O presente trabalho discute o comportamento tribológico do politetrafluoretileno (PTFE), polímero amplamente utilizado na indústria em inúmeras aplicações tribológicas sem lubrificação, de onde se pode destacar sua utilização em mancais de deslizamento. Fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica buscando entender quais os principais parâmetros que influenciam o atrito cinético e os mecanismos que operam em polímeros. Foram realizados, ensaios de longa duração, em uma máquina de atrito cinético, desenvolvida e construída no Laboratório de Superfícies e Contato (LASC) da UTFPR, na qual uma bucha polimérica desliza, sem lubrificação, sobre um eixo metálico. Esta condição simula a aplicação real do PTFE como mancal de deslizamento. Tais procedimentos experimentais são fundamentais para a completa análise das características e do desempenho dos materiais poliméricos em aplicações tribológicas, que normalmente se mostram de maneira complexa. Nos ensaios observou-se que os parâmetros de coeficiente de atrito cinético e de temperatura estabilizam após 80 minutos. Sendo que o primeiro parâmetro diminuiu com incrementos de carregamento normal. Já a temperatura manteve proporcionalidade com o produto do coeficiente de atrito cinético e da raiz quadrada da força normal aplicada. Realizaram-se análises das superfícies, antes e após ensaios, através de técnicas de Interferometria de luz branca, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, FTIR e DSC. Observou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste que operaram foram: o adesivo e o abrasivo, sendo que houve domínio do primeiro. As superfícies do aço inoxidável tiveram alterações sutis, enquanto as superfícies do PTFE sofreram modificações drásticas. Os valores da taxa de desgaste mássico média do PTFE foi proporcional à raiz quadrada da força normal aplicada e o coeficiente adimensional de desgaste de Archard para o sistema teve aproximação satisfatória com os valores disponíveis na literatura. Verificou-se que as partículas de desgaste geradas se mesclaram formando filmes multicamadas, os quais foram expulsos do contato com a sequência do ensaio. Estes filmes multicamadas apresentam aspecto translúcido, aumento do grau de cristalinidade em relação ao material original e alterações nos espectros de infravermelho. Estas alterações sugerem a ocorrência de substituições de flúor por hidrogênio na estrutura do PTFE durante os ensaios. / This work discusses the tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a polymer widely used in industry for many tribological applications without lubrication, from where you can highlight its use as plain bearings. A literature review was done to understand the main parameters that influence kinetic friction and wear of polymers and the wear mechanisms that operate in these materials. Long tests duration were conducted on a machine of kinetic friction, developed and built at the Laboratory for Surface and Contact (LASC) UTFPR, in which a polymer bushing slides without lubrication on a metal shaft. This condition simulates a real application of PTFE as bearing. These experimental procedures are fundamental to the complete analysis of the characteristics and performance of polymeric materials in tribological applications, which usually show a complex behavior. In the tests was observed that the parameters of kinetic friction coefficient and temperature stabilized after 80 minutes. The first parameter decreased with the normal load and the temperature, in its turn, kept proportional with the product of kinetic coefficient of friction and the square root of the applied normal force. Analyses were performed on the surfaces, before and after tests, using techniques of white light interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and DSC. It was found that the wear mechanisms which operated were: adhesive and abrasive, and the first one was dominant. The stainless steel surfaces had subtle changes, while the PTFE surfaces had drastic changes. The values for the PTFE mass wear rate were proportional to the square root of the applied normal force and the dimensionless coefficient of wear for the system had satisfactory approximation to the values available in the literature. It was found that the wear particles merged in multilayer films. These multilayer films were expelled from contact with the test sequence and exhibit translucent appearance, increasing the degree of crystallinity than the material and changes in the infrared spectra. These changes suggest the substitutions occurrence of fluorine for hydrogen in the structure of PTFE during tests.

O presente trabalho discute o comportamento tribológico do politetrafluoretileno (PTFE), polímero amplamente utilizado na indústria em inúmeras aplicações tribológicas sem lubrificação, de onde se pode destacar sua utilização em mancais de deslizamento. Fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica buscando entender quais os principais parâmetros que influenciam o atrito cinético e os mecanismos que operam em polímeros. Foram realizados, ensaios de longa duração, em uma máquina de atrito cinético, desenvolvida e construída no Laboratório de Superfícies e Contato (LASC) da UTFPR, na qual uma bucha polimérica desliza, sem lubrificação, sobre um eixo metálico. Esta condição simula a aplicação real do PTFE como mancal de deslizamento. Tais procedimentos experimentais são fundamentais para a completa análise das características e do desempenho dos materiais poliméricos em aplicações tribológicas, que normalmente se mostram de maneira complexa. Nos ensaios observou-se que os parâmetros de coeficiente de atrito cinético e de temperatura estabilizam após 80 minutos. Sendo que o primeiro parâmetro diminuiu com incrementos de carregamento normal. Já a temperatura manteve proporcionalidade com o produto do coeficiente de atrito cinético e da raiz quadrada da força normal aplicada. Realizaram-se análises das superfícies, antes e após ensaios, através de técnicas de Interferometria de luz branca, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, FTIR e DSC. Observou-se que os mecanismos de desgaste que operaram foram: o adesivo e o abrasivo, sendo que houve domínio do primeiro. As superfícies do aço inoxidável tiveram alterações sutis, enquanto as superfícies do PTFE sofreram modificações drásticas. Os valores da taxa de desgaste mássico média do PTFE foi proporcional à raiz quadrada da força normal aplicada e o coeficiente adimensional de desgaste de Archard para o sistema teve aproximação satisfatória com os valores disponíveis na literatura. Verificou-se que as partículas de desgaste geradas se mesclaram formando filmes multicamadas, os quais foram expulsos do contato com a sequência do ensaio. Estes filmes multicamadas apresentam aspecto translúcido, aumento do grau de cristalinidade em relação ao material original e alterações nos espectros de infravermelho. Estas alterações sugerem a ocorrência de substituições de flúor por hidrogênio na estrutura do PTFE durante os ensaios. / This work discusses the tribological behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a polymer widely used in industry for many tribological applications without lubrication, from where you can highlight its use as plain bearings. A literature review was done to understand the main parameters that influence kinetic friction and wear of polymers and the wear mechanisms that operate in these materials. Long tests duration were conducted on a machine of kinetic friction, developed and built at the Laboratory for Surface and Contact (LASC) UTFPR, in which a polymer bushing slides without lubrication on a metal shaft. This condition simulates a real application of PTFE as bearing. These experimental procedures are fundamental to the complete analysis of the characteristics and performance of polymeric materials in tribological applications, which usually show a complex behavior. In the tests was observed that the parameters of kinetic friction coefficient and temperature stabilized after 80 minutes. The first parameter decreased with the normal load and the temperature, in its turn, kept proportional with the product of kinetic coefficient of friction and the square root of the applied normal force. Analyses were performed on the surfaces, before and after tests, using techniques of white light interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and DSC. It was found that the wear mechanisms which operated were: adhesive and abrasive, and the first one was dominant. The stainless steel surfaces had subtle changes, while the PTFE surfaces had drastic changes. The values for the PTFE mass wear rate were proportional to the square root of the applied normal force and the dimensionless coefficient of wear for the system had satisfactory approximation to the values available in the literature. It was found that the wear particles merged in multilayer films. These multilayer films were expelled from contact with the test sequence and exhibit translucent appearance, increasing the degree of crystallinity than the material and changes in the infrared spectra. These changes suggest the substitutions occurrence of fluorine for hydrogen in the structure of PTFE during tests.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinalvaFT_DISSERT.pdf: 2645446 bytes, checksum: d4a95fdf4bdc8c40f2876e653a2bb39f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / Currently, vegetable oils have been studied for bio-lubricants base that fits the new environmental standards. Since, in a world full of finite natural resources, mineral oils bring consequences to the environment due to its low biodegradability and toxicity, also it is important to consider that synthetic oils have a high cost The aim of this work is to obtain a biolubricant additived with oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and CuO) for better resistance to friction and wear, which is not toxic to the environment and have better adherence under boundary lubrication. The methodology consisted in the synthesis of bio-lubricants (soybean and sunflower base) by epoxidation reaction. Then, some physical-chemical analysis in bio-lubricants are made to characterize theses lubricants, such as, density, acidity, iodine value, viscosity, viscosity index. Later, the lubricants were additive with nanoparticles. The tribological performance was evaluated by the equipment HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) consisting of a wear test ball-plan type. The characterization of wear analysis was performed by SEM / EDS. The results show that bio-lubricants may be synthesized by reaction of epoxidation with good conversion. Tribological point of view, the epoxidized oils are more effective than lubricant additived with the oxide nanoparticles, they had lower coefficients of friction and better rate of film formation in the study. However, because they are environmentally friendly, bio-lubricants gain the relevant importance in tribological field / Atualmente, os ?leos vegetais tem sido base de estudo para biolubrificantes que se adequem ?s novas normas ambientais. Em um mundo cheio de recursos naturais finitos, os ?leos minerais, provenientes do petr?leo, trazem consequ?ncias ao meio ambiente devido sua baixa biodegradabilidade e toxicidade. Tamb?m deve-se considerar, os ?leos sint?ticos possuem um alto custo. O objetivo deste trabalho ? obter um biolubrificante aditivado com nanopart?culas de ?xido (ZnO e CuO) para uma melhor resist?ncia ao atrito e desgaste, que seja n?o t?xico ao meio ambiente e possua melhor ader?ncia em regime de lubrifica??o limite. Efetuou-se a s?ntese de biolubrificantes (soja e girassol) por rea??o de epoxida??o. Em seguida fizeram-se an?lises f?sico-qu?micas no biolubrificante para caracterizar os ?leos sintetizados, tais como; densidade, acidez, ?ndice de iodo, viscosidade, ?ndice de viscosidade. Posteriormente os mesmos foram aditivados com nanopart?culas. O desempenho tribol?gico foi avaliado pelo equipamento HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig), que consiste num ensaio de desgaste do tipo esfera-plano. A caracteriza??o do desgaste foi realizada atrav?s de an?lises de MEV/EDS. Os resultados demostraram que os biolubrificantes podem ser sintetizados por rea??o de epoxida??o, com boa convers?o. Do ponto de vista tribol?gico, os ?leos epoxidados puros s?o mais eficazes que os aditivados com nanopart?culas de ?xido, apresentaram menores coeficientes de atritos e melhor percentual de forma??o de filme neste estudo. Por?m, por serem ambientalmente corretos, os biolubrificantes ganham import?ncia relevante no meio tribol?gico

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 simoes_rp_dr_bauru.pdf: 3105631 bytes, checksum: 49bc95b3c3c78388d520425875d9eabb (MD5) / Atualmente há por parte das empresas uma constante preocupação com a atualidade de seus sistemas produtivos, buscando a melhoria da eficiência dos processos respeitando as leis de preservação ambiental. Dentro desse contexto e considerando que o segmento das cerâmicas corresponde a aproximadamente 1% do PIB brasileiro, com perspectiva de crescimento, inúmeros estudos têm sido feitos nesse campo de pesquisa. Contudo, ainda se tem um alto custo agregado ao acabamento da peça, o qual é feito, na maioria dos casos, pelo processo de retificação. Além do alto custo do processamento, o uso de fluidos de corte tem se tornado um problema para a indústria devido à dificuldade de descarte imposta pela rígida Legislação Ambiental. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho propõe o estudo de métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração para o processo de retificação externa de mergulho de cerâmica avançado com rebolo diamantado. Tais métodos visam diminuir os gastos com fluido de corte, sendo eles: a técnica de lubri-refrigeração otimizada e a de mínima quantidade de lubrificação (MQL). A avaliação das técnicas foi feita através do monitoramento do processo e da quantidade final da peça retificada. Mais especificamente, foram analisados: força tangencial de corte, rugosidade, relação G, desvio de circularidade, microestrutura e tensão residual por difração de raios X. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as duas técnicas propostas podem substituir o método convencional de lubri-refrigeração, destacando-se que a técnica otimizada reduziu o desgaste do rebolo e produziu pelas com melhor acabamento geométrico e dimensional, enquanto a técnica de MQL reduziu significativamente a quantidade de fluido utilizado no processo / During the last years there has been a constant concern by the companies about the modernization of their manufacturing methods, seeking to improve the process efficiency and environmental preservation. In this context, and considering the ceramic segment corresponds to approximatelly 1% of Brazilian GDP, with growing perspective, many studies have been done in this area. Nevertheless, the work piece finishing is still expensive, mainly because it has been usually made by the grinding process. Besides of the high cost of the process, the use of cutting fluids has become a problem for the industry because of the discard dificulty imposed by the rigorous environmental laws. In this way, the present work proposes alternative methods for the lubrification and cooling in the external cylindrical plunge grinding of advanced ceramic with diamond wheels, which aims to reduce the costs with cutting fluid. These methods are: the optimized cooling and the Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) techniques. The evaluation of these techniques has been made by the process monitoring and the work piece final quality. In the present work the following analysis techniques were used: tangential cut force, roughness, G relation, circularity deviation, microstructure and residual stress by X ray diffraction measurements. The results show both proposed techniques can replace the conventional cooling method. The main result is that the optimized technique reduced the cutting tool consuming and produced work pieces with better dimensional finishing, while the MQL techniques significantly reduced the volume of cutting fluid in the process

Neste trabalho, foi investigado o comportamento tribológico dos pares cerâmicos aluminanitreto de silício no deslizamento em água e em uma suspensão de sílica coloidal em água (hidrosol). O objetivo foi verificar a possibilidade de atingir um coeficiente de atrito da ordem de unidades de milésimos, aqui chamado de ultra-baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA), verificar se a mudança do meio, de água para hidrosol, diminui o running-in do coeficiente de atrito, e verificar o efeito da variação da rugosidade inicial da alumina no comportamento do atrito. Os ensaios foram realizados na configuração de teste esferasobre- disco, no qual a esfera foi de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina, sob carga normal de 54 N e velocidade de 1 m/s. A água utilizada nos ensaios foi destilada e deionizada, e a sílica coloidal amorfa, hidrofílica, sem porosidade e de tamanho médio de partícula de 12 nm foi a Aerosil® 200, e o hidrosol foi preparado com pH 8,5 num eletrólito de NaCl de 1 mM. A esfera de nitreto de silício, adquirida comercialmente, e a alumina, sinterizada em laboratório, foram caracterizadas quanto a densidade, as fases foram determinadas por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varedura (MEV) observada em amostras ceramográficas atacadas. Algumas propriedades mecânicas como dureza, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura foram determinadas. Duas condições de rugosidade dos discos de alumina foram utilizadas nos ensaios tribológicos, 350 nm e 10 nm RMS. Em todos os ensaios, em água, em hidrosol e independentemente da rugosidade inicial do disco o coeficiente de atrito no regime permanente apresentou pequena dispersão de valores de 0,002 a 0,006, e não foi possível estabelecer diferença entre elas. A menor rugosidade do disco de alumina acarretou menor desgaste e menor período de running-in de coeficiente de atrito, tanto em água quanto em hidrosol. Os ensaios em meio de hidrosol acarretaram menor desgaste das cerâmicas e apresentaram menor running-in de coeficiente de atrito, comparados aos ensaios com água. O disco de alumina apresentou menor desgaste do que a esfera de nitreto de silício, em todas as condições estudadas. Com a análise das perdas volumétricas, da rugosidade final das superfícies desgastadas, das curvas de coeficiente de atrito e das espessuras mínimas de filme lubrificante, calculadas com uso de modelo da literatura, foi possível relacionar a diminuição do desgaste e do running-in de coeficiente de atrito em meio de hidrosol, com a presença da sílica na superfície ou próxima dela. / In this work, the tribological behavior of the alumina-silicon nitride couple was investigated under water and hydrosol (colloidal silica suspensions in water) lubricated sliding. The purposes were to study how an ultra-low friction coefficient can be achieved and to analyze the effects of the environment, lubricant and alumina roughness changes on the friction behavior. Ball-on-disk tests with a normal load of 54 N and a sliding speed of 1 m/s were carried out, using a silicon nitride ball and an alumina disk. The water used as lubricant was distilled and deionized. The silica was amorphous colloidal and hydrophilic, without porous and with a 12 nm medium particle diameter, commercially named Aerosil ® 200. The hydrosol was obtained with a pH value of 8,5 and a 1mM NaCl electrolyte. To estimate the minimum film thickness, formed during the lubricated sliding tests, a theory model was used. The commercial silicon nitride balls and the alumina disks, which were conformed and sintered in laboratory, were characterized by density, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements. The mechanical properties such as hardness, Young modulus and fracture toughness were determined. The friction coefficient values obtained in the steady state regime showed low standard deviations (0,002 to 0,006) under all conditions. A shorter period of running-in was observed with the lower disk roughness, both in water and hydrosol lubrication. The hydrosol lubricated sliding produced a lower wear and friction running-in comparing with the tests under water lubrication. The alumina disk always showed lower wear than the silicon nitride ball. The volume loss, friction coefficients, worn surfaces roughness and minimum film thickness results suggest that the wear and friction coefficient running-in decrease was caused by the presence of silica on the sliding surfaces or on the near surface regions.

Wear mechanisms of the cutting tools are well investigated worldwide. Usually researchers use the cutting process itself, turning by single point cutting, as their investigation method, which includes turning a metal cylinder with a pre-selected work-material and predetermined cutting conditions. Thereafter the tool worn surface is examined by scanning electron microscopy in order to characterize the tool wear mechanisms and tool failure. However, this may be the most appropriate way to investigate the wear mechanisms which occur during machining since it simulates the real operation. Metal cutting involves extreme conditions such as high temperature and high-pressure and the different condition results in different wear modes on the insert’s surface. The wear modes are overlapping and the transition boarder between them are not sharp making it difficult to obtain a detailed information of wear mechanisms. Because of these reasons many researchers try to refine the machining to a single condition e.g; high pressure, at the laboratory level in order to characterize the wear mechanisms and to get a more detailed information. In this thesis the wear tests of the cutting tool are performed by using a slider-on-flat-surface (SOFS) wear tester. SOFS involves a normal load, which applies to the sample and a tangential force that enables the sliding of the sample against a counterface. To enable conducting the wear tests in SOFS a newly design of tool holder was prepared. The wear tests were performed at different contact conditions and the stainless steel EN 1.4310 was used as the counterface material. After the tools were tested, the worn surface of the tool was examined by optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to identify the wear rate and wear mechanisms. At low load the dominating wear mechanism was adhesive wear. The adhesive wear was induced by material pick-up during sliding i.e. material from the counterface was transferred to the insert’s surface. Further sliding results in delamination of the insert surface and removal of a part of the coatings material. At high load the dominating wear mechanism was a combination of severe adhesive wear and fracture of the coating material. The fracture of the coating material occurred because of overloading. Coating defects promote crack formation under high load and these cracks propagate through the coating during sliding movement and result in microchipping of the coating material. This procedure does not simulate the metal cutting but it still gives an understanding of the behavior of the coating material when it is exposed to a high mechanical stress.

Mechanical components operating at elevated temperatures can be identified in the aerospace industry as well as in metal forming. Hot stamping is a metal forming technique utilized for manufacturing high strength lightweight components for the automotive industry. Three types of Ni-based hardfacings doped with solid lubricants were manufactured using laser cladding. An additional hardfacing was also manufactured using the Ni-based alloy only as a reference. Solid lubricants added were Ag+WS2, WS2 and Cu+MoS2. These hardfacings were manufactured and tribologically evaluated for potential application in hot stamping tooling. Direct diode laser was used for the cladding process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used for characterization of the microstructure after deposition. Tribological testing was done using a reciprocating pin-on-disk tribometer under dry sliding conditions at temperatures in the range between RT and 600°C. Bearing steel ball and a flat pin made of the same material were used as counterbodies. Wear volume loss was measured using a 3D optical interferometer. For identification of the wear mechanisms SEM/EDS techniqueswere used. Formation of a lubricious CrxSy phase was detected after deposition, additionally encapsulation of silver particles by CrxSy was also observed. Reduction of friction coefficient was observed for every self-lubricating hardfacing compared to the reference. Lowest friction coefficient (0.23-0.3) was observed when the testing temperature was set to 400°C using a pin-on-flat configuration. Lowest wear rate was observed at 400°C, with the coating containing Ag and WS2 having a specific wear rate of 3.04 · 10−5mm3/Nm. The lubricity of the self-lubricating hardfacings was attributed to the CrxSy phase observed on the worn surface. At low to moderate temperatures abrasive wear is the main wear mechanism. At the highest testing temperature, oxidative wear was dominant.

Engine downsizing, improving fuel efficiency while satisfying the environmental legislations are one of the main driving forces in developing new solutions for passenger cars.Engine main bearings, are journal bearings which support the crankshaft and operate principally in full film lubrication. Defining the optimum design parameters of the bearings which can provide low friction and high durability for automobiles represents a multi-variable problem.Being the supporters of the main shaft driven by the internal combustion engine, main bearings are subjected to strenuous operating conditions. These include high loads and pressures amongst others. The trend in lubricant selection for these components is shifting towards choosing engine oils with lower viscosity to further reduce fuel consumption. Simultaneously with the shift in oil, new solutions for controlling the geometry and the topography on the micro-scale are becoming available. Three main bearing top layers plated on a conventional aluminum alloy containing tin and silicon were selected for the study. The top layers, one bismuth based and two newly developed polymer based, were investigated for their frictional and wear performance.In order to study experimentally the influence of different design parameters on bearing performance a test rig and a methodology was developed. The selected engine main bearings were tested in lubricated condition with two oils having different viscosity. Pre - and post test analysis of the shaft surface roughness was performed using white light interferometry. The wear performance of the bearings was measured both as mass loss and surface topography.The results suggest that the developed test rig can be used to simulate close to running condition testing. The measurement method and set up shows good consistency at a load of 2000 N, but indicates inconsistency in set up at 500 N.It is found that the newly developed engine main bearing top layers have promising frictional and wear performance, providing a reduction in friction by up to 20%.

No description available.

Dans le domaine automobile, les réductions de consommation de carburant et des émissions polluantes constituent des axes de recherches majeurs. Dans ce contexte, de nombreux efforts sont portés sur l’amélioration du rendement des boîtes de vitesses. Parmi l’ensemble des pertes générées dans une boîte de vitesses, les pertes par barbotage peuvent représenter une source de perte importante. Si différents modèles existent pour quantifier les pertes par barbotage, aucun d’entre eux ne prend en compte l’influence de la présence d’air dans le lubrifiant. Grâce à un banc d’essais spécifique, il est montré que l’aération de l’huile peut avoir un impact sur les pertes par barbotage. Un modèle original d’estimation des pertes dues à l’aération est alors développé. Ce dernier révèle que des propriétés du lubrifiant autres que la viscosité ou la masse volumique peuvent avoir une influence sur les pertes par barbotage. L’étude des pertes par barbotage conduit également à s’intéresser à ce mode de lubrification largement employé dans les boîtes de vitesses manuelles. Actuellement, la mise au point de cette méthode de lubrification souffre d’un manque d’informations portant principalement sur les débits mis en jeu lors du phénomène de projection d’huile par les pignons en rotation. L’analyse de ces débits d’huile est conduite au moyen d’un banc d’essais développé spécifiquement. Les nombreux résultats de mesures obtenus permettent de mieux appréhender ce phénomène de projection. Un modèle analytique est finalement proposé permettant d’estimer les débits d’huile projetée pouvant être utilisé lors de la mise au point de la lubrification d’une boîte de vitesses. / Reducing fuel consumption and automobile emissions are nowadays the main topics of research for the automotive industry. Therefore, the situation involves concentrating many efforts to improve gearbox efficiency. Churning losses may represent a significant source of loss among the losses generated in a gearbox. Several models have been developed to quantify churning losses but they do not consider the air present in the lubricant. The use of a specific test rig has revealed that oil aeration could have an impact on churning losses. A heuristic model estimating aeration induced losses has therefore been developed. The latter reveals that some unexpected lubricant's properties, apart from viscosity and density, may impact churning losses. Indeed, the study of churning losses also encourages learning more about this type of lubrication, widely used in manual gearboxes. There is currently a lack of information around the development of that method of lubrication. This lack of information bears mainly on the flows involved in the phenomenon of oil splashed up by the rotating gears. The analysis of the involved oil flows is carried out with a test rig designed for that purpose. Therefore, the numerous findings based on a series of measurements may help splash phenomenon to be better understood. Finally, an analytical model is proposed to help estimate the flow of oil splashed. Such model may be used for the development of gearbox lubrication.