This thesis documents the development of a computational method for wave induced longitudinal bending in ships. First, there will be a discussion about the importance of longitudinal bending in ship design. The paper will then outline the basic physics at work in the system. It will review the wave forcing computation as well as the response of the vessel. It will then document the progression of the program, which was constructed in Fortran 90, as it solves the linear differential equation for the vessel bending caused by an incoming wave. The entire program then appears at the end of the paper. While the current program is not complete the theory behind it is valid and the code can be augmented to include non-linear components in the future.

In this thesis, we present research on synthesizing autonomous driving with shared autonomy using Unity Engine. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is considered as level 1 autonomous vehicle, which has been studied by academia and commercialized by industry. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system is an expansion of ACC, in which communication is set up between members to share driving information. Shared autonomy is a subject about human-computer interactivities. In our research, we developed a highly customizable 3D environment. We can simulate various driving scenarios and analyze the performance of different driving methods from human driving to CACC. The result of simulation proves the safety and efficiency of CACC, and the project also provides a potential of assisting the improvement of autonomous vehicles.

Thesis advisor: Sara M. Moorman / There is much prior research on the benefits of marriage for adults, including for mental and physical health (Carr and Springer 2010). Further research has demonstrated that the quality of one’s marriage provides benefits, and not merely the status itself (see Carr and Springer 2010; Proulx, Helms, and Buehler 2007). A close, salient relationship such as marriage is not experienced in isolation, but is rather an interpersonal system, where the characteristics, feelings, and opinions of each partner can influence the other (Berscheid and Ammazzalorso 2001; Carr et al. 2014; Moorman 2016). However, less research has been performed that takes advantage of dyadic data to determine whether and how a partner’s marital quality may affect one’s own well-being (Carr et al. 2014; Kenny 1996). Moreover, emotional experiences rarely remain truly private; individuals unconsciously signal and express their feelings to others, and can even transmit these emotional experiences to close social partners (Christakis and Fowler 2013; Hatfield, Cacioppo, and Rapson 1994). The present dissertation examines the associations among older husbands’ and wives’ marital quality and well-being, using two sources of dyadic data, a range of measures of marital quality and well-being, and advanced analytic strategies appropriate for longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Older couples can differ from their younger and midlife counterparts, as both men and women trim their broader social networks in later life and increasingly focus on their closest and most rewarding relationships, such as marriage (Carstensen, Isaacowitz, and Charles 1999; Mancini and Bonanno 2006). Gendered roles may shift in later life, as well, as older adults cease activities such as child-rearing and full-time employment (Bookwala 2012). Thus, potential differences according to gender are also explicitly tested. The results of this dissertation will shed greater light on how older couples’ perceptions of marital quality influence various aspects of spouses’ well-being, cross-sectionally and over time. Mutual Influence and Older Married Adults’ Anxiety Symptoms: Results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing analyzes cross-sectional dyadic data from 1,114 married older couples surveyed in the initial wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA; Kenny 2014), 2009-2011. Dyadic structural equation models (SEM) examined the direct and indirect associations between husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital strain and generalized anxiety symptoms in later life. Findings revealed that perceptions of marital strain were related with husbands’ and wives’ own generalized anxiety symptoms. Further, husbands’ anxiety symptoms were significantly related with wives’ anxiety symptoms, and vice versa, illustrating bi-directional feedback. Lastly, husbands’ and wives’ perceptions of marital strain were significantly indirectly related with their partners’ anxiety symptoms, with these associations being mediated by spouses’ own anxiety symptoms. These results suggest that emotional contagion may be the pathway for partner effects of marital strain on spouses’ well-being. Findings also suggest that efforts to reduce anxiety symptoms may be most effective when taking marital context and quality into account. Two-Wave Dyadic Analysis of Marital Quality and Loneliness in Later Life: Results From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing analyzes dyadic reports of marital quality and loneliness over a two-year period, using longitudinal dyadic data collected from 932 older married couples who participated in both of the first two waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), collected from 2009-2013. Two-wave lagged dependent variable (LDV) models tested the cognitive perspective on loneliness, emotional contagion theory, and actor-partner interdependence by examining whether husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality and loneliness at baseline predicted both spouses’ loneliness two years later. Results indicated that one’s own perceptions of negative marital quality at baseline were related with greater loneliness after two years, supporting the cognitive perspective on loneliness. Further, both spouses’ reports of loneliness at baseline were related with loneliness two years later, supporting emotional contagion theory. Partners’ reports of marital quality were not related with future loneliness, failing to support actor-partner interdependence. Do “His” and “Her” Marriage Influence One Another? Older Spouses’ Marital Quality Over Four Years uses two-wave longitudinal data from the Disability and Use of Time (DUST) supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine associations between husbands’ and wives’ reports of marital quality over a four-year period. The sample consisted of 209 older married couples who participated in both the 2009 and 2013 waves of DUST. Lagged dependent variable (LDV) models tested whether older husbands’ and wives’ perceptions of marital quality are themselves subject to emotional contagion, by examining whether baseline reports of marital quality were related with one’s own and a partner’s marital quality after four years. Results indicated that (a) husbands reported better marital quality than their wives in both 2009 and 2013, (b) for both husbands and wives, baseline marital quality was significantly related with both one’s own and one’s partner’s marital quality four years later, and (c) there were no differences in effects according to gender. These findings offer support for the framework of “his” and “her” marriage, as well as emotional contagion theory. Together, these papers examine whether and how older spouses’ reports of marital quality and well-being are associated with one another, with a particular emphasis on assessing emotional contagion as a potential explanation and mechanism for dyadic partner effects. The results of these articles contribute empirically and theoretically to the literature(s) on marital quality and well-being; spousal interdependence; and emotional contagion. I discuss the implications of these articles for theory and future research concerning marriage and well-being in later life.

Compared to microarray-based genotyping, next-generation whole genome-sequencing (WGS) studies have the strength to provide greater information for the identification of rare variants, which likely account for a significant portion of missing heritability of common human diseases. In WGS, family-based studies are important because they are likely enriched for rare disease variants that segregate with the disease in relatives. We propose a multilevel model to detect disease variants using family-based WGS data with longitudinal measures. This model incorporates the correlation structure from family pedigrees and that from repeated measures. The iterative generalized least squares (IGLS) algorithm was applied to estimation of parameters and test of associations. The model was applied to the data of Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 and compared with existing linear mixed effect (LME) models. The multilevel model shows higher power at practical p-value levels and a better type I error control than LME model. Both multilevel and LME models, which utilize the longitudinal repeated information, have higher power than the method that only utilize data collected at one time point.

Alcohol use during pregnancy is common and its consequences often result in a broad range of negative, lifelong developmental outcomes. This study describes the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and interacting socio-demographic factors on early childhood development. One hundred and twenty one children from the Northern Cape, South Africa, were clinically examined using standard diagnostic procedures and assessed using the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS/ER) at 7-12 months (Time 1) and 5 years of age (Time 2). Participants were assigned to either: a Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS/Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS); a Prenatal Alcohol Exposed (PAE); or a Control group based on the diagnosis at 5 years. Mothers/caregivers were interviewed to ascertain socio-demographic information, including prenatal alcohol exposure. During infancy, the FAS/PFAS group showed significantly lower gross motor and language abilities, with delays in higher-order executive functioning becoming more apparent with age. No significant differences were noted during infancy between the PAE and Control groups over any developmental subscales. However, with age, higher-order executive function delays were reported in the PAE group. Performance on the infant and child versions of the GMDS was not significantly correlated, suggesting that the tests may be measuring different developmental constructs. Lower maternal education, unemployment and later recognition of pregnancy were associated with reduced social adaptive functioning, and language and eye hand coordination abilities, irrespective of amount of prenatal alcohol exposure over both time points. Larger anthropometric birth measurements and longer duration of breastfeeding were significantly related to increased performance on the GMDS at 5 years within the groups exposed to prenatal alcohol. Socio–demographic variables are likely to complicate developmental profiles for all three groups, with prenatal and postnatal nutrition emerging as possible protective factors for positive developmental outcomes at 5 years of age.

A aplicação do ultra-som terapêutico é contra-indicada nas adjacências da cartilagem de crescimento pelo temor de que possa provocar algum efeito lesivo. Entretanto, não há confirmação experimental ou clínica de que este efeito possa ocorrer. Foi objetivo deste trabalho investigar uma possível ação do ultra-som terapêutico aplicado na região da cartilagem de crescimento. Foram usados coelhos albinos da raça Nova Zelândia de 1 kg de peso, fêmeas, que foram distribuídas em 2 grupos, sendo que em ambos foi aplicado ultra-som na cartilagem de crescimento proximal da tíbia direita e a tíbia esquerda mantida como controle. No grupo 1 (20 coelhas), os animais foram sacrificados 3 dias após o término da aplicação do ultra-som e a cartilagem de crescimento foi avaliada morfometricamente do ponto de vista histológico e com microscopia de luz ultra-violeta para o estudo da neoformação óssea marcada com tetraciclina. No grupo 2 (10 coelhas) os animais foram mantidos vivos até o final do crescimento e realizada a morfometria macroscópica pelo alinhamento frontal dos joelhos e região proximal da tíbia pelo uso de radiografias e medidas diretas nas peças. A forma de ultra-som utilizada foi a pulsada, frequência de 1 MHz, pulso de 2:8, e intensidade 20% do valor nominal apresentada no potenciômetro do aparelho. A morfometria, tanto da espessura global da cartilagem, como por camadas e pela contagem de células não mostrou diferença entre os lados. A avaliação do crescimento ósseo também não mostrou diferenças. Da mesma forma, a morfometria macroscópica foi igual entre os lados. Como resultado final, não foram observadas diferenças entre o lado tratado e lado controle. / The therapeutic ultrasound is not applied to areas that one close to the growth plate to avoid some injury to that structure. Nevertheless, there is neither experimental nor clinical evidence that supports such fear. Based on this premise this investigation was designed to study some possible action of the application of therapeutic ultrasound on the growth plate, using morphometric analysis. White New Zealand female rabbits, weighning 1 kg were used and divided into two groups according to the follow up period. In the first group (20 rabbits) the animals were killed 3 days after the completing of ultrasound application and the growth plate was evaluated with histological morphometric methods and with tetracycline bone labeling. In the second group (10 rabbits) the animals were killed after the completing skeletal maturit and the analysis was made with X-Ray (knee frontal angle) and diret measurements of the proximal tibia in the specimens. Pulsed ultrasound with frequency of 1 MHz, 2:8 of pulse was applied on the proximal part of the right tibia for all the animals. The left side was kept as a control. The morphometric analysis of the thickness of the growth cartilage as a whole and for its different layers and the cell counting did not show any difference between the sides. The bone growth was the same on both tibias and the macroscopic morphometry did not show any difference between the sides as well. It was concluded that no differences was observed between the treated and the control side.

Thesis advisor: Thomas O'Hare / Substance use and suicide among adolescents is a pervasive problem in the United States. It is estimated that over 190,000 youth go to the emergency department each year as a result of alcohol related injuries and over 5,000 youth are estimated to die each year from alcohol related incidents. Moreover, suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents, resulting in more than one in ten deaths among adolescents. Research has demonstrated that a history of childhood abuse is a strong risk factor for suicidal ideation and alcohol misuse and related problems. It is estimated that 29% of maltreated youth engage in substance use with 9% reporting moderate to high levels of use and 5% reporting risky suicidal behavior. Although prior studies provide a foundation for understanding substance use and suicidal thoughts among maltreated youth, some significant gaps remain in the knowledge base including the use of older data, treating all maltreated youth as a homogenous group, and looking at substance use and suicidal thoughts as independent outcomes. This dissertation fills some of these gaps in the empirical literature by focusing on three specific aims: 1) examine the co-occurrence of substance use and suicidal thoughts among maltreated youth; 2) investigate the longitudinal predictors of substance use and suicidal thoughts among maltreated youth; and 3) assess whether the predictors of substance use and suicidal thoughts are similar or different across placement types (in-home care, kinship care, or foster care). The National Survey on Child and Adolescent Wellbeing (NSCAW II) restricted dataset is used as the primary source for the analyses to address each aim. Policy and practice implications are provided for the fields of addiction, mental health, and child welfare. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Thesis advisor: Larry H. Ludlow / Teacher preparation programs face an urgent call to prepare high-quality and "highly qualified" teachers who teach all students in an increasingly culturally, racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse student population, and who work toward closing the achievement gap that separates students along these demographic lines. In response, and as part of the current accountability context, there has been greater focus on outcomes in teacher education. Along different lines, also in response to these challenges, there has been an increase in social justice-oriented teacher preparation programs. This dissertation operates within both of these contexts. Specifically, this dissertation examines one of the many outcomes of teacher education for social justice: teacher candidates' changing beliefs about teaching for social justice and the factors that may or may not be related to their change. Using primarily Rasch rating scale and multiple regression analyses, this dissertation examines longitudinal survey data from two cohorts of undergraduate teacher candidates (N=134) who completed the same social justice-oriented teacher education program. By investigating two cohorts of teacher candidates at the time of entry into the teacher education program and again when they graduated four years later, this study investigated individuals in the aggregate, variability within and across cohorts, and change across time. In addition, this research sought to untangle and identify whether reported experiences and perceptions before and during formal teacher education are related to beliefs about and commitment to teaching for social justice. Findings suggest that from the time of entry to graduation, candidates' beliefs about teaching for social justice were significantly more aligned with the concepts and principles endorsed by the teacher preparation program. Additionally, at particular points in time and across time, there were identifiable perceptions and experiences related to their beliefs about teaching for social justice. In particular, the location of the student teaching experience and candidates' perceptions of their teacher education faculty were significant predictors of their beliefs about teaching for social justice. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.

Thesis advisor: Larry H. Ludlow / Higher education has renewed its focus on civic engagement due to a growing recognition of the distinctive opportunities for students to internalize civic values during college. This unique role has become increasingly important in context of the shifting trend in American youth away from traditional political participation towards increasing involvement in civic life. Past research in higher education and youth civic engagement has suggested connections between participation in and attitudes supportive of civic engagement across both civic and political realms. To further investigate this relationship, this dissertation looked at how students' civic engagement involvement and attitudes develop over time, tracking how participation levels in civic, political, and expressive activities impact the acquisition of a comprehensive set of civic attitudes during students' undergraduate tenure. The specific attitudes of interest in this study were students' self-efficacy through community service, politics, and civic involvement, commitment to civic accountability, and tolerance of diversity. This dissertation utilized data from two cohorts (N=137) of a multi-year study at a single institution as its main data source, with data from a nationally-representative sample of college students used for scale development and anchoring. A mixed-method three-factor within subjects design was used to explore the development within and between students' civic engagement involvement and attitudes across their four years at college by gender and minority status. Through the Rasch rating scale model, repeated measures analyses of variance, and repeated measures analyses of covariance, students' longitudinal commitment to civic engagement was shown to be much more complex than expected. Canonical correlation analysis was then used to address the connection between students' involvement and attitudes within their freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years. While the results of this study were typically non-significant with regard to students' development of civic engagement involvement and attitudes, these findings provided valuable insights into the relationship between participation in specific types of activities at certain stages of students' college experiences and the acquisition of particular civic engagement attitudes. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.

Background: The burden of non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure in Africa is rising rapidly, and they are now recognised as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the continent. Heart failure causes significant multidimensional impact (physical, social, psychological and spiritual), even with the advent of medicines that offer mortality benefit. Comprehensive care for heart failure must include palliative care that addresses multidimensional needs in line with patient-centered care. However, most research on heart failure in Africa has not explored these multidimensional needs from the patients’ perspective, and palliative care is still seen as being for those with cancer and HIV/AIDS. Aims: To understand the multidimensional experiences, needs, and use of services by patients with heart failure during their disease trajectory. To understand health care professionals’ perceptions of patients’ needs, the care required and the availability of services for patients with advanced heart failure in Uganda. Methods: A total of 48 face to face qualitative longitudinal interviews (36-patient alone, 4 paired-patient and family carer, 8 with bereaved carers), were conducted with 21 patients with stage 3 or 4 heart failure being treated in Mulago Hospital and some of their family carers. Patient interviews were followed by the administration of the African Palliative Care Association African Palliative Outcome Scale supplemented with the broader symptom assessment tool the POS-S. Patients were interviewed during the time of hospitalisation when the researcher first made contact with them, and were followed up monthly by phone. Longitudinal interviews were conducted at 3 and 6 months after the first interview if their clinical condition remained stable, and earlier if there were major concerns or changes in their multidimensional experiences. Eight single interviews were conducted with health professionals (5 doctors, 2 nurses and 1 social worker) involved in the care of the patients. All interviews were audio recorded, and those of the health professionals transcribed verbatim, those of the patients were first translated to English and transcribed and all were exported into QSR Nvivo software version 10 for analysis. Principles from Charmaz’s grounded theory (line by line coding, focused coding, constant comparison and theoretical coding) were employed for analysis. Findings: The patients’ experience was that of learning to live with the unknown in a life dominated by symptoms despite, and because of, treatments. The impact of the various symptoms limited physical performance leading to multiple losses. Presence of a high level of health illiteracy, lack of information on their illness coupled with a high reliance on local cultural beliefs to make health decisions, led to the following: delayed recognition of illness and seeking of care; inappropriate self- care and poor adherence to medications; poor understanding of illness and its prognosis; unrealistic expectations of treatment; and inappropriate choices of where to seek care. Patients were often faced with health system challenges that contributed to late diagnosis and exacerbated the problem of poor adherence to treatment because of lack of medicines and lack of information. The illness impact was also observed in the social, psychological and spiritual domains of patients’ lives causing anxiety and worry, isolation, rejection and stigma, spiritual pain and spiritual growth. Patients expressed the need for normal functioning, information, to be in control and to be facilitated to cope and adapt to the unknown. Patients employed different mechanisms of coping and adaptation, with hope being central in coping as they tried to live with the unknown. Patients suggested changes to the health system and in the conduct of health professionals to improve future care. Health professionals were able to recognise the multidimensional impact of the illness on the patients, but the details of the concerns tended to differ for the patients and health professionals. Health professionals’ proposals on improving care tended to emphasise interventions that would improve physical care as opposed to the other dimensions. Conclusion: This is the first qualitative longitudinal research in Uganda that has explored the experiences of patients with advanced heart failure to gain an understanding of their needs and concerns from their perspective over the course of their illness. Many concerns such as a lack of information, challenges with coping, the symptom experience and its impact on function and the psychological, social and spiritual aspects of their lives are enduring in literature. However, this study also identified other concerns less common in the literature that could have led to a unique illness experience. These included: health system challenges; the impact of culture; beliefs and poverty; and a high level of health illiteracy.