This study is a comparative study of government ethics documents in Sweden and Denmark. It explores how the role of civil servants and their relationship with politicians are described in the ethical documents of both countries. The study aims to identify and analyze the types of civil servants emerging from these documents, their loyalties, and their political and administrative autonomy. The thesis employs a qualitative content analysis method to examine the documents, considering the differences in administrative traditions and political-administrative institutions in the two Nordic countries. The study contributes to understanding the public administration and ethics within the specific contexts of Sweden and Denmark.

This study aims to understand the Kenyan cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus success at representing women substantively despite ethnic division. The Kenyan case highlights a paradox: the cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus is successful in a country where politics is shaped by ethnic division, which contradicts existing theories suggesting that the many layers of identity politics would make it difficult for the members to cooperate on a common women’s agenda. The material was collected during ten weeks in Nairobi through interviews with women MPs within the caucus and through observation of meetings, events, and the daily work of the caucus. The findings suggest that women’s issues are perceived as non-political, and non-controversial, which makes it possible for the members to cooperate on a common women’s agenda. Kenya seems to be in an initial stage of gender mainstreaming where the caucus’s members cooperate on women’s fundamental rights, on which they can all agree. It is reasonable to believe that the political parties will develop ideological differences concerning women’s issues as Kenya achieves a certain level of gender equality. The cross-party parliamentary women’s caucus will, according to the findings, be essential to improve the substantive representation of women in the Parliament.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Lyana Frota Aragao.pdf: 1416101 bytes, checksum: 8cfec24120e37f0b07d2ba19145c4618 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / This research seeks to understand the meaning assigned subjectively to the material wealth in two generations of parents and children in the family business and to investigate the value assigned to construction and enjoyment of this wealth, including the transmission of attitudes towards heritage and how different generation deal with money. Twenty family business members, ten members of the first generation and ten members of the second generation, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview. It was observed that both generations converge as the rise of heritage as a result of years of pioneering vision and the workforce of the founders; agree that this wealth should be used prudently. For both generations there is need for constant investment in the enterprise so that this financial resource extends and there is the hope that the quality of life, comfort and education remain. The need for professionalization is another commonality between generations. The meaning of wealth for each of the generations differ in some points: the founders tend to use the assets more sparingly targeting wellness and comfort, and the heirs express wishes and audacious expectations, as have some assets, seek personal and professional development and wish to own other trades so as not to depend on the family business. It became apparent the transmission of attitudes, such as the behavior of limiting access to wealth from one generation to another, reinforcing the value of the conquest of goods for own merits. We notice that the founders have expectations that their children take the business but, at the same time, demonstrate fear of loss of power that can lead this movement. Charges and mandates permeate some discourses through which one can infer the existence of paternal and complex power struggles in relationships. Parents identify with the figure of guiding, while the children feel the duty to continue the business and guarantee its expansion, being loyal to family expectations; however, at the same time, there is the desire not to get stuck to family mandates, seeking a space of autonomy and independence, in the family business or outside of it / Esta pesquisa busca compreender o sentido atribuído subjetivamente à riqueza material em duas gerações de pais e filhos na empresa familiar e investigar o valor atribuído à construção e ao usufruto dessa riqueza, compreendendo a transmissão de atitudes em relação ao patrimônio bem como a forma como as diferentes gerações lidam com o dinheiro. Foram entrevistados vinte membros de empresas familiares, sendo dez da primeira geração e dez da segunda, por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Foi observado que ambas as gerações convergem quanto à ascensão do patrimônio como decorrência de anos da visão pioneira e da força de trabalho dos fundadores; concordam que essa riqueza deve ser utilizada de forma prudente. Para ambas gerações há necessidade de constante investimentos na própria empresa de forma que este recurso financeiro se estenda e há o desejo de que a qualidade de vida, o conforto e a educação permaneçam. A necessidade de profissionalização é mais um ponto em comum entre as gerações. O significado da riqueza para cada uma das gerações diferem em alguns pontos: os fundadores tendem a usufruir do patrimônio de forma mais comedida almejando bem-estar e conforto, e os herdeiros expressam vontades e expectativas audaciosas, como possuir alguns bens, buscar o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional e possuir outros negócios de forma a não depender do negócio da família. Evidenciou-se transmissão de atitudes, como o comportamento de limitar o acesso à riqueza de uma geração para outra, reforçando o valor da conquista de bens por méritos próprios. Nota-se que os fundadores têm expectativas de que os filhos assumam os negócios, mas, ao mesmo tempo, demonstram receio da perda de poder que esse movimento pode ocasionar. Cobranças e mandatos permeiam alguns discursos, por meio dos quais se pode inferir a existência de complexos familiares e conflitos de poder nas relações. Os pais identificam-se com a figura de orientador, enquanto os filhos sentem o dever de dar continuidade ao negócio e de garantir sua expansão, sendo leais às expectativas familiares; porém, ao mesmo tempo, expressam o desejo de não se ficar preso aos mandatos familiares, buscando-se um espaço de autonomia e de independência, no negócio da família ou fora dele

Taking as its subject the Russo-Ottoman borderland during the period between the Treaty of Berlin (1878) and the start of the First World War (1914), and making extensive use of Ottoman archival documents covering this period, this thesis focuses on the ways in which the Ottoman state attempted to establish two types of boundary in order to ensure sovereignty over its territory. Firstly, there was a new geo-political border, the line dividing the Russian and Ottoman Empires at the juncture of north-eastern Anatolia and the southern Caucasus, created by the Treaty of Berlin. Secondly, there was what can be called a citizenship boundary, shaped by various laws and regulations defining the Ottoman citizenry. The main issues examined in respect of the first boundary are various types of human movement across this border and their control by the Ottoman state. Primary concerns regarding the second boundary revolve around the inclusion in and exclusion from the Ottoman citizenship of ethno-religious groups as a result of the Ottoman state's enforcement of the border. Our approach to studying how the citizenship boundary was established is two-fold, reflecting both local and state perspectives. The local perspective shows the actions of the inhabitants and travellers passing through this border region as shaped by their own day-to-day needs, livelihood patterns and pre-existing socio-economic relations; these resisted limitation by the logic of the sovereign state. The state perspective reflects the Ottoman view of Russia as the main threat to its border territories; this view led the Ottoman central authorities to perceive the entanglements and overlapping positions of its subjects in and with Russia as the cause of their ambiguous loyalties to the Ottoman state. In focusing on the specific policies and practices that the Ottoman state applied in order to deal with this ambiguity, two groups of people, Muslims and Armenians, are singled out. Notwithstanding the all-embracing state laws and discourse of legal equality, Ottoman border policy in respect of its Muslim subjects is shown to have differed greatly from that designed for its Armenian subjects. Therefore, the thesis offers a nuanced framework with which to understand Ottoman citizenship in the Russo-Ottoman border context, by revealing the normative and practical measures the Ottoman state employed to classify its Muslim and Armenian populations, thereby differentiating their status as subjects. This thesis - the first English-language work on the Russo-Ottoman border region during the late nineteenth century and pre-WWI period- offers a range of original insights into this borderland in particular and related issues more generally. It unfolds the details of everyday life and represents the local people as active agents - active, moreover, in relation both to the changing nature and effectiveness of the state's assertion of territorial authority and also to the differences between the two empires' policies and practices. Overall, the thesis focuses on the end-of-empire border politics and the issue of Ottoman citizenship not only from the perspective of macro-level political developments and central state power but also in terms of the peripheral specificities of administration and the movements and subjecthood choices of villagers. Thus, this thesis presents a new type of multi-faceted account of borderland development in which ethno-religious considerations came to inform a somewhat messy production of sovereignty in the context of the modernizing transition between empire and nation-state.

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La investigación explora las creencias y lealtades familiares en la construcción del proyecto de vida profesional adolescente. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa de diseño fenomenológico, en donde se utilizó dos instrumentos: la entrevista semi estructurada y el genograma. Se trabajó con 10 adolescentes de 16 años, pertenecientes al último año escolar. Los resultados se analizaron en base a una teoría sistémica, la cual permitió identificar que el sistema familiar deposita en los miembros de la última generación las creencias y expectativas que debe cumplir en su proyecto de vida profesional. Por ende, se evidenció que los adolescentes pueden formar su proyecto profesional, de acuerdo a los deseos familiares, en lugar de gestionar un proyecto individual centrado en sus objetivos personales. Estos hallazgos brindaron información sobre el papel que desarrolla la familia en el proyecto adolescente y cómo su intervención puede mediar su proceso de diferenciación. / The research explores family beliefs and loyalties in the construction of the adolescent professional life project. A qualitative methodology of phenomenological design was used, where two instruments were used: the semi-structured interview and the genogram. We worked with 10 16-year-old adolescents, belonging to the last school year. The results were analyzed based on a systemic theory, which made it possible to identify that the family system places in the members of the last generation the beliefs and expectations that they must fulfill in their professional life project. Therefore, it was evidenced that adolescents can form their professional project, according to family desires, instead of managing an individual project focused on their personal goals. These findings provided information about the role that the family played in the adolescent project and how their intervention can mediate their differentiation process. / Tesis