Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia para a determinação de metais (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Pb), em óleos lubrificantes e estes quantificados pela técnica de espectrometria de emissão optica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS). As amostras de óleo usadas foram coletadas em oficina de troca de óleo, variando-se a quilometragem, ano, marca do carro e a marca do óleo, com o preenchimento de formulários contendo as informações necessárias à pesquisa. A preparação de amostras foi realizada com o depósito ds mesmas em substrato de papel e sequente otimização dos parâmetros instrumentais. Para a calibração, foi utilizado o padrão de óleo S-21 multielementar da Conostan (SCP Science, Champlain, NY). Para a avaliação da exatidão do método desenvolvido foi utilizado o padrão de óleos lubrificantes (SRM 1084a) obtidos junto ao Instituto Nacional de Padrões e Tecnologia (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD). O método proposto apresentou as seguintes vantagens quando comparado com métodos de análise tradicionais (espectrometria de absorção atômica ou espectrometria de emissão optica acoplado ao plasma indutivo com diluição da amostra): mais rápida, sem desgaste do equipamento (em função da não introdução de solvente), geração de resíduo praticamente nula e menor consumo de reagentes. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado em amostras reais e o tratamento de dados realizado por análise estatística (equação de Stuarges, teste não paramétrico de Kruskalwallis). / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Le problème du réchauffement climatique actuel conduit au renforcement des règlementations environnementales. Ainsi, le domaine du génie climatique est affecté par ces évolutions réglementaires, ce qui impose le passage à une nouvelle génération de réfrigérants à plus bas impact environnemental. Dans cette thèse, ce sujet est étudié dans le cas des groupes refroidisseurs d’eau utilisant le R-410A qui est visé par la réglementation. Mais, résoudre ce problème ne s’arrête pas au simple changement du réfrigérant par un autre à plus bas GWP ; il faut que la transition soit accompagnée par une amélioration ou un maintien de la puissance frigorifique et de la performance énergétique du système par crainte d’avoir un effet environnemental inverse parce que la consommation énergétique représente un plus grand effet sur l’impact environnemental que celui du GWP du réfrigérant.Une revue de la littérature et des tests expérimentaux réalisés en remplaçant le R-410A montrent que les réfrigérants présents sur le marché et proposés par les fabricants pour remplacer le R-410A ne permettent pas d’avoir les améliorations souhaitées. Parmi ces substituants le R-32 est le plus utilisé et semble être prometteur mais avec une réduction du COP et des températures de refoulement du compresseur très élevées. Ainsi, la solution de la compression refroidie par injection d’huile de lubrification au niveau du compresseur est étudiée et modélisée. Le modèle théorique montre qu’elle permet de refroidir la compression et de réduire la consommation du compresseur à condition d’avoir des gouttes d’huile très fines avec un débit et une température de l’huile injectée contrôlables.Pour appliquer cette solution, un système d’atomisation de l’huile est conçu et testé ; les résultats montrent qu’il estpossible de créer un spray de gouttes très fines pour des pressions d’injection de l’ordre de la différence entre la haute et labasse pression du groupe refroidisseur d’eau. La compression refroidie est testée en connectant le système d’atomisationde l’huile au groupe refroidisseur d’eau. Une réduction de la température de refoulement du compresseur et de lapuissance consommée par le compresseur est mesurée, mais elle est plus faible que la réduction prévue théoriquement. Enintégrant une augmentation du diamètre des gouttes durant la compression dans le modèle théorique, les résultats de la simulation sont proches des résultats expérimentaux. / Current global warming problem leads to more stringent environmental standards. Thus the HVAC field is affected by these standard changes, which requires the transition to a new generation of refrigerants with lower environmental impact. In this thesis, this aspect is studied in the case of water chillers using R-410A that is subject to substitution due to new standards. But solving this problem doesn’t stop at mere refrigerant change by another with lower GWP. It is necessary that improvement or maintain of cooling capacity and energy efficiency of the system accompanies this transition by fear of having a reverse effect because global energy consumption represents a greater effect on the environmental impact than refrigerant GWP.A review of literature and experimental tests carried out by replacing R-410A show that refrigerants used in the market and offered by manufacturers to replace R-410A don’t allow the desired improvements. Among these substituents, R-32 is the most used and seems promising, but it causes a decrease of COP and very high compressor discharge temperatures. Thus, the solution of cooled compression by injection of lubricating oil in the compressor is studied and modeled. The theoretical model shows that this solution helps cooling the compression and reduces compressor power consumption provided that injection is characterized by very fine drops of oil with controllable flowrate and oil temperature.To implement this solution, an oil atomization system is designed and tested, the results show that it is possible to create a spray of very fine droplets for injection pressures of the order of the difference between the high and low pressures of the water chiller. Cooled compression is then tested by connecting the oil atomization system to the water chiller. Reductions of compressor discharge temperature and of compressor power consumption are measured, but measured reductions are lower than the theoretical expected reductions. By integrating an increased droplet

A incorporação de óleos vegetais no desenvolvimento de formulações elastoméricas para bandas de rodagem tem sido umas das alternativas para reduzir o uso de óleos com alto teor de policíclicos aromáticos. Muitas pesquisas propõem a substituição do óleo aromático por óleos vegetais extraídos da palma e da soja, além disso, outros estudos sugerem que óleos vegetais apresentam características reativas capazes de promover a ativação em reações de vulcanização. Neste trabalho, o óleo de soja vegetal foi investigado como lubrificante/plastificante e também como co-ativadores em compostos de borracha natural vulcanizados por enxofre, no estado natural e quimicamente modificados, através da epoxidação do próprio óleo de soja. A caracterização do óleo de soja natural e epoxidado foi realizado através de análise de Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Próton (RMN-1H). Uma formulação padrão foi utilizada e partir dela outras 5 misturas foram realizadas com o objetivo de substituir o óleo aromático e o ácido esteárico pelas amostras de óleo vegetal, uma amostra branco, sem o sistema de ativação convencional, também foi preparada. As composições foram processadas em misturador fechado, tipo banbury, e após, a homogeneização foi completada em cilindro. As propriedades de cura foram avaliadas em um reômetro de disco oscilatório, e as características não vulcanizadas por um viscosímetro Mooney e um analisador de processamento de borracha (RPA). As propriedades físico-mecânicas foram avaliadas através dos ensaios de dureza, densidade, resistência à tração e ao rasgamento e abrasão, além da densidade de ligações cruzadas. A análise de FTIR confirmou uma estrutura típica de um éster derivado do óleo de soja e o aparecimento de bandas que indicaram a presença de grupos epóxi para o óleos epoxidado. As propriedades físico-mecânicas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quando o óleo de soja vegetal foi utilizado como lubrificante/plastificante podendo ser um substituto aos óleos aromáticos, garantindo dessa forma, a redução de policíclicos aromáticos. A avaliação da amostra branco indicou a necessidade de ativadores para a reação de vulcanização, visto que apresentou propriedades inferiores quando comparadas ao padrão, provavelmente causado pela formação ineficiente de ligações cruzadas. O efeito do óleo vegetal como co-ativador pode ser verificada, contudo a reação de epoxidação, mesmo promovendo melhor dispersão, prejudicou a formação de ligações cruzadas quando comparado com o padrão, provocando baixas propriedades mecânicas. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / The incorporation of vegetable oils into the development of tread rubber formulation has been one of the alternatives to reduce the use of oil with high contents of aromatic polycyclics. Many studies suggest the substitution of aromatic oil by vegetable oil extracted from palm and soybean, and other studies propose that vegetable oils have reactive characteristics capable of promoting activation in vulcanization reaction. In this work, vegetable soybean oil was investigated as a lubricant / plasticizer and also as co-activators in natural rubber compounds vulcanized by sulfur, in natural state and chemically modified, through the epoxidation of soybean. The characterization of the natural and epoxidized soybean oil was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with Protons (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. A standard formulation was used and from the other 5 mixtures were made with aim of replacing the aromatic oil and the stearic acid with the vegetable oil samples, a white sample, without the System was also prepared. The compositions were processed in a closed Banbury mixer and after the homogenization was performed in a cylinder. The curing properties were evaluated on an oscillatory disk rheometer, and the non-vulcanized characteristics by a Mooney viscometer and a rubber processing analyzer (RPA). The physical-mechanical properties were evaluated through the tests of hardness, density, tensile strength and tear and abrasion, as well as crosslink density. FTIR analysis confirmed a typical structure of an ester derived from soybean oil and the appearance of bands indicating the presence of epoxy groups. The physico-mechanical properties presented satisfactory results when the vegetable soybean oil was used as a lubricant / plasticizer and could be a substitute for the aromatic oils, thus guaranteeing the reduction of aromatic polycyclics. The evaluation of the white sample indicated the need for activators for the vulcanization reaction, since it presented inferior properties when compared to the standard, probably caused by the inefficient formation of cross-links. The effect of vegetable oil as a co-activator can be verified, even promoting better dispersion, detrimental has hampered the formation of cross-links when compared to the standard causing low mechanical properties.

Content of this thesis is design of one-housing condensing steam turbine with two uncontrolled extractions. First part is describing design of balance scheme. Including cycle joints calculation, design of equipment for whole steam and condense cycle. Thesis continues with preliminary and detail design of regulativ stage. Main goal of this part is thermodynamic calculation of flow channel. Second part is describing lubricating oil and cooling system. Contains process description of lubricating oil scheme including calculation, specification of components and pipe branches design. Diploma thesis is finished with detail lubricating oil scheme.

This master’s thesis describes mechanism of lubricating film forming and its thickness in contact of a metal hip joint ball and a glass disc with chromium layer with presence of bovine serum as substitute of synovial fluid occured in a natural joint. Lubricating film thickness is evaluated by a thin film colorimetric interferometry, results are ploted at graphs representing dependence of lubricating film thickness on experiment duration or on mutual speed of articulating surfaces. There is described the influence of concentration of bovine serum and different kinematic conditions on lubricating film forming. From observed interferograms is apparent the adsorption of proteins to glass disc and femoral head surfaces, denaturation and formation of protein aggregations affecting the residual lubricating film thickness.

This work analyzes problems of friction and lubrication of total hip replacement (THR). At first, experimental study of friction coefficient under various conditions was conducted using hip joint simulator based on principle of pendulum. After that, lubrication film development was observed, using colorimetric interferometry with head from THR and glass cup with respect of geometry and clearance to cups made originally for THR. With respect to research study [25] it was found that increasing contact conformity leads to increased film thickness. Also protein adsorption on articulating surfaces was observed. Thanks to adsorption 80 nm film thickness was measured even if relative surface speed was zero. Furthermore protein aggregation was observed on the border of contact zone, similar aggregations were observed by Myant et al. [29] or Vrbka et al. [25]. These aggregations are formed when lubricant is under shear stress and it can positively affect film thickness. If the relative motion of articulating surfaces is not sufficient, the protein layer can`t be refreshed enough and film thickness start decreasing. Coefficient of friction 0,13 was measured when lubricating film development was observed. Close to this value are material combinations metal on polyethylene and metal on metal.

The purpose of the project work was to build knowledge of the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating laser cladding, with and without external solid lubricant during conditions relevant for hot metal forming of aluminium. The materials used during the project were plates coated with a Ni-based self-lubricating clad and a reference sample of work tool steel. The self-lubricating laser clad was applied using a high power direct diode laser. The external solid lubricant used was a graphite dispersion. The external solid lubricant was applied on the samples using a spraying technique, leaving a dry layer of solid graphite on the plates. To test the tribological behaviour of the plates, linear reciprocating friction and wear tests were performed both under lubricated and dry conditions. During the dry tests, different surface roughness of the plates where investigated. The pins for the tribological test were made of AA7075. Parameters chosen for the tribological tests were based on conditions during hot forming of aluminium. After having taken images of the plates using scanning electron microscopy, and using a 3D optical profiler, the wear volume and material transfer was evaluated, and wear mechanism analysis was performed.   The tribological behaviour of polished Ni-based laser clad under dry conditions is comparable to that of the reference sample at its best performance. Using a mirror polished Ni-based laser clad under dry condition can be an option to not using external solid lubricant during hot forming of aluminium. Also, the surface roughness of the self-lubricating clad under dry conditions does not affect the coefficient of friction.

The correlation between concrete rheological parameters and its pumping behavior under consideration of the so-called lubricating layer has been investigated for decades. In this thesis, flow-induced particle migration (FIPM) was studied in-depth, as the main underlying mechanism for the formation of the lubricating layer. Conventionally vibrated and self-compacting concretes were chosen as the target mixtures. Furthermore, cementitious model concretes, containing colored glass beads, were proposed to obtain further insights into the FIPM and its impact on pumping. The mixtures were differentiating with regard to particle volume fractions, mortars composition, maximum particle size and particle size distributions. In the experiments, various established methods were used to characterize the rheological properties and the pumping behavior of the concretes. New methodologies for estimating the thickness of the lubricating layer and the particle distribution in pumped cross-sections were proposed as well. The rheological properties and pumping behavior of real and model concretes were in agreement with the state-of-the-art literature. Based on the radial particle distributions, it was illustrated that the particle migration intensifies by increasing the particle size and decreasing the total volume fraction of solid particles. Furthermore, in highly-concentrated poly-dispersed model concretes, the particle concentration curves consist of a sudden jump close to the pipe wall and a relatively uniform distribution in the inner zone of the pipe. In these cases, the influence of FIPM on overall flow behavior cannot be neglected. Moreover, it was shown that the lubricating layer thickness is not constant for all concrete mixtures. For poly-dispersed suspensions, the shear-induced particle migration (SIPM) has a stronger impact than the wall for forming the lubricating layer. Finally, it was concluded that a solid-liquid threshold of 1 to 2 mm is a reliable choice when investigating concrete pipe flow. The faster the concrete is pumped or the lower the yield stress of the constitutive mortar is, the smaller is the solid-liquid threshold. Based on the experimental findings, a first-order physical correlation between pumping parameters (pressure and discharge rate), particle properties (volume fraction and packing properties) and lubricating layer properties (thickness and viscosity) was proposed. Accordingly, for a simple flow topology with a shearing lubricating layer and an extruding yield stress concrete, the lubricating layer thickness was computed from the competition between shear-induced fluxes of particles. In agreement with the driving equations of SIPM, it was assumed that the first flux correlates with the internal stress gradient in the plug concrete whereas the counteracting particle flux correlates with the shear rate in the lubricating layer. The model was validated for two flow types, pipe flow in the Sliper and Couette flow in a co-axial tribometer. The proposed model can capture the observed main features and their evolutions despite the absence of any fitting parameters.

Research work performed on an axial piston pump is shown in a holistic manner, analyzing each lubricating interface by linking their gap height and temperature behavior to the overall pump efficiency. The temperature field and dynamic fluid film height were measured in two of the three lubricating interfaces. This is the first time that the temperature fields and gap heights were simultaneously measured in two of the main three interfaces of an axial piston machine. For a deeper analysis of the measurement data, all gaps were simulated with a numerical tool which takes solid body deformation due to temperature and pressure loads into account. This unique combination of both extensive measurement data and sophisticated simulation resulted in novel trends that clarify the complex phenomena occurring in these hydrostatic fluid films.

[pt] Dentre os aditivos empregados nas formulações de óleos lubrificantes, cabe destacar os de natureza polimérica, utilizados como melhoradores de viscosidade. Atualmente, testes complexos e de alto custo são empregados para avaliação de novos componentes nos óleos lubrificantes. Portanto, análises preliminares para estudo e caracterização de aditivos são de extrema relevância. Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar diferentes polímeros, utilizados como modificadores de viscosidade, empregando métodos de análise térmica e reológica, e ainda avaliar o impacto destes aditivos em bases lubrificantes. Os resultados encontrados permitem avaliar o comportamento das borrachas poliméricas frente à degradação térmica, influenciada pelo processo de polimerização e estrutura química, e frente ao seu comportamento reológico mostrando ser uma metodologia eficiente para diferenciação destes materiais. As bases lubrificantes avaliadas mostraram um comportamento de fluido newtoniano clássico e quando os polímeros modificadores foram adicionados, em determinadas concentrações, observou-se uma alteração deste comportamento de fluido. As análises e técnicas empregadas permitiram avaliar o impacto no comportamento reológico dos óleos básicos bem como das soluções preparadas com diferentes concentrações de polímeros. Foi possível concluir que os aditivos poliméricos empregados em bases lubrificantes são capazes de alterar o comportamento térmico e reológico das bases lubrificantes estudadas. As metodologias empregadas se mostraram eficientes para avaliação preliminar destes polímeros e das bases lubrificantes contendo estes aditivos. / [en] The most important additives used in lubricant formulas are polymeric in nature, which play an important role in the performance of the fluid and act as a viscosity modifier. Due to the fact that lubricants with lower viscosities are higher in demand, the viscosity modifier function has become increasingly important and differential in lubricant formulas. In order to develop new components of technology for lubricants, complex tests, which are high in cost, are necessary. Therefore, preliminary analyses of new studies and the characterization of new data are extremely relevant and important for the customization of the process and timing. The intention is to characterize polymers available on the market as viscosity modifiers using thermal and rheological methodologies, as well as to have a better understanding of the influence of these additives on base oils used in lubricants. The results showed the polymers behaviors on thermal degradation, which are influenced by the polymerization process as well as chemical structure. Rheological analyses demonstrated to be an efficient methodology for the differentiation of these materials. Base oil study results showed the Newtonian fluid behavior and this was modified when substantial amount of polymers were added. The rheological and thermal behaviors of base oils as well as solutions with polymers in different treatment rates were realized by the analyses and techniques executed. For the preliminary evaluations of polymer additives and base oils with them, the methodologies used in this study proved to be efficient.