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Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos manejados sob diferentes métodos de pastoreio e intensidades de pastejo em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária / Ingestive behavior of sheep managed under different stocking methods and grazing intensities on integrated crop-livestock systemGonçalves, Ricardo Pereira January 2017 (has links)
O entendimento das relações entre as características do pasto e as respostas do comportamento ingestivo animal é fundamental para o aprimoramento de inovações no manejo de pastagens, tornando os sistemas pastoris mais eficientes e competitivos. Neste estudo comparamos dois métodos de pastoreio (Rotativo x Contínuo) e duas intensidades de pastejo (Moderada e Baixa) a fim de compreendermos como as características de pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) influenciam o comportamento ingestivo e o ganho médio diário de ovinos. Observamos que o método de pastoreio afeta a quantidade de folhas e inflorescências, influenciando a composição química da forragem, além da taxa de bocados e o tempo de pastejo dos ovinos. Por outro lado, as intensidades de pastejo influenciaram os bocados por estação alimentar e o número de refeições. Além disso, variáveis como: estação alimentar por minuto, duração das refeições e tempo de pastejo foram positivamente correlacionadas com o ganho médio diário dos animais, assim, podem ser utilizadas como preditoras do ganho médio diário de ovinos. Encontramos evidências de que em pastoreio rotativo, ambas as intensidades de pastejo estudadas promoveram um rebaixamento em torno de 45% da altura pré-pastejo. A estrutura do pasto e a composição química da forragem foram adequadas para o pastejo de ovinos até o início do estádio reprodutivo do azevém anual. No entanto, ao final do estádio reprodutivo da pastagem, ambas as intensidades de pastejo restringiram os padrões de comportamento ingestivo dos ovinos nas maiores escalas espaço-temporais. Essa restrição é acentuada durante o rebaixamento do pasto, em decorrência da redução no percentual de lâminas foliares, alterando o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Logo, a resposta comportamental de ovinos depende de: (i) taxa de lotação, (ii) nível de desfolha do dossel, (iii) período do estádio reprodutivo do azevém anual e composição estrutural da forragem durante o rebaixamento. / The understanding of the relationships between sward characteristics and the animals' ingestive behavior responses is fundamental for the improvement of sward management innovations, making pastoral systems more efficient and competitive. In this study, we compared two stocking methods (Continuous and Rotational) and two grazing intensities (Moderate and Low) to understand how the sward characteristics of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) influence the ingestive behavior and the average daily gain of sheep. We observed that the stocking method affect the quantity of leaf blades and inflorescences influenced forage chemical composition, as well as the bite rate and grazing time of sheep. On the other hand, grazing intensities had influence the bites by feeding station and meals number. Moreover, variables as feeding station per minute, meals duration and grazing time were positively correlated with the average daily gain, thus, they can be used as predictors for the average daily gain of sheep. We found evidence that both grazing intensities studied promote a grazing down around 45% of pre-grazing sward height in rotational stocking. Sward structure and forage chemical composition, were adequate for sheep grazing until the beginning of the sward reproductive stage. However, from the stage 2 of grazing down at the end of the sward reproductive stage, both grazing intensities apparently restricted the sheep‟s ingestive behavior patterns in the larger spatial and temporal scales of grazing. Therefore sheep‟s behavioral response depends on: (i) stocking rate, (ii) canopy defoliation level, (iii) period of sward reproductive stage and forage structural composition during grazing down.
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Estudo de longa duração em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária : explorando relações planta-animal na fase pastagem / A long-term study in anintegrated crop-livestock system : exploring plant-animal relations in the pasture phaseMoojen, Fernanda Gomes January 2017 (has links)
Diversificação e rotação de culturas aliado ao cultivo sem revolvimento do solo com inserção de produção animal é uma alternativa desejável aos sistemas de produção em monocultivos intensivos. Neste sentido, o Sistema Integrado de Produção Agropecuária representa uma forma particular de produção de alimentos de forma sustentável. No entanto, a produção animal na fase pastagem adiciona mais complexidade ao sistema e requer um adequado manejo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou explorar as relações planta-animal da fase pastagem de um Sistema Integrado de Produção Agropecuária no Sul do Brasil. O protocolo experimental foi estabelecido no ano de 2003 e é caracterizado por uma integração entre a fase lavoura, com soja (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) e milho (Zea mays L.) em rotação, com a fase pastagem, onde são manejados cordeiros em azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Na fase pastagem são testadas combinações de métodos de pastoreio (contínuo e rotativo) e intensidades de pastejo (2,5 e 5 vezes o potencial de consumo de matéria seca). Os maiores ganhos médios diários foram encontrados no método de pastoreio contínuo (MP-C) e intensidade de pastejo 5 (IP-5) (0,135 kg versus 0,120 comparando IP-5 X IP-2,5 no MP-C e 0,115 versus 0,105 no método de pastoreio rotativo (MP-R) nas mesmas intensidades respectivamente). No entanto, o método de pastoreio não teve efeito no ganho de peso vivo por hectare e a intensidade de pastoreio 5 resultou em menor desempenho por área (307 kg versus 387comparando IP-5 versus IP-2,5). A base de dados também foi analisada pela construção de árvores da decisão para relacionar as variáveis do pasto com os desempenhos. Foram construídas árvores da decisão para: i) ganho de peso vivo por hectare: com coeficiente de determinação (R2) = 0,738 sendo a oferta de forragem e produção total de forragem as principais variáveis para os maiores desempenhos; ii) ganho médio diário: com R² = 0,547 foi observado altura do pasto como o fator de maior influência. Assim, dependendo dos objetivos, se é aumentar o desempenho individual ou por área, isto implica em diferentes estratégias de combinações de manejo do dossel. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram a oportunidade potencial oferecida pela produção animal em sistemas integrados para diversificar o uso da terra e ainda promover maior eficiência de produção. / Crop diversification integrated with no till and with livestock production can be a desirable alternative to intensive monoculture production systems. In this way, Integrated Crop-Livestock System plays and unique form of food production sustainable. However, livestock in a pasture phase add more complexity to the system that requires proper pasture management. In this context, the present study aimed to explore plant-animal relationships of the pasture phase in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System in southern Brazil. The experimental protocol was established in the year of 2003 and is composed by the integration of a crop phase, with soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rotation with a pasture phase, when lambs were managed in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). In the pasture phase was tested combinations of stocking methods (continuous and rotational) and grazing intensities (2.5 and 5 times the potential daily dry matter intake). The results showed that higher average daily gain is found in stocking method continuous (SM-C) and in grazing intensity 5 (GI 5) (0.135 g versus 0.120 comparing GI-5 X GI-2.5 in SM-C and 0.115 versus 0.105 in stocking method rotational (SM-R)). However, stocking method had no effect on live weight gain per hectare and grazing intensity 5.0 resulted lower performance by area (307 kg versus 387 comparing GI-5 versus GI-2,5). The data was also analyzed by the decision trees built in order to relate the variables of sward with animal performance. Decision tree were built for: i) live weight gain per hectare: had a Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.738, where herbage allowance and total herbage production were found as the main variables influencing the higher animal performance; ii) average daily gain: with R2 = 0.547 was observed that sward height was the most significant factor influencing. Thereby, depending of the goals, if it´s improve individual response or production per area, it implies in different combinations of sward management strategies. The results of this study support the potential opportunity offered by animal production in Integrated Crop-Livestock System to diversify land use while promoting greater production efficiency.
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Suprimento de nitrogênio para culturas de verão pela aplicação antecipada em azevém pastejado por ovinos / Summer crops nitrogen supply by early application in ryegrass grazed by sheepsAlves, Rubens Cherubini January 2015 (has links)
A agropecuária tem um importante papel na economia do Brasil. Fertilizantes nitrogenados estão entre os principais insumos da agropecuária mundial, e o seu uso em grandes volumes geram problemas ambientais. Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária (SIPAs) buscam a maior eficiência no uso dos recursos naturais em comparação às monoculturas agrícolas, reduzir as perdas de nutrientes e promover a ciclagem do nitrogênio (N). O animal é considerado um catalizador da ciclagem de nutrientes e em um SIPA a intensidade de pastejo e a fertilização, são as principais variáveis a ser manejada na fase pastagem, pois determinam a cobertura do solo, que é transferida para a fase lavoura e influencia a sua produtividade. A soja e o milho estão entre as mais importantes culturas da agricultura Brasileira. A soja tem o potencial de suprir parte das suas demandas através da Fixação Biológica de N, já o milho é dependente do solo para atender a sua necessidade por N. A adubação antecipada baseia-se em que a exportação de nutrientes na fase lavoura é maior do que na fase pastagem. Propõe-se que a adubação seja realizada no inverno, promovendo maiores rendimentos da fase pastagem e a ciclagem dos nutrientes para a fase lavoura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada em pastagem de azevém pastejada por ovinos sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo e métodos de pastoreio no índice de nutrição nitrogenada das culturas de verão em SIPAs. Este estudo foi realizado entre os anos 2013 e 2014, em um experimento de longa duração iniciado em 2003, em SIPA, o qual é composto por 32 unidades experimentais delineados em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos, dois métodos de pastoreio, contínuo e rotativo, duas intensidades de pastejo, moderada e baixa em pastagem de azevém-anual pastejada por ovinos, no período de inverno e dois sistemas de cultivos de verão, monocultivo de soja e rotação soja/milho, com quatro repetições. A fertilização foi realizada exclusivamente na fase pastagem com 75 kg de N e 60 kg de P2O5 e K2O ha-1. A massa de forragem residual (MFR) foi avaliada ao final da fase pastagem. Durante o verão foram avaliados o rendimento de fitomassa das culturas de verão durante a fase vegetativa, o teor de N na fitomassa e o Índice de Nutrição Nitrogenada (INN) das culturas. Para a cultura do milho, houve efeito das intensidades de pastejo (P<0,05) para INN e MFR. Para as culturas da soja houve efeito das intensidades de pastejo (P<0,05) apenas para a MFR. Não foi encontrada diferença entre os métodos de pastoreio para as duas culturas. A MFR é uma importante fonte de N para a cultura de verão subsequente. Menores intensidades de pastejo resultam em maiores MFR e, consequentemente, maiores INN para a cultura do milho. A adubação nitrogenada antecipada não apresentou efeito sobre a soja uma vez que esta cultura tem a capacidade de atender a sua demanda por N através da Fixação Biológica de N. / Agriculture has an important role in Brazilian economy. Nitrogen fertilizers are among the main inputs of worldwide agriculture, and its use in large volumes has generated environment problems. Integrated Crop Livestock Systems (ICLS) search for a more efficient use of natural resources than monoculture agriculture systems, reduce Nitrogen (N) losses and promote its cycling. The animal is consider a catalyst for nutrient cycling and in an ICLS, the grazing intensity along with fertilization, are the main variable to be manage in the pasture phase, since it determines the soil cover, which is transfer to the crop stage and directly influences its yield. Soybean and maize are among the most important crops of the Brazilian agriculture. Soybean has the potential to attend most of their demands for nitrogen (N) through the Biological Fixation, on the other hand, maize is dependent on soil fertility to attend their need for this nutrient. Early fertilization is based on that the export of nutrients in the crops phases is greater than pasture phase. Is propose that the fertilization should be manage on winter, because it would provide higher yields of pasture phase and recycling of nutrients to the crop stage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early nitrogen fertilization on Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep under different grazing intensities and grazing methods on ICLS summer crops nitrogen nutrition index. This work was perform between 2013 and 2014, in a long-term ICLS experiment, with 32 experimental units designed in a randomized block with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were two stocking methods, continuous and rotational grazing, two grazing intensities, moderate and low, with Italian ryegrass grazed by sheep on winter, and two cropping systems, soybean monoculture and soybean/maize crop rotation, on summer. The fertilization management was 75 kg of N, 60 kg of P2O5 and K2O ha-1. The residual forage mass (RFM) on the end of grazing phase. During summer were evaluate the crops biomass yield on vegetative phase, the N content on the phytomass, and the crops NNI. On maize crop area were found effect of the grazing intensities (P<0.05) on the RFM and NNI. On soybean crop area was found effect of the grazing intensities (P<0.05) on the RFM. There were no differences between the grazing methods in both crop systems, and on RFM and NNI of soybeans areas (P>0.05). The RFM is an important summer crop N source. Lowest grazing intensities result on higher RFM, and consequently in higher NNI on maize crop. The early fertilization does not cause effects on soybean, once this crop has the ability to meet its demand for N by N Biological Fixation.
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Plant breeding aspects of ryegrasses (Lolium sp.) infected with endophytic fungiStewart, Alan V. January 1987 (has links)
Some aspects of the presence of systemic endophytic fungi in agriculturally important New Zealand grasses were studied in relation to plant breeding. Seedling resistance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding in perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and tall fescue was found to be related to the presence of their respective Acremonium endophytes in the seed rather than to plant genetic resistance. In addition a study of perennial ryegrass revealed that this resistance was independent of endophyte viability. The seedling resistance conferred by the endophyte of Italian ryegrass was found to be beneficial for field establishment. This endophyte differs from that in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in that it does not confer resistance to Argentine stem weevil on mature plants, but only on seedlings. The extent of plant genetic seedling tolerance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding was limited to broad inter-specific differences, with tall fescue more tolerant than perennial ryegrass and both of these more tolerant than Italian ryegrass. This ranking corresponds with previous observations on feeding preference on mature plants. A study of factors affecting the concentration of endophyte mycelia in infected seed of perennial ryegrass revealed that plant genetic factors had little effect. The major factors studied were: 1) the endophyte concentration in the maternal parent plant directly influenced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 2) nitrogen fertilizer applications to a seed crop reduced the concentration of mycelia in the seed, with earlier applications having a greater effect. 3) application of the fungicide propiconazole (Tilt) to a seed crop reduced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 4) the endophyte concentration in the seed was found to directly influence the endophyte concentration in seedlings, six month old plants and that of seed harvested from a first year seed crop. As there have been no previous reports of tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars with endophyte an experiment was conducted to determine if these could be developed by the standard procedure of colchicine treatment. The results revealed that endophyte was retained following colchicine treatment.
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Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) analysis in Lolium rigidum Gaudin / Natalie Dillon.Dillon, Natalie January 2001 (has links)
"July 2001" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-183) / xv, 193 leaves : ill., plates (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2002
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Correlation of endophyte toxins (ergovaline and lolitrem B) with clinical disease : fescue foot and perennial ryegrass staggersTor-Agbidye, John 13 August 1993 (has links)
Endophytic fungi (A. coenophialum and A. lolii) which infect grasses produce
ergot alkaloids that serve as the grasses' chemical defenses and enhance the vigor of
the grass. Turf-type tall fescue with high endophyte levels has been deliberately
developed to produce a greener, more vigorous, pest-resistant turf. Consumption of
endophyte-infected grass causes various toxicity symptoms in livestock.
Cattle in the southeastern and midwestern United States, where tall fescue is
grown on 14 million hectares, often develop signs of toxicosis during summer months
from grazing plants in fected by A. coenophialum. A more severe form of the
disease, fescue foot, has been associated with cold environment and reported in late
fall and winter months not only in the southeastern United States but also in the
northwest United States. In New Zealand, where perennial ryegrass is grown on 7
million hectares of pasture, sheep often develop a condition called ryegrass staggers
from grazing plants infected by A. lolii. New Zealand reports economic losses
grazing plants infected by A. lolii. New Zealand reports economic losses associated
with the sheep industry of $205 million per year. In the United States, economic
losses associated with the beef cattle industry alone is estimated at $600 million per
year.
Range finding experiments and case studies of fescue foot and perennial
ryegrass staggers (PRGS) were conducted on cattle and sheep under grazing and barn
conditions. The main objective was to determine threshold levels of the endophyte
toxins, ergovaline (EV) (appendix 1) and lolitrem B (appendix 2), associated with the
diseases of fescue foot and PRGS respectively. Fescue foot was experimentally
induced in cattle under barn studies in the spring with 825 ppb ergovaline. The
ergovaline contaminated feed was given for a period of 42 days. Similar barn
studies in sheep in spring to early summer did not produce clinical fescue foot with
up to 1215 ppb. Field studies of natural fescue foot in a herd of sheep were
conducted, (ie 540 ppb) values of ergovaline in the feed, but clinical disease was not
produced in late fall through winter. A case study from a herd of sheep revealed 813
ppb dietary ergovaline had produced fescue foot in the months of fall (November).
Fields of perennial ryegrass (PRG) where sheep received 2,135 ppb lolitrem B
toxin were associated with clinical cases of PRGS in 42 sheep of 237 sheep (18
percent incidence rate) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Three months later,
sheep on this same field which then had 1,465 ppb lolitrem B, did not have PRGS.
These were the first range finding experiments undertaken in this locale to document
threshold levels of endophyte toxins associated with fescue foot and PRGS. / Graduation date: 1994
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Reclamation of a Midwest brownfield site using agronomic and turf speciesJohnson, Amanda M. 14 December 2013 (has links)
Plant species were assessed for recolonization of a brownfield in Muncie, IN. In a greenhouse study, soil was seeded to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Selected pots were amended with leaf compost and mycorrhizal fungi. Soil and plant tissue were analyzed after 30 and 90 days. Ryegrass and compost were studied at the brownfield site. In the greenhouse, red clover was capable of concentrating the greatest quantity of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb in above-ground biomass (all soil treatments combined). Compost + mycorrhizal fungi treatment
resulted in highest Cd, Cu, and Zn plant concentrations (all plant treatments combined). Compost resulted in the highest tissue Cr and Ni concentrations. The reported study demonstrates that this brownfield is capable of being revegetated by turf and legume species. Each infertile and/or toxic site must be assessed
for revegetation species on a case-by-case basis. / Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Managing Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) in a sub-tropical environment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Mckenzie, Frank Ralph. January 1994 (has links)
Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) generally fails to persist
under the sub-tropical cpnditions of South Africa. Furthermore,
little research data are available on how to manage this species
locally. This study was designed to identify the management
options, particularly with r espect to grazing defoliation, which
would help enhance the longevity of perennial ryegrass pastures.
This was addressed by:
1) reviewing on-farm management practices of perennial
ryegrass in KwaZulu-Natal;
2) conducting a detailed two-year field study of the effects
of grazing frequency (HF, MF and LF = high, medium and low
frequency, respectively) and intensity (HI, MI and LI =
high, medium and low intensity, respectively), rotationally
applied with the addition of a continuous grazing treatment
(CG), on parameters linked to persistency.
tiller population dynamics, dry matter
These included:
(DM) yield and
quality, perennial ryegrass vigour, weed invasion and root
development; and
3) examining effects of different levels of applied nitrogen
(N) during the establishment year on various parameters
linked to persistency. These included: tiller population
densities, DM yield and quality, perennial ryegrass vigour,
weed invasion and root development.
The review of on-farm management practices of perennial ryegrass
growers in KwaZulu-Natal revealed that reasonably high rates of
N application (e.g. 350 and 250 kg N ha¯¹ a¯¹ to perennial ryegrass
as pure and clover-based stands, respectively) are important for
pasture survival. However, a consistent distribution of the
applied N is even more important (i. e. at least seven split
applications of N onto pure stands of perennial ryegrass and five
onto perennial ryegrass-clover). In terms of grazing management,
the period of absence of animals from the pasture during summer
was identified as the most important grazing variable affecting
pasture survival (i.e. ≥ 21 days). Also, the length of the
period of occupation by animals should be as short as possible,
particularly during summer (i. e. ≤ 3 days). Paying careful attention to summer irrigation is also an important variable
contributing to pasture survival. Grazing intensity was not
highlighted as an important contributor to pasture survival.
In terms of tillering potential, DM yield and quality (cellulose
dry matter disappearance and herbage N) and perennial ryegrass
vigour, perennial ryegrass followed definite seasonal trends.
These were highest during autumn and spring and were lowest
during the mid to late summer period. Perennial ryegrass was
most susceptible to general sward degradation through poor
management during the mid to late summer period when the danger
from weed invasion is greatest and its growth potential, vigour
and tillering abilities are lowest within these seasonal
periods, grazing defoliation produced marked effects. In terms
of tiller survival, DM yield, plant vigour, reduced weed invasion
and root production, treatments incorporating low frequency
grazing (e.g. LFLI and LFHI) generally out-performed (P≤0.05)
those incorporating high frequency grazing, irrespective of the
intensity (e.g. HFHI, HFLI, and continuous grazing (CG)). The
defoliation treatment incorporating medium frequency and
intensity (MFMI) (currently the recommended defoliation strategy
for perennial ryegrass) was also out-performed in many instances
(P~0.05) by the low frequency treatments (e.g. LFHI and LFLI) .
During the establishment year, increasing levels of applied N
increased (P≤O. 05) perennial ryegrass DM yields and herbage
quality. Models predicting the response of DM yield and quality
to applied N suggest linear responses up to 720 kg N ha¯¹ a¯¹.
Further refinement of such models and the inclusion of animal
production parameters is recommended. Maximum (P≤0.05) tiller
population densities occurred at applied N levels of 480 kg ha¯¹
a¯¹. Perennial ryegrass vigour increased (P≤O. 05) with increasing
levels of applied N up to 480 kg h¯¹ a¯¹, but individual tiller
vigour decreased. Increasing levels of applied N up to 360 kg
ha¯¹ a¯¹ suppressed (P≤O. 05) weed tiller densities. Increasing
levels of applied N (up to 600 kg h¯¹) increased (P≤O. 05) the
root organic matter (OM) per unit volume of soil in the top 5 cm
of the soil and decreased root OM per unit volume in the 10 - 20
cm soil depth category. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1994.
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Functional analysis of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes in the interaction of Epichloë festucae with perennial ryegrass : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular Genetics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New ZealandBryant, Michelle Kay January 2005 (has links)
Hydrolytic enzymes degrade macromolecules into smaller components. These enzymes are important in fungal nutrition and have been implicated in the pathogenicity and virulence of pathogenic fungi towards their hosts. However, it is unknown if hydrolytic enzymes play important roles in mutualistic symbioses. In this study, the function of two different classes of hydrolytic enzymes was examined in the mutualistic symbiosis between the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Nui). Nine members of a gene family encoding subtilisin-like proteases were identified in E. festucae. The prt2, prt3 and prt5 genes encode putative extracellular proteins belonging to the proteinase K subfamily 1, and prt1 and prt6 encode putative extracellular proteins belonging proteinase K subfamily 2. The prt7 and prt8 genes encoded pyrolysin-like enzymes from subfamilies 1 and 2. The prt4 gene encodes a putative vacuolar protease, while the kex2 gene encodes a putative proprotein convertase. Expression analysis showed that the prt1, prt3, prt5, prt4 and kex2 genes, but not the prt2 gene, were expressed in culture. The prt1 and prt3 genes appeared to be up-regulated in planta compared to culture. The function of prt1 and prt2 in the symbiotum between E. festucae and perennial ryegrass was characterised by expressing these genes under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA or the E. festucae F11 ltmM promoters. No major differences in hyphal or plant morphology were observed between symbioses containing wild type E. festucae or endophyte strains containing the prt1 or prt2 transgenes. The gcnl gene, which encodes a β-1,6-glucanase, was identified immediately downstream of the prt2 gene. The function of the gcnl gene was characterised by gene replacement and testing the phenotype during growth in culture and in planta. E. festucae ∆gcnl strains grew normally on glucose-containing media. On media containing the β-1,6-glucan pustulan, ∆gcnl strains did not form aerial hyphae or hydrolyse pustulan, which the wild type strain did. This phenotype was partially complemented by growth of the ∆gcnl mutant in close proximity to wild type strains, and fully complemented by insertion of the gcnl gene. This suggests that the gcnl gene encodes the major β-1,6-glucanase activity of E. festucae.
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Mechanisms regulating the thermal acclimation of dark respiration in snow tussock and ryegrassClifford, Veronica Rose January 2007 (has links)
The aim of this research was to identify the mechanisms that underpin changes in respiratory capacity during acclimation to temperature. Dark respiration, enzyme activities and leaf ultrastructure were measured from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in controlled environmental chambers and two species of native grass (Chionochloa rubra & C. pallens) growing at different altitudinal ranges on Mount Hutt, Canterbury, New Zealand. The overall hypothesis was that the changes in both mitochondrial numbers and enzyme activity underpin the greater respiratory capacity observed in response to decreasing temperatures. Gas exchange measurements were carried out to measure rates of dark respiration (Rd) in leaves of both ryegrass and tussocks. Respiratory homeostasis (full acclimation) was achieved in ryegrass leaves but only partial acclimation in both species of tussock plants. Dark respiration rates for warm-grown ryegrass were greatly reduced compared to cool-grown grasses. Rd was lower for C. rubra growing at the base of the mountain (450m) compared to plants at a higher altitude (1060m). The dark respiration rates were also lower for C. pallens growing at 1070m than at 1600m. When comparing Rd between high and low altitude plants, it was significantly lower in low altitude plants at 450m than at 1600m. Oxygen consumption was measured in intact leaves and roots, crude mitochondria and isolated mitochondria from ryegrass to investigate whether a change in respiratory capacity was involved with changes in Rd. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was slightly reduced in warm leaves and roots (not significantly). The respiratory capacity results from isolated mitochondria for C. rubra (at 450m and 1060m) and C. pallens (at 1070m and 1600m) were consistent with the hypothesis that plants from warm sites have lower respiratory capacity in comparison to plants from cool sites. Based on these results and those of previous studies, it was concluded that respiratory flux for any given temperature is not simply determined by maximal capacities of the respiratory apparatus but rather a combination of the availability of substrate supply, the demand for respiratory products (i.e. ATP) and/or the maximal capacity of respiratory enzymes. Utilizing transmission electron micrographs, it was found that mitochondria were significantly less abundant in warm-grown than cool-grown ryegrass mesophyll cells. Mitochondria dimensions increased slightly between the cool and warm treatment. At lower altitudes (C. rubra), there was a significant decrease in mitochondria numbers with decreasing elevation. At higher altitudes (C. pallens), there was no noticeable change in mitochondria numbers between 1070m and 1600m. It was concluded that mitochondrial abundance for the controlled and field experiments, and mitochondrial sizes in the field, were associated with changes in Rd. The maximal activities of fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in isolated mitochondria from leaves of ryegrass and tussock were measured spectrophotometrically. The results in the controlled experiment indicate that enzymes other than fumarase and SDH could be responsible for the increased respiratory capacity observed in cold acclimated leaves of ryegrass. However, fumarase maximal activity was significantly reduced in C. rubra at low altitude compared with C. pallens growing at high altitude - this suggests that it may be involved in the differences in respiratory capacity and Rd between the two sites. Succinate dehydrogenase did not differ significantly in response to altitude. The large difference between the two field sites for fumarase activity is comparable to the large difference in Rd and reduction in mitochondrial abundance and dimensions seen between the two sites. This supports the overall hypothesis that cool-grown plants keep up with energy demands at low temperatures by increasing enzyme concentrations/capacity. The results of this study are supportive of the hypothesis that growth in low altitudes and warm conditions will result in the reduction of Rd as a consequence of: (1) temperature sensitivity of the respiratory apparatus, resulting in the reduction of the respiratory capacities of mitochondria; (2) a reduction in mitochondria size and numbers; and as a consequence of this (3) a reduction in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes. However, these responses are species specific and vary according to the range of temperatures experienced by plants in the field and controlled environments.
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