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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Funktionsanalyse und molekulare Charakterisierung der bifunktionalen Expandase/Hydroxylase aus dem Hyphenpilz Acremonium chrysogenum /

Pfeil, Michael. January 2001 (has links)
Dissertation--Naturwissenschaften--Bochum--Ruhr-Universität. / Bibliogr. p. 89-110.
2

The relationship of Cephalosporium acremonium Corda to the black bundle disease of corn

Harris, M. R. January 1932 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1932. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-42).
3

Estudo de meio de cultivo industrial para produção de cefalosporina C por C Cephalosporium acremonium

Andrietta, Maria da Graça Stupiello, 1963- 03 July 1998 (has links)
Orientador: Gil Eduardo Serra / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T22:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrietta_MariadaGracaStupiello_D.pdf: 4521244 bytes, checksum: 4888bd9055f2da9976f68ec3bac3eafd (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar um meio de cultivo industrial para produção de cefalosporina C, utilizando a linhagem C-1 O de Cephalosporium acremonium (A TCC 11550) em experimentos conduzidos em frascos agitados. Foram testadas diferentes fontes de proteína padronizadas, de uso indicado para fermentações industriais, fornecidas pela QUEST INTERNACIONAL - Divisão SHEFFIELD, constituídas à base de soja (Hy-Soy), lacto albumina (Edamin'S), caseína (N-Z Amine A e N-Z Amine As), milho (Hydrolyse Com Gluten ) e algodão (Hydrolyse Cottonseed). As fontes protéicas foram adicionadas a um meio basal, em quantidade equivalente a 4g/1 de nitrogênio total. O meio de cultivo que apresentou uma maior produção de cefalosporina C ( 0,63 gll) foi formulado à base de soja, sendo o meio à base de caseína (N-Z Amine A) o que apresentou uma menor produção do antibiótico. A partir disto foi feito um estudo de cinética da produção de cefalosporina C com esses dois meios de cultivo. Os resultados confirmaram a soja como melhor substrato para produção do antibiótico e mostraram também, ser esta a matéria prima mais produtiva, uma vez que com 144 horas de fermentação houve a produção de 0,93 gll de cefalosporina C. A caseína precisou de 192 horas de fermentação para produzir apenas 0,64 gll do antibiótico. Para os dois substratos testados foi verificada ainda a degradação do antibiótico após o pico de máxima produção. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho foi avaliada a associação de fontes protéicas na formulação do meio de cultivo. Além de Hy-Soy e Edamin'S, que foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados na primeira fase, foi introduzido um extrato protéico padronizado, à base de soja (Samprosoy), que é produzido no Brasil pela SANTISTA ALIMENTOS divisão SAMBRA. Neste experimento foram formulados sete diferentes meios de cultivo contendo 4 g/l de N total. Os resultados mostraram um sinergismo na associação de Samprosoy, Hy-Soy e Edamin'S, com uma maior produção do antibiótico (1,43 g/l em 144 horas). Esta composição foi utilizada como ponto central (36 g/l de saca rose, 27 gI1 de glicose e 4 g/l de N total) na primeira fase da otimização do meio de cultivo utilizando planejamento fatorial completo de dois níveis e três variáveis. As variáveis estudadas foram a concentração de sacarose, glicose e nitrogênio, e a variável resposta foi a concentração de cefalosporina C no caldo fermentado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que maiores concentrações de glicose e nitrogênio levam a um aumento na produção do antibiótico, sendo a variação da concentração de sacarose não significativa na produção da cefalosporina C. Em uma segunda fase da otimização do meio de cultivo o ponto central foi deslocado de modo que esse meio apresentasse maiores concentrações de glicose e nitrogênio (37 g/l de glicose e 6 g/l de N total) e menor quantidade de sacarose (26 g/l). Confirmou-se que altas concentrações de glicose (acima de 45 g/l) e nitrogênio (acima de 6 g/l) direcionam a um aumento na produção, e que a concentração de sacarose não influencia no aumento da produção do antibiótico. Em uma última etapa foi conduzida uma fermentação simultânea em fermentador e em frascos agitados para o estudo do efeito da aeração na produção de cefalosporina C. Parte do meio preparado e inoculado no fermentador foi transferido para frascos Erlenmayer. Os resultados mostram que no fermentador a quantidade de cefalosporina C produzida foi 2,82 vezes maior que as obtidas em frascos agitados. A diferença certamente está associada ao nível constante da concentração de oxigênio no meio de fermentação, possível de se controlar no fermentador, mas não em frascos agitados. / Abstract: The purpose of this work was to study an industrial growing medium for cephalosporin C production in a shaker, using the C-1 O strain of Cephalosporuium acremonium (A TCC 11550). Different sources of standard protein have been tested, all of which recommended for industrial fermentation, and provided by QUEST INTERNACIONAL¬SHEFFIELD Division, soy-based (Hy Soy), Lactoalbumin (Edamin'S), casein (N-Z Amine and N_Z Anime A), com (Hidrolyse Com Gluten) and cotton (Hydrolyse Cottonseed). The protein sources were added to a basic medium amounting to 4 g/l of the total nitrogen. The growing medium that reached the highest cephalosporin C production (0.63 g/l) was soy-based, and the medium that had the lowest amount of the antibiotic was the casein-based (N-Z Amine A). These two growing mediums were then used for a kinetic study of cephalosporin C production. The results have confirmed soybean as the best substratum for the antibiotic production as well as the most productive raw material, since there was a 0.93 g/l cephalosporin C production within 144 hours of fermentation. The casein took 192 hours of fermentation to produce only 0.64 g/l of the antibiotic. It has been observed for both substrata that there was a degradation of the antibiotic after the maximum production peak was reached. In the second stage of the trial, the association of protein sources in the growing medium formulation was evaluated. In the addition to Hy-Soy and Edamin'S, proteins that presented the best results in the first stage, a standard soy-based proteinic extract (Samprosoy) produced in Brazil by SANTISTA ALIMENTOS - SAMBRA division was introduced. Seven different growing mediums containing 4 g/l of total N were formulated. The results have showed a synergism in the association among Samprosoy, Hy-Soyand Edamin'S, with a higher antibiotic production (1,43 g/l within 144 hours). This composition was used as a central point (36 g/l sucrose, 27 g/l glucose and 4 g/l of total N) at the first optimization stage of growing medium a complete two-Level and three-variable factorial design. The variable studied was the sucrose, glucose and nitrogen concentration, and the response variable was the cephalosporin C concentration in the fermented broth. The results have shown that higher glucose and nitrogen concentration have led to an increase in the antibiotic production, even though the variation in sucrose concentration was insignificant for cephalosporin C production. In the second stage of growing medium optimization the central point was dislocated in order to present higher glucose and nitrogen concentrations (37 g/l of glucose and 6 g/l of N total) and lower sucrose concentration (26 g/l). It has been confirmed that high glucose (over 45 g/l) and nitrogen (over 6 g/l) concentration result in an increase in the production, and that sucrose concentration has no effect in the increase of antibiotic production. In the last stage, a simultaneous fermentation in a fermenter and in a shaker was performed for the purpose of studying the aeration effect in cephalosporin C production. Part of the medium prepared and inoculated in the fermenter was transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks. The results have shown that in the fermenter, the amount of cephalosporin C produced was 2.82 times higher than in the shaker. The difference is surely associated with the constant oxygen concentration level in the fermentation medium, which was possible to the controlled in the fermenter but not in the shaker. / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
4

Studies on antibiotic producing species and varieties of emericellopsis and cephalosporium

Elander, Richard Paul. January 1960 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1960.
5

Studies of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue /

Azevedo, Mark D. January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1993. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-140). Also available via the World Wide Web.
6

Estudo Químico de Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos Fungos Endofíticos (Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum) isolados de Ananas lucidus / Chemical study of pineapple (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungus (Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum) isolated from Ananas lucidus

Rodrigues, Alexandre César Praxedes January 2009 (has links)
RODRIGUES, A. C. P. Estudo Químico de Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos Fungos Endofíticos (Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum) isolados de Ananas lucidus. 2009. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Orgânica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-10-08T20:05:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_acprodrigues.pdf: 12048896 bytes, checksum: f798174e6a53a436dc24e7f852985f85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-10-09T19:00:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_acprodrigues.pdf: 12048896 bytes, checksum: f798174e6a53a436dc24e7f852985f85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T19:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_acprodrigues.pdf: 12048896 bytes, checksum: f798174e6a53a436dc24e7f852985f85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The chemical study of three Ananas species (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungi Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum, both isolated from A. lucidus, are described. The phytochemical investigations of roots, leaves and steams from A. bracteatus yielded the isolation of three micro molecular compounds: kumatekenin (1), glycosilated sitosterol (2) and sitosterol (3). From leaves of A. lucidus it was isolated a mixture of three monoacylglicerols (4) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (5). The fatty acid composition of leaves and roots from A. bracteatus and A. lucidus, as well as in vitro A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus was investigated. Twenty-one fatty acids, as methyl ester derivatives, were identified in eight studied samples, 16 (76%) of them saturated and 5 (24%) unsaturated acids. From the fungus A. curvulum three compounds were isolated: phenetyl 2-hydroxypropionate (6), ergosterol (7) and tryptophol (8). The chemical investigation of the organic extracts from F. oxysporum led to the isolation of tetra(S)-butirolactone (9) and the diastereoisomeric mixture of (4R*,5S*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (71%) and (4R*,5R*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (29%) (10). Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was done by spectrometric analysis such as infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HMQC e HMBC), mass spectrometry as well as literature comparison. / Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico de três espécies do gênero Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos fungos endofíticos Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum, isolados de A. lucidus. A investigação fitoquímica das raízes, folhas e talos de A. bracteatus levou ao isolamento de três compostos micromoleculares: cumataquenina (1), glicosídeo do sitosterol (2) e sitosterol (3). Das folhas da espécie A. lucidus foram isolados a mistura de três monoacilglicerois (4) e o 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furaldeído (5). O estudo dos ácidos graxos das folhas e raízes de A. bracteatus e A. lucidus, bem como de A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus cultivadas in vitro foi realizado. Vinte e um ácidos graxos, na forma de ésteres metílicos, foram identificados nas oito amostras analisadas, sendo 16 (76%) ácidos graxos saturados e 5 (24%) insaturados. A prospecção química do fungo A. curvulum levou ao isolamento dos compostos 2-hidroxipropanoato de feniletila (6), ergosterol (7) e triptofol (8). A analise dos extratos de F. oxysporum levou ao isolamento do composto tetra(S)-butirolactona (9) e do (4R*, 5S*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (71%) e (4R*, 5R*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (29%) (10), estes na forma de uma mistura diastereoisomerica. A determinação estrutural dos metabólitos secundários isolados foi realizada empregando-se as técnicas espectrométricas de infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e carbono-13, incluindo técnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HMQC e HMBC) e espectrometria de massa, além de comparação com dados descritos na literatura.
7

Produtos naturais marinhos: isolamento e identificação de metabólitos inéditos a partir de fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias utilizando técnicas de eliciação química epigenética e desreplicação via redes moleculares / Marine natural products: isolation and identification of unknown metabolites from endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria through chemical epigenetic elicitation and dereplication via molecular networking

Felício, Rafael de 15 December 2014 (has links)
Os produtos naturais marinhos são apontados com uma das fontes de substâncias bioativas mais importantes para a descoberta de novos fármacos. Neste ambiente, os organismos estão em constante interação ecológica por meio da produção de metabólitos secundários. Fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias representam grupos de micro-organismos que realizam a biossíntese de substâncias com características químicas únicas e atividades biológicas potentes. Entretanto, quando retirados de seu habitat natural, esses seres microbianos geralmente perdem sua capacidade metabólica através de um fenômeno denominado silenciamento gênico, no qual genes biossintéticos deixam de ser transcritos devido a motivos ainda indeterminados. Esse mecanismo genético é intermediado, dentre outros fatores, pelas enzimas DNAmetiltransferase (DNA-MT) e Histona-desacetilase (HDAC). Deste modo, seus inibidores têm sido utilizados com sucesso para promover a eliciação de substâncias que não seriam produzidas em condições laboratoriais. Outra importante abordagem na pesquisa de produtos naturais têm sido a desreplicação baseada na fragmentação (MS/MS) para identificação de substâncias ou análogos. As redes moleculares (molecular networking) constituem uma nova abordagem na qual dados de espectrometria de massas são agrupados de acordo com as semelhanças entre os padrões de fragmentação, formando famílias de moléculas, permitindo a rápida visualização do perfil químico de várias amostras ao mesmo tempo. Deste modo, este trabalho apresenta o isolamento e identificação de metabólitos inéditos a partir de fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias oriundos do ambiente marinho. Para isto, técnicas de eliciação epigenética foram utilizadas em ambos os grupos de organismos, e a desreplicação via redes moleculares foi utilizada em cianobactérias. Fungos endofíticos associados à macroalga vermelha Bostrychia tenella foram alvo de estudos químicos e epigenéticos. As linhagens Xylaria sp. e Nigrospora oryzae foram submetidas ao cultivo em meio sólido arroz, o que resultou no isomento da substância citocalasina D e de um derivado potencialmente inédito da griseofulvina. A linhagem Penicillium decaturense foi cultivada em meio líquido PDB resultando no isolamento da 10,11-deidrocurvularina e possíveis análogos. Experimentos com inibidores epigenéticos (butirato de sódio e procaína) promoveram a modulação do perfil químico desta linhagem, ao estimular a produção de metabólitos não expressos em condições normais de cultivo. Ainda, a linhagem Acremonium sp. produziu várias substâncias quando cultivada em meio de líquido Czapek sob a influência de procaína, sendo uma delas potencialmente inédita e derivada da classe de metabólitos das brevianamidas. Frações orgânicas da cianobactéria Schizothrix sp., coletada no Panamá, foram analisadas em LC-MS/MS e os dados gerados foram utilizados para a criação de redes moleculares. Este estudo resultou na identificação dos metabólitos barbamida, hectoclorina, curacinas A e D, curazole, acetato de malingamida D, dolastatina 10 e carmaficina B. Ainda, análogos das substâncias curazole, dolastatina D e dois análogos inéditos das carmaficinas foram propostos. A cianobactéria Moorea producens JHB, coletada na Jamaica, foi submetida ao cultivo sob influência do ii composto butirato de sódio, e produziu dois metabólitos inéditos, propostos de acordo com os dados de fragmentação, como sendo derivados da jamaicamida e da hectoclorina, num tipo de biossíntese cruzada. Portanto, este trabalho confirma os fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias marinhos como promissores quanto a exploração do metabolismo secundário. / Marine natural products are pointed out as one of the most important sources of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. In this environment, organisms are in constantly interaction ecological through the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria represent groups of microorganisms that perform biosynthesis of substances with unique chemical features and potent biological activities. However, when removed from their natural habitat, these microbial beings generally lose their metabolic capacity through a phenomenon called gene silencing, in which biosynthetic genes are no longer transcribed due to reasons still undetermined. This genetic mechanism is brokered, among other factors, by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). Thus, their inhibitors have been used successfully to promote the elicitation of substances that would not be produced under laboratory conditions. Another important approach in the natural products research field have been dereplication based on the fragmentation (MS/MS) for the identification of substances or analogues. The molecular networking is a new approach in which data from mass spectrometry are grouped according to the similarities between the patterns of fragmentation, forming families of molecules, allowing rapid visualization of the chemical profile of several samples simultaneously. Thus, this work presents the isolation and identification of novel metabolites from endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria originating from the marine environment. For this propose, epigenetic elicitation techniques were used in both groups of organisms and the molecular networks via dereplication was used in cyanobacteria. Endophytic fungi associated with red seaweed Bostrychia tenella were subjected to chemical and epigenetic studies. Xylaria sp. and Nigrospora oryzae strains were cultured in solid medium rice, resulting in isolation of substance of cytochalasin D and a potentially novel derivative of griseofulvin. Penicillium decaturense strain was grown in PDB liquid medium resulting in the isolation of 10,11- deidrocurvularina and possible analogues. Experiments with epigenetic inhibitors (sodium butyrate and procaine) promoted the modulation of the chemical profile of this strain, to stimulate the production of metabolites not expressed under normal culture conditions. Moreover, Acremonium sp. produced various substances when grown in liquid medium under the influence of Czapek procaine, one of novel and potentially derived from the class of metabolites brevianamides. Organic fractions of the cyanobacteria Schizothrix sp., collected in Panama, were analized by LC-MS/MS and the data generated were used to create molecular networks. This study resulted in the identification of metabolites barbamide, hectochlorin, curacins A and D, curazole malyngamide D acetate, dolastatin 10 and carmaphycin B. Also, analogs of curazole, dolastatin 10 and carmaphycins A and B have been proposed. Cyanobacteria Moorea producens JHB, collected in Jamaica, was grown under the influence of sodium butyrate, and produced two new proposed metabolites in accordance with the fragmentation data as being derived from jamaicamide and hectochlorin, in a sort of crossed biosynthesis. Therefore, this work corroborates marine endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria as promising for exploration of secondary metabolism.
8

DNA transformation and fermentation study of Acremonium chrysogenum.

January 2007 (has links)
Lau, Shong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-129). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract of thesis --- p.i / 碩士論文摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Declaration --- p.v / Abbreviations --- p.vi / Genetic symbols --- p.viii / Table of content --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of tables --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Thesis outline --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- A. chrysogenum --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Antibiotic industry --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Cephalosporins --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- CPC biosynthetic pathway --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- DAC --- p.8 / Chapter 1.7 --- Aims of study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Construction of transformation cassettes --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Construction of cassette RTCAH --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Cultivation of R. toruloides --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Preparation of R. toruloides genomic DNA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- PCR of R. toruloides CAH gene --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Construction of pRTCAHhyr --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Construction of cassette GHG --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- pGHG construction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- pRTCAHhyr construction --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Optimization of integrative transformation of A. chrysogenum --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Strain and culture medium --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Reagents --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Standard transformation procedures --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Cell cultivation --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Protoplast preparation --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- PEG mediated protoplast fusion --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Examination of transformation parameters --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell growth period --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- DNA concentration --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- PEG molecular weight --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Transformation additives --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Modified transformation protocol --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Metabolic engineering of A. chrysogenum --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Transformation of A. chrysogenum --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Screening of transformants --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- HPLC analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- A. chrysogenum genomic DNA preparation --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Genotyping by PCR --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- GHG transformants --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- RTCAH transformants --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Genotyping of GHG transformants by Southern hybridization --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Preparation of DIG-labeled GHG probe by PCR --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- PCR preparation of DIG-labeled Cef-EF probe --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Restriction digestion of genomic DNA of GHG transformants --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.6.4 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis and DNA transfer to positively charged nylon membrane --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.6.5 --- Pre-hybridization and hybridization --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.6.6 --- Membrane washing and blocking --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.6.7 --- Membrane detection --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Genotyping of RTCAH transformants by Southern hybridization --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.7.1 --- PCR preparation of DIG-labeled RTCAH probe --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.7.2 --- Restriction digestion of genomic DNA of RTCAH transformants --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.7.3 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization of RTCAH transformants --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Hygromycin B screening and HPLC analysis of GHG transformants --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Genotyping of GHG232 by PCR --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Genotyping of GHG232 by Southern hybridization --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Hygromycin B screening and HPLC analysis of RTCAH transformant --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Genotyping of RTCAH transformants by PCR --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Genotyping of RTCAH transformants by Southern hybridization --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Characterization of modified strains and fermentation study --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Comparison of DAC production in GHG232 and RTCAH transformants by small-scale fermentation --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- CPC conversion assay --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Evaluation of fermentation media --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Factorial design for medium formulation --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Evaluation of DAC production profiles of GHG232 and RTCAH transformants --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- CPC conversion assay --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Medium formulation --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Factorial design for medium formulation --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3.4.1 --- CSL and NH4OAc --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3.4.2 --- CaC03 --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.4.3 --- Sucrose --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.4.4 --- Starch and soy oil --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.4.5 --- Methionine --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusive remarks --- p.101 / Appendix: Study of reusability of commercial plasmid extraction kit --- p.103 / Chapter A1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter A2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.105 / Chapter A2.1 --- Preparation of competent E. coli DH5a cells --- p.105 / Chapter A2.2 --- Transformation and cultivation ofE. coli DH5a cells --- p.106 / Chapter A2.3 --- Column and solutions for plasmid DNA preparation --- p.107 / Chapter A2.4 --- Plasmid preparation --- p.108 / Chapter A2.5 --- Regeneration and storage of DNA extraction column --- p.109 / Chapter A2.6 --- Yield and quality assessment of the prepared plasmid DNA --- p.109 / Chapter A3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter A3.1 --- Plasmid DNA yield and purity comparison --- p.111 / Chapter A3.2 --- Column regeneration and EtOH storage --- p.111 / Chapter A3.2.1 --- DNA yield after column regeneration --- p.111 / Chapter A3.2.2 --- Purity of plasmid DNA --- p.112 / Chapter A3.2.3 --- Restriction digestion --- p.117 / Chapter A3.2.4 --- E. coli DH5α cells transformation --- p.121 / Chapter A4 --- Conclusive remarks --- p.123 / Bibliography --- p.124
9

Estudo QuÃmico de Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos Fungos EndofÃticos (Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum) isolados de Ananas lucidus / Chemical study of pineapple (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungus (Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum) isolated from Ananas lucidus

Alexandre CÃsar Praxedes Rodrigues 13 February 2009 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho descreve o estudo quÃmico de trÃs espÃcies do gÃnero Ananas (A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus) e dos fungos endofÃticos Acremonium curvulum e Fusarium oxysporum, isolados de A. lucidus. A investigaÃÃo fitoquÃmica das raÃzes, folhas e talos de A. bracteatus levou ao isolamento de trÃs compostos micromoleculares: cumataquenina (1), glicosÃdeo do sitosterol (2) e sitosterol (3). Das folhas da espÃcie A. lucidus foram isolados a mistura de trÃs monoacilglicerois (4) e o 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furaldeÃdo (5). O estudo dos Ãcidos graxos das folhas e raÃzes de A. bracteatus e A. lucidus, bem como de A. comosus, A. bracteatus e A. lucidus cultivadas in vitro foi realizado. Vinte e um Ãcidos graxos, na forma de Ãsteres metÃlicos, foram identificados nas oito amostras analisadas, sendo 16 (76%) Ãcidos graxos saturados e 5 (24%) insaturados. A prospecÃÃo quÃmica do fungo A. curvulum levou ao isolamento dos compostos 2-hidroxipropanoato de feniletila (6), ergosterol (7) e triptofol (8). A analise dos extratos de F. oxysporum levou ao isolamento do composto tetra(S)-butirolactona (9) e do (4R*, 5S*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (71%) e (4R*, 5R*)-5-hidroxihexan-4-olida (29%) (10), estes na forma de uma mistura diastereoisomerica. A determinaÃÃo estrutural dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios isolados foi realizada empregando-se as tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas de infravermelho, ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de hidrogÃnio e carbono-13, incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HMQC e HMBC) e espectrometria de massa, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados descritos na literatura. / The chemical study of three Ananas species (A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus) and the endophytic fungi Acremonium curvulum and Fusarium oxysporum, both isolated from A. lucidus, are described. The phytochemical investigations of roots, leaves and steams from A. bracteatus yielded the isolation of three micro molecular compounds: kumatekenin (1), glycosilated sitosterol (2) and sitosterol (3). From leaves of A. lucidus it was isolated a mixture of three monoacylglicerols (4) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (5). The fatty acid composition of leaves and roots from A. bracteatus and A. lucidus, as well as in vitro A. comosus, A. bracteatus and A. lucidus was investigated. Twenty-one fatty acids, as methyl ester derivatives, were identified in eight studied samples, 16 (76%) of them saturated and 5 (24%) unsaturated acids. From the fungus A. curvulum three compounds were isolated: phenetyl 2-hydroxypropionate (6), ergosterol (7) and tryptophol (8). The chemical investigation of the organic extracts from F. oxysporum led to the isolation of tetra(S)-butirolactone (9) and the diastereoisomeric mixture of (4R*,5S*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (71%) and (4R*,5R*)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (29%) (10). Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was done by spectrometric analysis such as infrared, 1H and 13C NMR, including bidimensional techniques (COSY, HMQC e HMBC), mass spectrometry as well as literature comparison.
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Produtos naturais marinhos: isolamento e identificação de metabólitos inéditos a partir de fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias utilizando técnicas de eliciação química epigenética e desreplicação via redes moleculares / Marine natural products: isolation and identification of unknown metabolites from endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria through chemical epigenetic elicitation and dereplication via molecular networking

Rafael de Felício 15 December 2014 (has links)
Os produtos naturais marinhos são apontados com uma das fontes de substâncias bioativas mais importantes para a descoberta de novos fármacos. Neste ambiente, os organismos estão em constante interação ecológica por meio da produção de metabólitos secundários. Fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias representam grupos de micro-organismos que realizam a biossíntese de substâncias com características químicas únicas e atividades biológicas potentes. Entretanto, quando retirados de seu habitat natural, esses seres microbianos geralmente perdem sua capacidade metabólica através de um fenômeno denominado silenciamento gênico, no qual genes biossintéticos deixam de ser transcritos devido a motivos ainda indeterminados. Esse mecanismo genético é intermediado, dentre outros fatores, pelas enzimas DNAmetiltransferase (DNA-MT) e Histona-desacetilase (HDAC). Deste modo, seus inibidores têm sido utilizados com sucesso para promover a eliciação de substâncias que não seriam produzidas em condições laboratoriais. Outra importante abordagem na pesquisa de produtos naturais têm sido a desreplicação baseada na fragmentação (MS/MS) para identificação de substâncias ou análogos. As redes moleculares (molecular networking) constituem uma nova abordagem na qual dados de espectrometria de massas são agrupados de acordo com as semelhanças entre os padrões de fragmentação, formando famílias de moléculas, permitindo a rápida visualização do perfil químico de várias amostras ao mesmo tempo. Deste modo, este trabalho apresenta o isolamento e identificação de metabólitos inéditos a partir de fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias oriundos do ambiente marinho. Para isto, técnicas de eliciação epigenética foram utilizadas em ambos os grupos de organismos, e a desreplicação via redes moleculares foi utilizada em cianobactérias. Fungos endofíticos associados à macroalga vermelha Bostrychia tenella foram alvo de estudos químicos e epigenéticos. As linhagens Xylaria sp. e Nigrospora oryzae foram submetidas ao cultivo em meio sólido arroz, o que resultou no isomento da substância citocalasina D e de um derivado potencialmente inédito da griseofulvina. A linhagem Penicillium decaturense foi cultivada em meio líquido PDB resultando no isolamento da 10,11-deidrocurvularina e possíveis análogos. Experimentos com inibidores epigenéticos (butirato de sódio e procaína) promoveram a modulação do perfil químico desta linhagem, ao estimular a produção de metabólitos não expressos em condições normais de cultivo. Ainda, a linhagem Acremonium sp. produziu várias substâncias quando cultivada em meio de líquido Czapek sob a influência de procaína, sendo uma delas potencialmente inédita e derivada da classe de metabólitos das brevianamidas. Frações orgânicas da cianobactéria Schizothrix sp., coletada no Panamá, foram analisadas em LC-MS/MS e os dados gerados foram utilizados para a criação de redes moleculares. Este estudo resultou na identificação dos metabólitos barbamida, hectoclorina, curacinas A e D, curazole, acetato de malingamida D, dolastatina 10 e carmaficina B. Ainda, análogos das substâncias curazole, dolastatina D e dois análogos inéditos das carmaficinas foram propostos. A cianobactéria Moorea producens JHB, coletada na Jamaica, foi submetida ao cultivo sob influência do ii composto butirato de sódio, e produziu dois metabólitos inéditos, propostos de acordo com os dados de fragmentação, como sendo derivados da jamaicamida e da hectoclorina, num tipo de biossíntese cruzada. Portanto, este trabalho confirma os fungos endofíticos e cianobactérias marinhos como promissores quanto a exploração do metabolismo secundário. / Marine natural products are pointed out as one of the most important sources of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. In this environment, organisms are in constantly interaction ecological through the production of secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria represent groups of microorganisms that perform biosynthesis of substances with unique chemical features and potent biological activities. However, when removed from their natural habitat, these microbial beings generally lose their metabolic capacity through a phenomenon called gene silencing, in which biosynthetic genes are no longer transcribed due to reasons still undetermined. This genetic mechanism is brokered, among other factors, by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). Thus, their inhibitors have been used successfully to promote the elicitation of substances that would not be produced under laboratory conditions. Another important approach in the natural products research field have been dereplication based on the fragmentation (MS/MS) for the identification of substances or analogues. The molecular networking is a new approach in which data from mass spectrometry are grouped according to the similarities between the patterns of fragmentation, forming families of molecules, allowing rapid visualization of the chemical profile of several samples simultaneously. Thus, this work presents the isolation and identification of novel metabolites from endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria originating from the marine environment. For this propose, epigenetic elicitation techniques were used in both groups of organisms and the molecular networks via dereplication was used in cyanobacteria. Endophytic fungi associated with red seaweed Bostrychia tenella were subjected to chemical and epigenetic studies. Xylaria sp. and Nigrospora oryzae strains were cultured in solid medium rice, resulting in isolation of substance of cytochalasin D and a potentially novel derivative of griseofulvin. Penicillium decaturense strain was grown in PDB liquid medium resulting in the isolation of 10,11- deidrocurvularina and possible analogues. Experiments with epigenetic inhibitors (sodium butyrate and procaine) promoted the modulation of the chemical profile of this strain, to stimulate the production of metabolites not expressed under normal culture conditions. Moreover, Acremonium sp. produced various substances when grown in liquid medium under the influence of Czapek procaine, one of novel and potentially derived from the class of metabolites brevianamides. Organic fractions of the cyanobacteria Schizothrix sp., collected in Panama, were analized by LC-MS/MS and the data generated were used to create molecular networks. This study resulted in the identification of metabolites barbamide, hectochlorin, curacins A and D, curazole malyngamide D acetate, dolastatin 10 and carmaphycin B. Also, analogs of curazole, dolastatin 10 and carmaphycins A and B have been proposed. Cyanobacteria Moorea producens JHB, collected in Jamaica, was grown under the influence of sodium butyrate, and produced two new proposed metabolites in accordance with the fragmentation data as being derived from jamaicamide and hectochlorin, in a sort of crossed biosynthesis. Therefore, this work corroborates marine endophytic fungi and cyanobacteria as promising for exploration of secondary metabolism.

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