A presente dissertação trata de um estudo realizado com adultos maduros, que têm no seu cotidiano o fazer musical, seja através do canto, regência, execução instrumental ou da prática de ensino. O foco deste trabalho é elucidar as razões que os levam a esta prática e qual a repercussão na sua qualidade de vida, visto ser a longevidade um tema atual e desafiador para todas as áreas do conhecimento. Foram entrevistados treze sujeitos, sendo sete amadores e seis profissionais de diferentes áreas da arte musical. Adotou-se a metodologia da elaboração de histórias de vida, apoiada nas visões de Bosi (1994) e Marre (1991). Na área da música as escolhas priorizaram Gembris (1998) e Costa (2004). A partir das respostas obtidas foram organizadas cinco categorias para os amadores e seis para os profissionais. Os dados mostraram que a prática musical traz contribuição significativa aos indivíduos porque mobiliza os organismos intensamente, ativando suas funções psico-biológicas. Constata-se que há ampliação na qualidade de vida evidenciada pelos relatos que contemplam os benefícios que a música proporciona às pessoas que dela desfrutam e com ela interagem. Conclui-se, também, que a longevidade alarga a vida e as possibilidades de crescimento da mente humana. Estas são resultado das ações desenvolvidas ao longo das experiências de vida, sendo a música um importante canal que possibilita que a criatividade e a consciência formem um construto dinâmico de aprendizagem e sabedoria. / This dissertation refers to a study performed with senior adults that have in its daily activities the music, through singing, conducting, instruments and music teaching. The focus of this project is to identify the reasons that leads this group of individuals to practice music and which is the consequence of this in its life quality, once that the longevity is a major and challenging subject to all knowledge areas. Thirteen individuals were interviewed, seven amateurs and six professionals of different areas of the musical art. The methodology adopted was the life span elaboration, supported by the thoughts of Bosi (1994) and Marre (1991). In the musical area the choices focused on Gembris (1998) and Costa (2004). From the answers obtained, five categories were organized for amateurs and six for professionals. The data obtained showed that the musical practice brings a major contribution to the individuals because it stimulates the organisms intensively, activating its psycho-biologics functions. It was also concluded that there is an improvement in the life quality supported by answers referring to the benefits that the music brings to the persons that are involved directly with it. Finally, it was percept that the longevity allows to amplify the life and the possibilities of the development of the human mind. These are the results of the actions developed through the life experiences, being the music an important channel to allow that the creativity and the conscience become a continuous flow of knowledge and wisdom.

This thesis deals with the influence of level of yield, causes putting out dairy cows from the breed and age at first calving on fertility and longevity of dairy cows of Holstein cattle in the agribusiness Agropodnik Košetice, a.s. Monitored indicators of dairy cows of Holstein cattle were the amount of milk in the first lactation in kg, functional longevity in kg of milk, functional longevity in days and the causes of elimination of dairy cows from the breed. From the results of monitored herd it can be concluded that prolongation of age at first calving will increase functional longevity in days statistically significantly. In contrast, there was not found statistically significant effect of age at first calving on functional longevity in kg of milk. Ascertained results of the monitored dairy herd did not confirm that increasing milk yields deteriorated reproductive indicators. The length of the service period was shortened statistically significantly with increasing the yield of milk in kg per one hundred days ((P 0,05), with the yield for the first entire lactation (P 0,001) and the order of lactation (P 0,001). In the monitored herd the dairy cows that were eliminated due to postpartum paresis (2570.70 days) reached the highest longevity and also reached the highest milk production for functional longevity in kg of milk (49,919.95 kg).

The relationship between linear type traits and productional, longevity traits were analysed for 645 cows first calved between 2000-2016. The aim of study was to evaluate realionships of individual 20 type traits and 4 general conformation characteristics. For analysed herd was evaluated impact of individual type traits to first lactation milk yield in kg, lifetime milk yield in kg and functional longevity in days. Results proved important relations between folowing linear type traits and first lactation milk yield in kg: rump lenght, rump width, body depth, muscularity, pastern, fore udder lenght, rear udder attachment, central ligament, udder depth and front teat placement. Statisticly important relationships were found between all general conformation characteristics and first lactation milk yield. Proved impact between individual linear type traits and lifetime milk yield were found for rump angle, hock and front teat placement. Relationships between general conformation characteristics and lifetime milk yield were not statisticly proved. For analysed herd were also found important relations between rump angle and hock to functional longevity. Important relationships between general conformation characteristics and functional longevity were not found. In overall 192 cows were culled in analysed herd in 2016. The most frequent reason of culling a cow out of breed was caused by fertility disorders which participated in overall culling reasons in 34,9 %.

The aim of this thesis was the evaluation of selected factors on milking yield and longevity of the selected herd of dairy cows of Holstein cattle in the company Prima Agri a.s. There were monitored the indicators of dairy cows of Holstein cattle such as genotype, milk performance, the order of the lactation, the age of the first calving, the length of interim and of the service period, lifetime performance and reasons for elimination. The data were taken from the dairy cows whose first lactation was finished from January 1st to December 31 st 2016. 385 dairy cows were included to the monitoring. As for the genotype influence on milk performance, statistically significant difference was found out between the first and the fourth and the third and the fourth group on the level of significance (P<0,01). The effect of the age of the first calving on milk performance in kg of milk on first lactation wasn´t statistically provable (P>0,05). Statistically highly significant difference was found out by the effect of the order of the lactation on milk performance on the level of significance (P<0,01) between the groups of the first lactation and of the other groups of lactation. Statistically significant difference was found out between the 2nd lactation and the 4th and higher lactation on the level of significance (P<0,05). The effect of the genotype on the length of interim and the effect of the order of lactation on the length of interim weren´t statistically provable (P>0,05). The effect of genotype on length of the service period was statistically significant on the level of significance (P<0,01) between the group H2 and the group H3. Statistically significant difference (P<0,05) was found out between the groups H1 and H3, H1 and H4 and as well as between the groups H2 and R. The effect of the order of lactation on the length of service period was statistically highly significant on the level of significance (P<0,001) between the groups of the first lactation and of the other groups of lactation and between the groups of the second and fourth and higher lactation. The effect of the genotype of eliminated dairy cows on lifetime performance in kg of milk was statistically highly significant on the level of significance (P<0,001) between the groups H 1 and H2, H1 and H3, H2 and H3, H2 and R, H3 and R. An average number of eliminated dairy cows was 28,62 %. The biggest number of the eliminated dairy cows was on the grounds of fertility disorders and that is 35%. Longevity of the eliminated dairy cows was 2,7 lactation.

Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that are important for genome stability and integrity. They are shortened with each cell cycle and during organismal aging. Although the most common telomere length compensation mechanism is the activity of a special reverse transcriptase, telomerase, in Drosophila telomeres are maintained by the retrotransposition of telomeric elements. In mammals, telomere length and telomerase activity can be influenced by lifestyle and the environmental conditions. This thesis is focused on activity of telomere length maintenance mechanism in insects in relation to aging and stress response.

Social insect is known for its unique caste system, coherence and effective division of labor, but also for the extreme longevity of reproductive individuals in comparison with asexual castes. Although mechanisms leading to lifespan differences between reproductive and non-reproductive castes of social insects are not sufficiently explained, one of the longevity determinants might be telomere length and activity of telomerase as the most common mechanism of telomere length maintenance. Telomere length belongs to general indicators of organismal lifespan. This work is focused on monitoring of telomerase activity in various stages, castes and organs of the termite Prorhinotermes simplex (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) showing up-regulation of telomerase in reproductive castes.

As leitoas são consideradas a categoria de matrizes que deve ter uma atenção especial na preparação para a vida produtiva, pois a introdução no momento certo no rebanho de produção é crucial para o desempenho e longevidade desta futura matriz. Todo período experimental deste trabalho foi realizado em uma granja produtora de leitões, localizada no Centro-Oeste do país, com capacidade de alojar 2400 fêmeas (Camborough 22®). O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo determinar se leitoas com maiores taxas de crescimento, em diferentes categorias de idade no início do estímulo à puberdade, apresentam o primeiro estro em idade mais precoce. As leitoas foram avaliadas de acordo com dois grupos de idade à exposição ao cachaço (A= 130-149 d, n= 751 e B= 150-170 d, n= 735) e de acordo com três classes de taxa de crescimento (TC) do nascimento ao início do estímulo (I = 550-649 g/d, n= 371; II= 650-725 g/d, n= 749 e III= 726- 830 g/d, n= 366). A idade no momento da exposição ao cachaço para as leitoas dos Grupos A e B foram 142,6 ± 4,9 e 157,0 ± 5,1 dias, respectivamente. No geral, em 40 dias de estimulação, 85% das leitoas foram púberes. No grupo A, leitoas da classe TCIII manifestaram maior percentual cumulativo de fêmeas em estro dentro de 10 dias (38,1 vs. 29,0 vs. 27,6%) e 20 dias de estimulação (59,7 vs. 48,7 vs. 48,2%) em comparação às classes TCII e TCI, respectivamente (P<0,05). No entanto, dentro do grupo B não houve diferença nos percentuais de fêmeas púberes entre as classes de taxa de crescimento TCIII, TCII e TCI, aos 10 dias (43,2% vs. 45,3% vs. 44,3%) e 20 dias (63,8% vs. 67,3% vs. 63,7%) após a exposição ao macho. Leitoas da classe TCIII estimuladas mais jovens (grupo A) foram mais precoces à puberdade (P<0,05) do que as de baixa taxa de crescimento (159,6 vs 164,8 dias). No entanto, a idade à puberdade não foi afetada pela taxa de crescimento, quando as leitoas foram expostas ao cachaço em idade mais avançada (grupo B). No geral, a idade à puberdade foi positivamente associada com a idade no início da exposição ao cachaço (r=0,38; P<0.0001), e o intervalo de estímulo foi menor (r= -0,19; P<0.0001) em leitoas estimuladas mais velhas. Em conclusão, a estimulação da puberdade pode ser efetuada pela exposição ao macho em idade menos avançada em leitoas com alta taxa de crescimento. O segundo estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o reflexo da taxa de crescimento e da espessura de toucinho (ET) na 1ª inseminação, sobre o desempenho subsequente da leitoa e sobre a variação de peso da leitegada ao nascimento. As leitoas foram separadas em três classes de TC do nascimento até a primeira inseminação: TCI (600-700 g/d; n= 345), TCII (701-770 g/d; n= 710) e TCIII (771-870 g/d; n= 366). As análises também foram realizadas considerando três grupos de leitoas de acordo com a ET (mm) na inseminação: ET 10-15 (n= 405), ET 16-17 (n= 649) e ET 18-23 (n= 367). Não houve diferença nas taxas de parto e retorno ao estro entre os grupos de TC e ET (P>0,05). Leitoas TCII e TCIII tiveram, respectivamente, 0,5 e 0,9 leitões a mais quando comparadas às leitoas TCI (P<0,05). Porém, leitoas TCIII apresentaram maior percentual de natimortos intra-parto (P<0,05) em comparação às leitoas das classes TCI e TCII. Leitoas da classe TCIII apresentaram maior número de leitões (P<0,05) pesando abaixo de 1.200 g ao nascimento, comparativamente às leitoas TCI. Além disso, o coeficiente de variação do peso ao nascer foi menor nas fêmeas TCI comparativamente ao das fêmeas TCII e TCIII. Leitoas TCIII apresentaram maior percentual de leitegadas com coeficiente de variação acima de 20%, comparativamente às TCI e TCII (P<0,05). Maiores números de leitões nascidos e nascidos vivos foram observados nas fêmeas do grupo ET16-17 em comparação ao grupo ET10-15 (P<0,05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos de ET no número de natimortos e nem nas variáveis relativas ao peso ao nascer dos leitões (P>0,05). Esses resultados mostram que não há vantagem, em termos de taxa de parto e número de leitões nascidos vivos, em realizar a primeira cobertura de leitoas com ganho de peso acima de 770 g/d e com mais de 17mm de ET. O terceiro estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do peso da primeira inseminação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo e sobre a taxa de descarte ao longo dos três primeiros partos. As leitoas foram classificadas em três grupos, de acordo com seu peso na primeira inseminação: GI (130-150 kg, n= 298), GII (151-170 kg, n= 1007) e GIII (171-200 kg, n= 421). Leitoas do grupo GIII tiverem maior número total de leitões nascidos e maior número de natimortos (P<0,05) no primeiro parto comparativamente aos demais grupos de peso. No entanto, o número total de leitões nascidos em três partos não diferiu entre os grupos (P>0,05). Na inseminação após o primeiro desmame, houve diferença (P<0,05) na taxa de parto entre os três grupos de peso (89,3% vs. 80,3% vs. 74,9%) e a taxa de retorno ao estro foi menor no grupo GI (9,4%) do que nos grupos GII (16,4%) e GIII (19,5%). Ao final dos três partos, houve uma taxa de retenção de 66,6%. As taxas de descarte devido a problemas locomotores e por falha reprodutiva foram, respectivamente 10,8% e 11,2%. A taxa de remoção do grupo GIII (38,9%) foi maior (P= 0,006) do que no grupo GII (31,5%) e tendeu a ser maior (P= 0,06) do que no grupo GI (32,2%). A taxa de descarte devido a problemas locomotores foi superior (P<0,05) em fêmeas com maior peso na primeira inseminação (GIII) comparativamente com as dos grupos GII e GI (15,2% vs. 10,3% vs. 6,0%). Considerando que fêmeas mais pesadas apresentam maior taxa de descarte por problemas locomotores e menor taxa de retenção sem nenhuma falha reprodutiva, ao longo de três ciclos de produção, não é vantajoso realizar o primeiro acasalamento de leitoas com mais de 150 kg de peso corporal. / Gilts are regarded as the class of females that must have special attention in preparation for productive life, because the introduction at the right time in the herd of production is crucial for the future performance and longevity of this female. The studies were performed in a sow farm with capacity to accommodate 2,400 sows (Camborough 22®), located in the Midwest of Brazil (Parallel 14º). The objective of the first study was to verify whether pubertal estrus could be influenced by the growth rate and age of gilts at the onset of boar exposure. Gilts were evaluated according to two groups of age at boar exposure (A= 130-149 d, n= 751 and B= 150- 170 d, n= 735) and three classes of growth rate (Low= 550-649 g/d, n= 371; Intermediate= 650- 725 g/d, n= 749 and High= 726-830 g/d, n= 366). Gilts of groups A and B were, respectively, 142.6 ± 4.9 and 157.0 ± 5.1 days of age at the onset of boar exposure. Overall, 85% of gilts showed estrus within 40 days of boar exposure. Within group A gilts a higher (P<0.05) cumulative percentage of estrus within 10 days (38.1 vs. 29.0 vs. 27.6%) and 20 days (59.7% vs. 48.7% vs. 48.2%) of stimulation was observed in High than in Intermediate and Low growth rate gilts. Nevertheless, within group B there was no difference (P<0.05) in the percentage of estrus among High, Intermediate and Low growth rate classes within 10 days (43.2% vs. 45.3% vs. 44.3%) and 20 days (63.8% vs. 67.3% vs. 63.7%) of boar stimulation. Within group A, puberty was attained earlier (P<0.05) in High than in Low growth rate gilts (159.6 vs. 164.8 days). However, age at puberty was not affected by growth rate, when gilts were exposed to boar at an older age (group B). Overall, age at puberty was positively associated with the age at the onset of boar exposure (r= 0.38; P<0.0001) and the older the gilts were at boar exposure the lower was the interval (r= -0.19; P<0.0001) from stimulation to onset of puberty. In conclusion, successful stimulation of puberty can be obtained through an earlier exposure to boars in high growth rate gilts. The second study evaluated the influence of growth rate (GR) and backfat thickness (BF), at first mating of gilts, on the reproductive performance until the first farrowing and on the variation in birth weight of piglets. Gilts were categorized into three groups according to GR from birth until first mating: GRI (600-700 g/d, n= 345), GRII (701-770 g/d, n= 710) and GRIII (771-870 g/d, n= 366). Analyses were also performed considering three groups formed according to BF (mm) at mating: BF10-15 (n= 405); BF16-17 (n= 649) and BF18-23 (n= 367). There were no differences in farrowing rate and return to estrus rate among BF or GR groups (P>0.05). GRII and GRIII females had larger litter size compared to GRI gilts (P<0.05), respectively 0.5 and 0.9 more piglets, but a higher percentage of intrapartum stillborns (P<0.05) was observed in GRIII than in GRI and GRII females. Moreover GRIII females had more piglets (P<0.05) weighing less than 1,200 g, litters with a higher coefficient of variation for birth weight and a higher percentage of litters with coefficient of variation above 20% (P<0.05) than GRI females. More total born and born alive piglets were observed in BF16-17 compared with BF10-15 females (P<0.05).There were no differences among BF groups in number of stillborn neither in variables concerning the birth weight of piglets (P>0.05). These results show that there is no advantage, in terms of farrowing rate and number of born alive, in performing the first mating of gilts with GR >770g/d and BF >17 mm. The objective of the third study was to evaluate the influence of the weight at the first mating of gilts on the reproductive performance and on the removal rate until the third farrowing. Gilts were categorized into three groups according to weight at first mating: GI (130- 150 kg, n= 298), GII (151-170 kg, n= 1007) and GIII (171-200 kg, n= 421). In the first farrowing, GIII females had larger litter size compared to GRI and GII gilts (P<0.05), but a higher percentage of stillborns (P<0.05) also was observed in GRIII than in GRI and GRII females. However, total born over three parities were not different among groups (P>0.05). In the insemination after the first weaning, there were differences (P<0.05) in farrowing rate among all weight groups (89.3% vs. 80.3% vs. 74.9%) and return to estrus rate was lower in GI (9.4%) than in GII (16.4%) and GIII (19.5%) groups. The overall retention rate over three parities was 66.6%. Culling rate due to locomotion problems was 10.8% and due to reproductive failure was 11.2%.The removal rate over three parities in GIII females (38.9%) was higher (P= 0.006) than in GII females (31.5%) and tended to be higher (P= 0.06) than in GI females (32.2%). The culling rate due to locomotors problems was different (P<0.05) among all groups (6.0% vs. 10.3% vs. 15.2% for GI, GII and GIII, respectively). Taking into account that heavy females have higher culling rates due to locomotors disorders and lower retention rate without reproductive failure, over three productive cycles, it is not advantageous to perform the first mating of gilts with more than 150 kg of body weight.

Objetivo: Avaliar a longevidade e os possíveis fatores associados com as falhas de procedimentos restauradores adesivos diretos realizados em molares permanentes jovens portadores de lesões cariosas ativas profundas em dentina submetidos a remoção parcial (RPTC) ou total (RTTC) de tecido cariado. Métodos: A amostra de tipo censo foi composta por restaurações adesivas realizadas em molares permanentes jovens portadores de lesões cariosas ativas profundas em dentina submetidos à RPTC ou RTTC por alunos dos Cursos de Graduação e de Especialização em Odontopediatria da FO-UFRGS, Porto Alegre - RS. Foram avaliados possíveis fatores associados à sobrevida destas restaurações, tais como experiência de cárie (CPOD), índices de placa visível (IPV) e sangramento gengival (ISG), número de superfícies restauradas, nível de formação académica dos operadores e materiais capeadores e restauradores. Foi utilizada uma Curva de Sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier com teste de log-rank para analisar a longevidade das restaurações, e a Análise de regressão multivariada de Cox com fragilidade compartilhada para avaliar os fatores associados a falhas (p <0,05). Resultados: De 372 fichas clínicas, foram incluídos para análise 477 procedimentos restauradores adesivos realizados em 297 pacientes (9.14 1.75 anos). A sobrevida das restaurações alcançou um índice de 57,9% em até 36 meses de acompanhamento, com uma taxa de falha anual (TFA) de 16,7%. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando a RTTC ou a RPTC foi realizada (p = 0,163). O modelo ajustado mostrou que os pacientes com gengivite (ISG> 20%) apresentaram 2,88 vezes mais risco de falha em suas restaurações (p = 0,007). Restaurações com mais de duas superfícies envolvidas apresentaram 3 vezes mais risco de falha do que aquelas com uma única superfície, enquanto que as restaurações realizadas com cimento ionómero de vidro modificado por resina (CIVRM) apresentaram 4,11 vezes mais chance de falha do que as realizadas com resina composta (RC). Conclusão: O tipo de material restaurador, o número de superfícies restauradas e índice de sangramento gengival influenciaram na taxa de sobrevida das restaurações realizadas em lesões de cárie profunda em dentes permanentes jovens, independentemente da técnica de remoção de cárie utilizada. A falha restauradora, a qual foi determinada por uma subsequente anotação na ficha clínica de perda ou fratura da restauração, foi a principal causa de insucesso nos procedimentos restauradores adesivos, independentemente de ser removido ou não totalmente o tecido cariado. / Objective: To evaluate the longevity and factors associated with failures of restorations performed in permanent molars after complete (CCR) and partial caries removal (PCR). Methods: The sample was composed by adhesive restorations performed in deep caries lesion of permanent teeth that had been treated with CCR or PCR by undergraduate and graduate students in a public pediatric dental clinic. Factors such as caries experience (DMFT), visible plaque (VPI) and gingival bleeding (GBI) indexes, number of restored surfaces, type of capping and restorative materials were investigated. Kaplan–Meier survival curve with log-rank test was used to analyze the longevity of restorations. Multivariate Cox regression analysis with shared frailty was used to assess the factors associated with failures (p<0.05). Results: 477 restorations placed in 297 children (9.14 1.75 years) were included in the analysis. The survival of restorations reached 57.9% up to 36 months of follow-up, with overall annual failure rate) of 16.7%. There was no difference when CCR or PCR were performed (p=0.163). The adjusted model showed that patients presenting gingivitis (GBI>20%) have 2.88 times more risk of failure in their restorations (p=0.007). Multi-surface restorations showed a risk of failure more than 3 times higher than single-surface (p=0.003). Modified glass ionomer cement presented a risk of failure 4.11 times greater than composite resin (p<0.001). Conclusion: The type of restorative material, number of restored surfaces and gingivitis influenced the survival rate of restorations performed in deep carious lesion of young permanent teeth, independently of caries removal technique used.

Introdução: A crescente demanda por restaurações estéticas possibilitou novas escolhas de tratamento para restaurar dentes posteriores com extensa destruição coronária. Os tratamentos destes dentes podem envolver restaurações diretas com resina composta ou indiretas do tipo onlays, fabricadas com cerâmica pura ou resina composta. Porém, dados clínicos sobre a longevidade de restaurações com recobrimento de cúspides comparando as técnicas direta e indireta e os materiais resina composta e cerâmica são raros. Objetivo: Realizar uma avaliação clínica retrospectiva de restaurações diretas (resina composta) e indiretas (resina composta e cerâmica) com envolvimento de cúspides utilizando o método FDI. Metodologia: Foram avaliadas 229 restaurações em 121 pacientes (37 homens e 84 mulheres) que receberam pelo menos uma restauração direta de resina composta com recobrimento de pelo menos uma cúspide ou uma onlay de cerômero ou cerâmica entre os anos de 2003 e 2016. A avaliação visual foi feita por um examinador previamente calibrado pelo coeficiente Kappa, utilizando-se os critérios do método FDI. Os dados foram analizados através do método Kaplan-Meier, da análise de regressão de Cox multivariada e do teste Kruskal-Wallis (p <0.05). Resultados: Entre as restaurações avaliadas foram detectadas 69 falhas. As restaurações obtiveram uma taxa de sucesso de 69,9%, com taxa anual de falha (AFR) de 8,0%. Restaurações diretas de resina composta apresentaram 34,1% de falha, com AFR de 9,6%. Onlays em cerômero apresentaram 27,3% de falha, com AFR de 7,1%. Onlays de cerâmica apresentaram 28,8% de falha com AFR de 7,6%. Restaurações em homens falharam mais do que em mulheres. A causa mais comum de falha foi fratura e retenção, ocorrendo em 48 casos (69,56% das falhas). Conclusão: Restaurações diretas de resina composta e indiretas de cerômero ou cerâmica demonstraram longevidade semelhante, independente do número de cúspides envolvidas. Restaurações indiretas tiveram menor índice de falha anual do que restaurações diretas, apresentando melhor desempenho na avaliação qualitativa. Pacientes mulheres apresentaram menor prevalência e menor risco de falha de restaurações do que pacientes do sexo masculino. / Introduction: The increasing demand for aesthetic restorations had enabled new treatment choices to restore posterior teeth with extensive coronary destruction. The treatments of these teeth involve direct composite restoration or indirect onlays, made with ceramic or composite. However, clinical data on the longevity of cuspal restorations comparing direct or indirect techniques and the materials are rare. Objective: To perform a retrospective clinical evaluation of direct restorations (composite resin) and indirect restorations (composite resin and ceramics) with cuspal involvement using the FDI criteria. Methodology: 229 restorations were evaluated in 121 patients (37 men and 84 women) who received at least one direct composite restoration with envolvement of at least one cusp or ceramic and composite onlays among the years 2003 and 2016. The visual evaluation was done by an examiner previous calibrated by the Kappa coefficient, using the FDI criteria. Data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, multivariated Cox regression analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: Among the evaluated restorations, 69 failures were detected. Restorations achieved a survival rate of 69.9%, with annual failure rate (AFR) of 8.0%. Direct composite restorations presented a 34.1% failure, with AFR of 9.6%. Composite onlays presented 27.3% of failure, with AFR of 7.1%. Ceramic onlays showed a 28.8% failure rate with AFR of 7.6%. Restorations in men have failed more than in women. The most common reason for failure was fracture of the material and retention, occuring in 48 cases (69.56% of failures). Conclusion: Direct and indirect restorations showed similar longevity, regardless of the number of cusps involved. Indirect restorations had lower annual failure rate than direct restorations, presenting better performance in the qualitative analisys. Female patients presented lower prevalence and lower risk of failure of restorations than male.

A longevidade é uma característica relacionada à lucratividade da atividade leiteira. Contudo, sua seleção em rebanhos de vacas Holandesas no Brasil ainda é pouco considerada. Objetivou-se determinar os fatores não genéticos que influenciam a longevidade funcional em vacas Holandesas no Brasil, bem como estimar os parâmetros genéticos e conhecer a contribuição das características de tipo e da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sobre o risco relativo de descarte das vacas. Utilizou-se um modelo de riscos proporcionais Weibull estratificado. Os efeitos fixos foram independentes do tempo, como a idade ao primeiro parto, e dependentes do tempo, como o efeito da região por ano de parto, classes de produção de leite por ano de parto dentro de rebanho, classes de percentagem de proteína e gordura dentro de rebanho, classes de produção de leite por número de lactações dentro de rebanho e variação nas classes de tamanho de rebanho. Os efeitos aleatórios foram: rebanho-ano, touro e de touro-avô materno. O risco de descarte aumentou com a idade ao primeiro parto, com o tamanho do rebanho, com o número de lactações e com o estágio de lactação. A produção de leite apresentou maior efeito sobre o risco de descarte. Vacas de baixa produção de leite, gordura e proteína apresentaram maior probabilidade de descarte em comparação à classe mediana. Vacas pertencentes às regiões do Paraná e São Paulo permaneceram mais tempo no rebanho do que as vacas de outras regiões. Os valores de h² variam de 7,8% a 6,1% para a h² equivalente e a efetiva, respectivamente. Observou-se tendência genética positiva para a longevidade. As características de tipo, escore final, angularidade, nivelamento da linha superior, textura do úbere e ligamento suspensório foram as características que se apresentaram mais relacionadas com a longevidade funcional. Foram observadas diferenças no risco de descarte dependendo do número de vacas classificadas para tipo dentro de rebanho. Até a 4ª lactação, o risco de descarte foi menor para vacas com baixa CCS em comparação a vacas da classe mediana. Já para vacas na 5ª lactação, a alta CCS conduziu ao menor risco de descarte. A rotina de avaliação genética é necessária para melhorar a duração da vida produtiva de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil. Características preditivas, tais como escore final, angularidade, nivelamento da linha superior, textura do úbere, ligamento suspensório e a CCS podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a confiabilidade dos valores genéticos dos touros para longevidade funcional. / Longevity is a trait related to the profitability of dairy activity. However, its selection in Brazilian Holstein herds is still little considered. The aim of this study was to determine the non-genetic factors that influence functional longevity in Holstein cows in Brazil, as well as to estimate the genetic parameters and the contribution of somatic cell score (SCS) and type traits on the relative culling risk of cows. A piecewise Weibullproportional hazard model was used. The fixed effects were time-independent, as age at first calving, and time-dependent, as the interaction effects of region by year of calving, milk production class by year of calving within herd, within herd milk production class by lactation number, within herd fat and protein content, and variation in herd size class. The random effects were herd-year effect, additive genetic contribution from the sire and maternal grandsire of the cow. The relative risk increased with age at first calving, lactation number by stage of lactation, and herd size but lower risks were observed when herd size was increasing or decreasing, compared to stable herds. Milk production had a greater effect on the risk of culling. The relative risk increased as milk production, protein and fat decreased, but to a lesser extent for protein and fat compared to milk yield. Cows from Paraná and São Paulo regions remained longer in the herd than cows from the other regions. The h² values varied from 7.8% to 6.1% for equivalent and effective h², respectively. A positive genetic trend of functional longevity was observed. The type traits, final score, angularity, top line, udder texture and suspensory ligament showed the strongest relationship with productive life. Differences in risk of culling were observed depending on the fraction of type-scored animals within a herd. The absence of type trait phenotypes was associated with a strong increase of culling risk for the cows. The impact of SCS on longevity was high in cows from 1st to 4th lactation with high SCS. Interestingly, for 5th lactation, cows with lower SCS have higher culling risk compared to cows with higher SCS. A routine of genetic evaluation is necessary to improve length of productive life of Brazilian Holsteins under local conditions. The use of early predictors correlated with longevity, as final score, angularity, top line, udder texture, suspensory ligament and SCS, may be recommended to increase the reliability of sires’ estimated breeding values for functional longevity.