-antenna spatial diversity. The second framework focuses on direct sequence spread spectrum-based ultra wideband (UWB) indoor communications. Cochannel interference limited capacity is evaluated against the outage probability criterion in exponentially decaying lognormal multipath fading channels. Distance-dependence and spatial distribution of users is taken into account at different spatial cell configurations. Only moderate complexity partial rake receivers with noncoherent combining are employed. Total interference is composed of interpath, multipath, intracell, and intercell interference contributions. Lognormal sum approximations and simulations are used to evaluate distributions of the desired and interfering signals. The impact of the timing errors at the receiver monopulse correlation is studied. The numerical results for the wideband CDMA framework show that effective user capacity and sensitivity depend critically on the joint impact of nonidealities in system parameters (e.g., channel profile, severity of fading, receiver algorithms). User capacities of the studied multiuser enhanced receivers were more prone to these impairments than those of the simpler single user receivers. The results should be used for network planning and optimization. The numerical results of the UWB framework suggest that, even in the multipath rich channel, the optimal number of rake fingers can be less than half of the significant multipaths. Differences between circular, square, and hexagonal cell models proved to be minor with respect to link distance distributions. The derived link distance statistics are useful tools in the analytic piconet dimensioning and optimization.

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