Research Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of a Master of Arts Degree in Development studies by Coursework and Research Report. Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand 2016 / This study explored cash circulation channels adopted by unbanked migrants in Pretoria Central Business District (CBD), South Africa. To understand the complex nature of cash circulation and the subjective practices of migrants, in-depth interviews were conducted with sixteen migrants selected through snowballing sampling. Collected primary data were analysed thematically, from particular to general themes depending on the responses provided by the informants. The study adopted the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) as an analytical tool to show how in the face of structural and institutional barriers, unbanked migrants have the capability to adopt digital solutions and socially embedded channels which are more flexible and sustainable in their livelihoods. These include informal channels such as hawala, malaichas and digital solutions like Kawena and Mukuru. By using this framework, the report reveals what unbanked migrants are doing on the ground, what shapes adopted cash circulation processes and the resultant livelihood outcomes. The study aimed at contributing to previous research on money transfer mechanisms adopted by unbanked African migrants. The conclusion reached is that, by adopting various socially embedded cash circulation channels, unbanked migrants circumvent structural constraints and, by so doing, financially include more people who were previously excluded. Although the study was limited to a small sample, it raises strong implications for policy makers to look at the inherent strength of migrants as development actors. Findings from this exploratory study are critical in that they open new niches for research on migrants and financial exclusion in Africa and beyond. / GR2017

Considerando-se a importância das relações sociais e da influência interpessoal no comportamento dos indivíduos de baixa renda, este estudo apresenta como objetivo identificar e analisar os grupos de referência valorizados pelas consumidoras de baixa renda em seu processo de decisão de compra. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se uma abordagem multimétodo fundamentada, primeiro, em entrevistas em profundidade com 12 mulheres e, depois, na técnica de Análise Conjunta com uma amostra de 53 entrevistadas pertencentes a esse segmento. Devido à crise econômica vivida atualmente, mostrou-se necessário delimitar o contexto da pesquisa a um bem que permanecesse atrativo nessas circunstâncias: o batom. Trata-se de uma categoria de produto de alto envolvimento, capaz de representar o segmento de cosméticos como um todo, associando-se à autoestima, à sensação de bem-estar e ao reconhecimento social. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as consumidoras de baixa renda valorizam a presença de diferentes grupos de referência em seu processo de decisão. Especificamente, identificaram-se dois grupos de respondentes com preferências distintas quanto aos grupos de referência. Diante disso, ressalta-se que as principais contribuições desta pesquisa foram a observação de perfis diferentes dentro do segmento de baixa renda, o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre o processo de decisão de compra dessas mulheres e a identificação de apelos de grupos de referência que as empresas podem usar para atrair consumidoras de baixa renda. / Considering the importance of social relations and interpersonal influence on the behavior of low-income individuals, this study aims to identify and analyze the reference groups valued by low-income female consumers in their decision-making process. A multimethod approach was employed. First, the data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 low-income women. Subsequently, a conjoint analysis technique was applied with a sample of 53 female interviewees belonging to this segment. Due to the current economic crisis, it was necessary to delimit the research context to a product that remained attractive in these circumstances: lipstick. It is a high involvement product category, capable of representing the segment of cosmetics as a whole, being related to self-esteem, a sense of well-being and recognition. Results showed that low-income female consumers value the presence of different reference groups in their decision-making process. Specifically, it was possible to identify two groups of respondents with distinct preferences regarding the reference groups. Therefore, the main contributions of this research were the observation of different profiles within the low-income segment, the development of knowledge about the decision-making process of these women, and the identification of reference group appeals that companies can use to attract low-income female consumers.

Considerando-se a importância das relações sociais e da influência interpessoal no comportamento dos indivíduos de baixa renda, este estudo apresenta como objetivo identificar e analisar os grupos de referência valorizados pelas consumidoras de baixa renda em seu processo de decisão de compra. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se uma abordagem multimétodo fundamentada, primeiro, em entrevistas em profundidade com 12 mulheres e, depois, na técnica de Análise Conjunta com uma amostra de 53 entrevistadas pertencentes a esse segmento. Devido à crise econômica vivida atualmente, mostrou-se necessário delimitar o contexto da pesquisa a um bem que permanecesse atrativo nessas circunstâncias: o batom. Trata-se de uma categoria de produto de alto envolvimento, capaz de representar o segmento de cosméticos como um todo, associando-se à autoestima, à sensação de bem-estar e ao reconhecimento social. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as consumidoras de baixa renda valorizam a presença de diferentes grupos de referência em seu processo de decisão. Especificamente, identificaram-se dois grupos de respondentes com preferências distintas quanto aos grupos de referência. Diante disso, ressalta-se que as principais contribuições desta pesquisa foram a observação de perfis diferentes dentro do segmento de baixa renda, o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre o processo de decisão de compra dessas mulheres e a identificação de apelos de grupos de referência que as empresas podem usar para atrair consumidoras de baixa renda. / Considering the importance of social relations and interpersonal influence on the behavior of low-income individuals, this study aims to identify and analyze the reference groups valued by low-income female consumers in their decision-making process. A multimethod approach was employed. First, the data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 low-income women. Subsequently, a conjoint analysis technique was applied with a sample of 53 female interviewees belonging to this segment. Due to the current economic crisis, it was necessary to delimit the research context to a product that remained attractive in these circumstances: lipstick. It is a high involvement product category, capable of representing the segment of cosmetics as a whole, being related to self-esteem, a sense of well-being and recognition. Results showed that low-income female consumers value the presence of different reference groups in their decision-making process. Specifically, it was possible to identify two groups of respondents with distinct preferences regarding the reference groups. Therefore, the main contributions of this research were the observation of different profiles within the low-income segment, the development of knowledge about the decision-making process of these women, and the identification of reference group appeals that companies can use to attract low-income female consumers.

Desde o plano real, em 1994, com a estabilização da moeda e maior facilidade ao crédito, verifica-se o aumento do consumo da população de baixa renda em vários setores do mercado. Além do preço mais baixo, fator indispensável para atender a essa camada da população, discute-se quais são e como são planejadas as estratégias de marketing e comunicação utilizadas pelas empresas que atuam no mercado popular. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral desenvolver modelos de análise integrada para a definição de estratégias de marketing e comunicação de produtos eletroeletrônicos populares. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, o estudo utilizou o método exploratório por meio dos seguintes procedimentos: pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, dissertações, teses, revistas, jornais, sites e pesquisa empírica, que foi conduzida em duas fases combinando as abordagens qualitativa (primeira fase) e quantitativa (segunda fase). A população estudada foi composta por executivos das áreas de marketing e comunicação de empresas do setor eletroeletrônico associadas à ELETROS (Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Produtos Eletroeletrônicos). O subsídio teórico da análise da pesquisa consistiu na definição de produto popular e população de baixa renda; na análise do consumidor de baixa renda; no estudo das estratégias de marketing e comunicação; no tema da construção de marca; na abordagem dos modelos de análise BCG, GE e SWOT; por fim, na análise das diversas configurações de negócio que poderiam ser adotadas pelas empresas pesquisadas. Os resultados mostraram que as empresas estudadas utilizam principalmente a análise SWOT e as pesquisas de mercado para elaborar a sua estratégia de marketing e comunicação. Porém esse planejamento não é específico para produtos populares. De forma geral, ele se concentra no produto, e, em segundo lugar, com a mesma relevância, em preço e análise do mercado. A partir disso, foram elaborados modelos de análise integrada para a definição de estratégias de marketing e comunicação de produtos eletroeletrônicos populares. / Since the Real Plan was introduced in 1994, bringing with it a stable currency and easier credit, there has been a noted increase in spending among members of the lower-income population in various market sectors. In addition to lower prices, an indispensable factor when targeting this section of the population, there is discussion of marketing and communication strategies used by companies operating in the lowend market and how they plan such strategies. Within this context, the overall objective of this study is to develop integrated analysis models for defining marketing and communication strategies for low-end household appliances and electronics. An exploratory approach was taken in this study, comprising a study of the literature (books, dissertations, theses, magazines, newspapers, and websites) and two phases of empirical research: first qualitative, then quantitative. The study group comprised marketing and communications executives at companies affiliated with Eletros (National Association of Appliance and Electronic Product Manufacturers). The theoretical component of the study involved defining low-end products and the low-income population, and analysing low-income consumers, marketing and communication strategies, brand building, the use of BCG, GE and SWOT analyses, and different business models that could be adopted by the companies studied. Results showed that companies mostly used SWOT analyses and market surveys when planning marketing and communication strategies. However, this planning isnt specific for low-end products. In general, they concentrate on the product, and in second place (with the same relevance), on price and market analyses. Based on these findings, integrated analysis methods were designed for use when planning marketing and communication strategies for low-end household appliances and electronics.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 142172.pdf.jpg: 20180 bytes, checksum: 6f6801d1120856be510fdfafa5800423 (MD5) 142172.pdf: 1753912 bytes, checksum: 73259a34c6a05733c5e0cc3ffcec54bb (MD5) 142172.pdf.txt: 257193 bytes, checksum: 7d5ff99cc15d06d8551c0b3cbd14a75c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29T00:00:00Z / This research is in the domains of materialism, consumer vulnerability and consumption indebtedness, concepts frequently approached in the literature on consumer behavior, macro-marketing and economic psychology. The influence of materialism on consumer indebtedness is investigated within a context that is characterized by poverty and by factors that cause vulnerability, such as high interest rates, limited access to credit and to quality affordable goods. The objectives of this research are: to produce a materialism scale that is well adapted to its environment, characterizing materialism adequately for the population studied; to compare results obtained with results of other studies; and to measure the relationship between materialism, socio-demographic variables, attitude to debt and consumption indebtedness. The primary data used in the analyses were collected from field research carried out in August, 2005 that relied on a probabilistic household sample of 450 low income individuals who live in poor regions of the city of Sao Paulo. The materialism scale, adapted and translated into Portuguese from Richins (2004), proved to be very successful and encourages new work in the area. It was noted that younger adults tend to be more materialistic than older ones; that illiterate adults tend to be less materialistic than those who did literacy courses when they were already adults; and that gender, income and race are not associated with the materialism construct. Among the other results, a logistic regression model was developed in order to distinguish those individuals who have an installment plan payment booklet from those who do not, based on materialism, socio-demographic variables and purchasing and consumer habits. The proposed model confirms materialism as a behavioral variable useful for forecasting the probability of an individual getting into debt in order to consume, in some cases almost doubling the chance of occurrence of this event. Findings confirm the thesis that it is not only adverse economic factors that lead people to get into debt; and that the study of demand for credit for consumption purposes must, of necessity, include variables of a psychological nature. It is suggested that the low income materialistic consumer experiences feelings of powerlessness and exclusion because of the gap that exists between their possessions and their desires. Lines of conduct to combat this marginalization from the consumer society are drawn targeting marketing professionals, public policy makers and vulnerability researchers. Finally, the possibility of new studies involving the materialism construct, which is central to literature on consumer behavior, albeit little used in empirical studies in Brazil, are discussed. / Este trabalho posiciona-se entre os domínios de materialismo, vulnerabilidade de consumo e endividamento de consumo, conceitos abordados com freqüência pela literatura de comportamento do consumidor, macro marketing e psicologia econômica. Busca-se verificar a influência do materialismo no endividamento de consumo, em um contexto caracterizado por pobreza e por fatores que induzem a vulnerabilidade, tais como altas taxas de juros, escasso acesso a crédito e pequena disponibilidade de bens de boa qualidade e preços baixos. Os objetivos são: adaptar uma escala de materialismo ao ambiente da pesquisa, de forma a caracterizá-lo adequadamente à população estudada; efetuar comparações com outros estudos; e aferir as relações entre materialismo, variáveis sócio-demográficas, atitude ao endividamento e endividamento de consumo. Os dados primários utilizados nas análises foram coletados em pesquisa de campo conduzida em agosto de 2005, por meio de amostra domiciliar probabilística de 450 indivíduos de baixa renda, moradores em regiões pobres do município de São Paulo. A escala de materialismo, adaptada e traduzida para o Português a partir de Richins (2004), mostrou-se bem sucedida e incita novos trabalhos na área. Verificou-se que os indivíduos mais jovens tendem a ser mais materialistas que os mais velhos; que adultos analfabetos tendem a ser menos materialistas que adultos tardiamente alfabetizados; e que gênero, renda e raça não se associam com materialismo. Entre as demais análises, elaborou-se um modelo de regressão logística para distinguir indivíduos possuidores de carnê de crediário dos não possuidores, com base no materialismo, em variáveis sócio-demográficas, em hábitos de compra e em hábitos de consumo. O modelo proposto confirma o materialismo como variável comportamental útil na previsão da probabilidade de um indivíduo endividar-se para consumir, em alguns casos fazendo quase dobrar a chance de ocorrência deste evento. Os achados confirmam a tese de que não apenas fatores econômicos adversos levam as pessoas a se endividarem; e que o estudo da demanda por crédito para consumo necessariamente deve passar por variáveis de natureza psicológica. Sugere-se que o consumidor materialista de baixa renda vivencia sentimentos de impotência e de exclusão em função do desnível entre suas posses e seus desejos. Linhas de conduta para combater tal marginalização da sociedade de consumo são recomendadas, tendo como alvo profissionais de marketing, formadores de políticas públicas e pesquisadores de vulnerabilidade. São levantadas, por fim, possibilidades de novos estudos envolvendo o construto de materialismo, central à literatura de comportamento do consumidor, porém pouco empregado em estudos empíricos no Brasil.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-26T20:43:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Francischelli.pdf: 580919 bytes, checksum: a23cf561e9c36298d69c32318b69865c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-26T20:43:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Francischelli.pdf: 580919 bytes, checksum: a23cf561e9c36298d69c32318b69865c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-27T13:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Francischelli.pdf: 580919 bytes, checksum: a23cf561e9c36298d69c32318b69865c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-11 / Since the economic stability that has occurred in Brazil in 1994 until the present day, the Brazilian market is growing rapidly, attracting the entry of international brands and stimulating the national industry with the emergence of strong local brands. This movement encourages the emergence of new consumers with significant purchasing power, as the lower classes of society, seen as the first part in this process. The companies then begin to develop strategies to attract this audience, studying their behavior in consumption. The use of strong brands will be highlighted. The segment of sports shoes, especially the tennis, with an annual growth of 8% and production of 80 million pairs per year, is a strong example. Based on this scenario, this dissertation aimed to understand the importance of brand in the decision to purchase the products of the category of sporting footwear for consumers of the classes C and D. Thus, we examined bibliographies in consumer behavior and the attributes considered in the decision to buy, in particular the importance of brand. Data were collected on the low income population in Brazil and their buying behavior, and the market of sporting footwear. Interviews were conducted with ten consumers belonging to the public in order to know their habits of consumption and use of tennis, and the participation of the brand in the process of their decision to purchase. Thus, one can see that this is preferred by the public as tennis shoes which can be used on all occasions. The brand is the main attribute to purchase this product, being more important than price or place of purchase. It is the guarantee of quality, but further analysis is also used as a strong factor of social intraclass distinction, receiving a strong influence of the media and celebrities who are seen as heroes, in a process of projection of their identity. / Desde a estabilidade econômica que ocorreu no Brasil em 1994 até os dias atuais, o mercado brasileiro vem crescendo aceleradamente, atraindo a entrada de marcas internacionais e estimulando a indústria nacional com o surgimento de fortes marcas locais. Este movimento incentiva o surgimento de novos consumidores com importante poder de compra, como as classes mais baixas da sociedade, antes vista como a parte neste processo. As empresas começam então a desenvolver estratégias para atrair tal público, estudando seu comportamento de consumo. O uso de marcas fortes passa a se destacar. O segmento de calçado esportivos, em especial o tênis, com um crescimento anual de 8% e uma produção de 80 milhões de pares/ano, é um forte exemplo. Com base nesse cenário, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo compreender a importância da marca no processo de decisão de compra dos produtos da categoria de calçados esportivos para os consumidores da classe C e D. Para tanto, foram analisadas bibliografias referentes ao comportamento do consumidor e o os atributos considerados no processo de decisão de compra, em especial a importância da marca. Foram levantados dados sobre a população de baixa renda no Brasil e seu comportamento de compra, e sobre o mercado de calçados esportivos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez consumidores pertencentes a este público com o intuito de conhecer seus hábitos de consumo e uso de tênis, e a participação da marca no seu processo de decisão de compra. Dessa forma, pode-se perceber que este público tem preferência pelo tênis como sapato que pode ser usado em todas as ocasiões. A marca é o principal atributo para a compra desse produto, sendo mais importante que o preço ou local de compra. Ela é a garantia de qualidade, mas, em uma análise mais profunda, também é usada como um forte fator de distinção social intraclasse, recebendo uma forte influência da mídia e de celebridades, que são vistas como heróis, dentro de um processo de projeção de sua identidade.

Text in English with summaries and keywords in English, Venda and Sepedi / Fuelwood remains a crucial source of energy among the vast majority of rural households because of its availability and affordability in comparison with most energy alternatives. Approximately 17 million people in South Africa live in communal lands where fuelwood can be harvested easily and freely by households, with 80% of the overall fuel consumed for domestic purposes extracted from burning fuelwood. The rapid-excess trends of fuelwood consumption – aggravated by population growth, agricultural and household settlement expansions – pose utmost challenges for community development. Overharvesting of fuelwood can result in fuelwood scarcity, loss of biodiversity, excessive land clearance and soil erosion. This study evaluated the factors that influence fuelwood consumption in households at the Thulamela Local Municipality. The study utilised mixed research methods, comprising quantitative and qualitative methods. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of both closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from the households. The collected data was mainly qualitative data (nominal and categorical data) and the researcher used the frequency menu to summarise the data and cross tabulation menu in the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 25. For cross tabulation, the researcher used the Chi-square (χ2) test to measure the degree of association between two categorical variables. If the p-value is less than 0.05, there is a significant association between variables – thus, the variables dependent on each other. The study found that socio-economic characteristics such as monthly income, employment status, gender, educational level of the household head, number of employed household members, energy expenditure and type of occupation play a significant role in the factors that influence fuelwood consumption. As a result of these factors, fuelwood energy is still being used as a primary energy source by most households to meet their domestic needs for cooking and water heating – despite most of them being electrified. Additionally, lack of environmental education, the erratic electricity supply and staggering living conditions which drive widespread poverty in rural areas contribute to the extensive fuelwood consumption among households. The study highlighted the recommendations on mitigation measures that can be used to reduce extensive fuelwood consumption. These recommendations include encouraging the use of renewable energy and modern energy technologies such as biogas and solar energy, together with improved cooking stoves to help reduce overexploitation of natural resources and prevent indoor air pollution which is associated with heart disease and immortality. There is also a need to raise environmental awareness. It is through education that people’s perceptions, attitudes and behaviour regarding fuelwood consumption practices can be changed. The promotion of sustainable development through harvest control and afforestation can significantly reduce deforestation, loss of biodiversity, fuelwood scarcity and soil erosion. / Khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa sa tshiko tshihulwane tsha mafulufulu kha miṱa minzhi ya mahayani ngauri dzi a wanala na u swikelelea musi dzi tshi vhambedzwa na dziṅwe nḓila dza mafulufulu. Vhathu vha swikaho miḽioni dza 17 Afrika Tshipembe vha dzula mahayani hune vha kona u reḓa khuni hu si na vhuleme nahone nga mahala, ngeno zwivhaswa zwi swikaho 80% zwi shumiswaho miḓini zwi tshi bva kha khuni. Maitele maṅwe a tshihaḓu a kushumiselwe kwa khuni – a tshi ṋaṋiswa na nga nyaluwo ya vhathu, u engedzea ha vhulimi na vhupo ha vhudzulo – zwi ḓisa khaedu kha mveledziso ya tshitshavha. U reḓa khuni lwo kalulaho zwi nga vhanga ṱhahelelo ya khuni, u xelelwa nga mutshatshame wa zwi tshilaho, u ṱangula mavu na mukumbululo wa mavu. Ngudo iyi yo ḓiimisela u ela zwivhumbi zwi ṱuṱuwedzaho u shumiswa ha khuni miḓini ngei kha Masipala Wapo wa Thulamela. Ngudo yo shumisa ngona dza ṱhoḓisiso dzo ṱanganaho dzi re na ngona khwanthethivi na khwaḽithethivi. Mbudzisambekanywa dzo dzudzanywaho dzi re na mbudziso dza phindulo nthihi na dza phindulo ndapfu dzo shumiswa u kuvhanganya data miḓini. Data yo kuvhanganyiwaho kanzhi ndi yo sedzaho ndeme (ya tshivhalo na khethekanyo) ngeno muṱoḓisisi o shumisa menyu wa tshivhalo tsha zwithu u nweledza data na menyu wa thebulu dzi leluwaho kha Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) vesheni ya vhu 25. U itela thebulu dzi leluwaho, muṱoḓisisi o shumisa ndingo dza Chi-square (χ2) u ela tshikalo tsha nyelelano vhukati ha zwithu zwivhili zwo fhambanaho. Arali ndeme ya p i ṱhukhu kha 0.05, hu na u elana hu hulwane vhukati ha zwithu zwi vhambedzwaho – zwithu izwi zwi dovha zwa ṱalutshedzana. Ṱhoḓisiso yo wana uri zwiṱaluli zwa ikonomi na matshilisano sa mbuelo ya ṅwedzi, tshiimo mushumoni, mbeu, ḽeveḽe ya pfunzo ya ṱhoho ya muḓi, tshivhalo tsha vhathu vha shumaho muṱani, mbadelo dza fulufulu na mushumo une muthu a u shuma zwi na mushumo muhulwane kha zwithu zwi ṱuṱuwedzaho u shumiswa ha khuni. Nga ṅwambo wa zwithu izwi, khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa sa tshiko tshihulwane tsha fulufulu kha miḓi minzhi u swikelela ṱhoḓea dzavho dza hayani dza u bika na u wana u dudedza – naho vhunzhi havho vhe kha muḓagasi. Nṱhani ha izwo, u sa vha na pfunzo ya vhupo, nḓisedzo ya muḓagasi ine ya dzula i tshi shanduka na maga a kutshilele a konḓaho ane a vhanga vhushai ho andaho kha vhupo ha mahayani zwi vhanga u shumiseswa ha khuni miḓini. Ngudo dzo sumbedzisa themendelo kha maga a u lulamisa ane a nga shumiswa u fhungudza u shumiseswa ha khuni. Themendelo idzi dzi katela u ṱuṱuwedza tshumiso ya mafulufulu ḽo vusuludzwaho na thekhinoḽodzhi dza fulufulu dza musalauno sa bayogese na fulufulu ḽa masana a ḓuvha, kathihi na zwiṱofu zwa u bika zwo khwiniswaho u thusa u fhungudza u tambiseswa ha zwiko zwa mupo na u thivhela tshikafhadzo ya muya nga ngomu zwine zwa vhanga vhulwadze ha mbilu na dzimpfu. Hu na ṱhoḓea ya u ita mafulo a zwa vhupo. Ndi nga kha pfunzo hune kuvhonele kwa vhathu, kusedzele kwa zwithu na vhuḓifari havho maelana na kushumiselwe kwa khuni zwa nga shandukiswa. U bveledzwa ha mveledziso i sa nyeṱhi nga kha ndango ya khaṋo na u ṱavhiwa ha miri zwi nga fhungudza vhukuma u fhela ha maḓaka, u lozwiwa ha mutshatshame wa zwi tshilaho, u konḓa ha khuni na mukumbululo wa mavu. / Dikgong tša go bešwa di tšwela pele go ba methopo o bohlokwa wa enetši gareng ga bontši bja malapa a dinagamagaeng ka lebaka la ge di hwetšagala le go se ture ga tšona ge di bapetšwa le mekgwa ye mengwe ya enetši. Tekano ye e ka bago batho ba dimilione tše 17 ka Afrika Borwa ba dula mafelong a magaeng fao dikgong di ka kgonago go rengwa gabonolo le ka tokologo ke malapa a, fao e lego gore 80% ya palomoka ya dibešwa tšeo di šomišwago ka gae di hwetšwago go dikgong. Lebelo leo ka lona dikgong di hwetšago ka lona gore di tle di bešwe – leo le mpefatšwago ke go gola ga setšhaba, temo le go oketšega ga madulo a batho – le tliša ditlhohlo tše kgolo tlhabollong ya setšhaba. Go rema dikgong go fetišiša go ka feletša ka go hlaelela ga tšona, tahlegelo ya phedišano ya diphedi tša mehutahuta, go rema mehlare ka fao go fetišišago le kgogolego ya mobu. Dinyakišišo tše di ikemišeditše go sekaseka mabaka ao a huetšago go šomišwa ga dikgong ka malapeng ka Masepaleng wa Selegae wa Thulamela. Dinyakišišo tše di šomišitše mekgwa ya dinyakišišo ye e hlakantšwego, ye e lego wa dinyakišišo tša bontši le wa dinyakišišo tša boleng. Dipotšišonyakišišo tšeo di beakantšwego ka seripa tše di nago le bobedi dipotšišo tša di nago le dikgetho le dipotšišo tšeo di nyakago gore motho a fe maikutlo a gagwe di šomišitšwe go kgoboketša tshedimošo ka malapeng. Tshedimošo ye e kgobokeditšwego e bile kudu tshedimošo ya boleng (ya dipalo le ya go hlophiwa) gomme monyakišiši o šomišitše menyu wa bokgafetšakgafetša go dira kakaretšo ya tshedimošo le go menyu wa go bea dilo ka dintlha ka Sehlopheng sa Dipalopalo sa Bašomi ba tša Mahlale a Leago (SPSS) bešene ya 25. Go bea dilo ka dintlha, monyakišiši o šomišitše teko ya Chi-square (χ2) go ela bogolo bja kamano magareng ga diphapano tše pedi tša magoro. Ge p-value e le ye nnyane go 0.05, go na le kamano ye bohlokwa magareng ga diphapano – ke gore, diphapano di a hlalošana. Dinyakišišo di hweditše gore dipharologantši tša ekonomi ya setšhaba tša go swana le letseno la kgwedi ka kgwedi, maemo a mošomo, bong, maemo a thuto a hlogo ya lapa, palao ya maloko a ka lapeng ao a šomago, tšhomišo ya tšhelete go enetši le mohuta wa mošomo di raloka tema ye bohlokwa ka mabakeng ao a huetšago go šomišwa ga dikgong. Ka lebaka la mabaka a, enetši ya dikgong e sa šomišwa bjalo ka methopo o bohlokwa wa enetši ke malapa a mantši ka nepo ya go fihlelela dinyakwa tša bona tša ka gae tša go apea le go ruthufatša dintlo – go sa kgathale gore bontši bja tšona ke tša mohlagase. Godimo ga fao, tlhokego ya thuto ya mabapi le tikologo, kabo ya mohlagase ye e sa tshepišego le maemo a bophelo ao a hlobaetšago ao a hlohleletšago bohloki ka dinagamagaeng di tsenya letsogo go tšhomišo ya dikgong go fetišiša ka malapeng. Dinyakišišo di hlagiša ditšhišinyo tša mabapi le go fokotša tšhomišo ya dikgong go fetišiša. Ditšhišinyo tše di akaretšwa go hlohleletša tšhomišo ya mohlagase wa go dirišwa leswa le ditheknolotši tša enetši tša sebjalebjale tša go swana le gase ya tlhago le mohlagse wa sola, gotee le ditofo tša go apea tšeo di kaonafaditšwego ka nepo ya go fokotša go šomiša kudu methopo ya tlhago le go thibela tšhilafatšo ya moya ya ka dintlong e lego seo se amantšhwago le bolwetši bja pelo le mahu. Gape go na le tlhokego ya go tliša temošo ya tša tikologo. Ke ka go diriša thuto fao e lego gore maikutlo a batho, ditebelelo le maitshwaro a bona mabapi le ditiro tša tšhomišo ya dikgong a tlago fetošwa. Tšwetšopele ya tlhabollo ya go ya go iule ka taolo ya go rema dikgong le go bjala mehlare fao go ka fokotšago go rengwa ga mehlare, tahlegelo ya mehutahuta ya diphedi, tlhaelelo ya dikgong le kgogolego ya mobu. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environment Management)