A caracterização das propriedades ópticas de moléculas de DNA, tais como a absorção e a fluorescência por excitação, são importantes para a determinação de parâmetros usados no desenvolvimento de biossensores fotônicos. O estudo da absorção óptica do DNA, obtido por diferentes métodos tem se mostrado muito eficiente na determinação do grau de pureza do material genético obtido por amplificação, ou extração e purificação do DNA total. Por outro lado, a fluorescência por excitação a partir de um marcador cromóforo é uma técnica importante em processos de quantificação de massa, em técnicas tais como a eletroforese em gel de agarose. Devido à baixa fluorescência de moléculas de DNA na região visível do espectro, entre 500-600nm, utiliza-se destes marcadores que se ligam à molécula e que são opticamente ativos nesta região para detecção de sua emissão de fluorescência. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo da fluorescência do DNA, obtido a partir de uma amplificação por transcriptase reversa do RNA (RT-PCR), na região de 400nm a 600nm, sem adição de marcador e utilizando excitação por um e dois fótons (405nm e 800nm) através da técnica de microscopia confocal. As amostras contendo solução de dsDNA (237ng/μL) foram depositadas sobre um filme de prata de 200nm de espessura que também é crescido previamente sobre um substrato de vidro. Sobre o filme metálico é fabricado nanoestruturas metálicas por de litografia por feixe de íons com um microscópio de duplo feixe FEI Quanta 3D 200i. As nanoestruturas são formadas por arranjos concêntricos de anéis com diâmetros de até 20 μm, largura 50nm e separados por 400nm. Quando a excitação do material genético ocorre sobre a nanoestrtutura o laser gera na nanoestrutura plasmon-polaritons de superfície (SPP) que interagem com as moléculas de dsDNA na solução. Observa-se que nas regiões onde as nanoestruturas são fabricadas que a intensidade de fluorescência da macromolécula é muito maior do que a obtida fora da estrutura e sobre o filme metálico. Os efeitos da interação entre SPPs e as moléculas aumentam a atividade óptica (taxa de emissão) e podem servir como base para a fabricação de sensores fotônicos ultrasensíveis. Concluindo, os efeitos dos campos plasmônicos sobre o fluoróforo são significativos e foram observados pela diminuição do tempo de vida das moléculas e o aumento da sua fluorescência. / The characterization of the optical properties of DNA molecules, such as absorption and excitation fluorescence, is important to the determination of the parameters used for the preparation of photonic biosensors. The study of optical absorption of DNA, obtained through different methods, currently has a high sensitivity to determine the degree of purity of the genetic material obtained by amplification, extraction and purification of the total DNA. On the other hand, excitation fluorescence using a marker is an important technique in mass quantification processes together with techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. Because of low fluorescence of DNA molecules, in the visible region of the spectrum, between 500-600nm, the use of labels that bind to the molecule are critically for the detection of their fluorescence emission. In this work we studied the DNA fluorescence, obtained from a RNA reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) amplification, in the region from 400nm to 600nm, without the addition of a marker as a fluorophore and using confocal microscopy with one and two photons (405nm and 800nm). The solutions of dsDNA (237ng/μL) were dropped on a silver film with 200nm tackiness deposited on a glass substrate. In the silver film nanostructures were fabricated ion beam lithography with FEI Quanta 3D 200i dual beam microscope. The nanostructures are formed by concentric arrangements of rings with diameters up to 20 μm, width 50nm and separated by 400nm. When the excitation of the genetic material occurs on a nanostructure an excited surface plasmon-polaritons (SPP) is responsible for the DNA excitation. It is observed in these regions an increase of the fluorescence intensity many times higher than one obtained out of the nanostructure on the silver film. The effects of the interaction between SPPs and molecules increase the optical activity of the molecule (emission rate) and can serve as the basis of photonic sensors. Concluding, the effects of the plasmon fields on the fluorophore are significant and were observed by decreasing the life time of the molecules and the increasing of their fluorescence.

In recent years, employing advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as a means of wastewater remediation has emerged as a promising route towards maintaining a sustainable global water management program. The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation process has been of particular interest due to the prospective of utilizing solar radiation as the driving force behind the degradation of pollutants. Of the photocatalyst studied to date, TiO2 remains the most attractive material for environmental applications due to its affordability, stability, biocompatibility and high quantum yield. A key draw back however is roughly only 5% of solar radiation incident on earth can provide the energy required (3.0-3.2 eV) to generate the electron-hole pairs necessary for photo-oxidation. As a means to improve the process under solar irradiance, optical properties such as surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles and upconversion luminescence of rare earth ions have been exploited for improved light harvesting as well as the generation of more usable UV light from lower energy photons. In order to explore these phenomena and their role in the enhancement of this AOP, the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes was studied under various conditions employing Degussa P25 TiO2 as the photocatalyst. Ag nanocubes, Ag-Pd core-shell nanoparticles and YAG:Yb+3,Er+3 served as the dopants for the various studies which resulted in enhanced degradation rates, insight into the applicability of utilizing Yb+3 as sensitizing ion under solar radiation and a novel core-shell nanoparticle synthesis.

No description available.

Les matériaux lorsqu'ils sont rendus nanométriques montrent des propriétés optiques qui peuvent différer fortement des celles des matériaux à l'état massif. C'est l'étude de ces modifications des propriétés qui a motivé les travaux qui sont présentés dans ce document. Dans une première partie je décris les propriétés de luminescence particulière des nanocristaux de silicium en mettant en évidence un décalage de la luminescence vers le bleu lorsque la taille des nanocristaux diminue et je montre qu'il s'agit d'un phénomène de confinement quantique. Dans le même temps l'importance de la passivation de surface est démontrée. Ces résultats sont ensuite appliqués à la compréhension d'une signature spectrale détectée dans les nuages de poussières inter- et circumstellaires et la fabrication de microcavités luminescente à base de nanocristaux de silicium. Dans une deuxième partie je présente les résultats des études que je mène depuis mon arrivée au sein du LPCML sur les propriétés de luminescence de nanoparticules d'oxydes dopés terres rares. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que le confinement quantique peut aussi être mis en évidence pour ces matériaux fortement ionique même si l'effet est bien moindre que pour les semi conducteurs. De même on montre que la surface joue un rôle essentiel soit en donnant lieu à de nouvelles émissions soit en créant des défauts tueurs de la luminescence. La taille des nanoparticules modifie aussi la densité d'états de phonons ce qui modifie les populations dans les différents niveaux d'énergie des ions dopants et donc les rapports d'intensité entre les transitions optiques. Enfin le comportement sous excitation à haute énergie (UV dur et X) montre que les rendements sont fortement affectés pour les petites tailles traduisant l‘impossibilité pour les toutes petites particules de supporter une trop grande densité d'excitation. La dernière partie présente les deux axes que je souhaite développer dans les années à venir à savoir la microscopie confocale jusque dans l'UV dur et l'ablation laser en solution pour la synthèse de nanomatériaux originaux.

L'imagerie par résonance magnétique est une des méthodes de diagnostic les plus utilisées, aussi bien dans le domaine médical que dans les études précliniques. Cependant, la relaxivité des agents de contraste commerciaux ne représente qu'une fraction de la relaxivité prédite par la théorie et il est nécessaire d'optimiser les différents paramètres dont elle dépend pour atteindre des valeurs de relaxivité plus élevées : nombre de molécules d'eau en première sphère de coordination, vitesse d'échange de l'eau, dynamique de rotation du complexe, relaxation électronique, distance Gd(III)-proton. Dans ce travail, nous présentons la synthèse, la stabilité et la relaxivité des complexes de Gd(III) de deux séries de ligands tripodes dérivés de la 8-hydroxyquinoléine, basés l'une sur une plateforme 1,4,7 triazacyclononane, l'autre sur un pivot azote central. Ces complexes ont montré des stabilités comparables à celles des agents commerciaux, des valeurs de relaxivités élevées dans l'eau ainsi qu'en milieu biologique. L'utilisation de la 8-hydroxyquinoléine comme base des ligands a permis de sensibiliser le Nd(III) et l'Yb(III) pour la luminescence proche infrarouge, ouvrant la possibilité pour le développement de nouveaux systèmes bimodaux.

Les recherches actuelles sur les nanoparticules luminescentes sont motivées par le développement d'applications innovantes comme par exemple des nouveaux systèmes transparents d'éclairage ou de visualisation. Pour cela, il est intéressant de trouver des voies de synthèses originales permettant de préparer des nanoparticules individualisées et bien dispersées d'oxydes présentant des propriétés optiques spécifiques ou mieux adaptées aux systèmes envisagés. Cependant ces composés cristallisent généralement à haute température. Trois difficultés se présentent alors pour leur synthèse : le contrôle de la taille et de l'état d'agrégation des particules à ces températures, le contrôle de leur stoechiométrie et du degré d'oxydation des ions dopants. Ce travail de thèse a consisté principalement à mettre au point un procédé de synthèse original d'oxydes de la famille des silicates et des aluminates. La présence d'une matrice minérale solide pendant le traitement thermique à haute température, permet de limiter la croissance des particules et de conserver leur état de dispersion pendant la calcination. Les résultats sont encourageants puisque des suspensions de particules bien cristallisées, de taille variant de 50 à 100 nm ont pu être synthétisées après des traitements thermiques supérieurs à 800°C.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 28, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Photon energy upconversion (UC), a process that can convert two or more photons with low energy to a single photon of higher energy, has the potential for overcoming the thermodynamic efficiency limits of sunlight-powered devices and processes. An attractive route to lowering the incident power density for UC lies in harnessing energy transfer through triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). To maximize energy migration in multicomponent TTA-assisted UC systems, triplet exciton diffusivity of the chromophores within an inert medium is of paramount importance, especially in a solid-state matrix for practical device integration. In this thesis, low-threshold sensitized UC systems were fabricated and demonstrated by a photo-induced interfacial polymerization within a coaxial-flow microfluidic channel and in combination with nanostructured optical semiconductors. Dual-phase structured uniform UC capsules allow for the highly efficient bimolecular interactions required for TTA-based upconversion, as well as mechanical strength for integrity and stability. Through controlled interfacial photopolymerization, diffusive energy transfer-driven photoluminescence in a bi-molecular UC system was explored with concomitant tuning of the capsule properties. We believe that this core-shell structure has significance not only for enabling promising applications in photovoltaic devices and photochromic displays, but also for providing a useful platform for photocatalytic and photosensor units. Furthermore, for improving photon upconverted emission, a photonic crystal was integrated as an optical structure consisting of monodisperse inorganic colloidal nanoparticles and polymer resin. The constructively enhanced reflected light allows for the reuse of solar photons over a broad spectrum, resulting in an increase in the power conversion efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell as much as 15-20 %.

Dental secondary caries is the carious lesion developed around existing restoration margins. Many new technologies have been developed for caries detection purposes, but their performance is unsatisfactory for the specific purpose of secondary caries diagnosis. Therefore, the development of a novel technology to detect secondary caries has been highly necessary. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence to detect secondary caries: wall lesions and outer lesions. Changes in experimental PTR-LUM signals due to sequential demineralization on vertical walls of sectioned tooth samples were investigated. Another study was conducted to investigate how two different types of secondary caries, wall lesions and outer lesions, affect the PTR-LUM signals. The studies demonstrated that PTR-LUM is sensitive to progressive demineralization and remineralization on vertical walls of sectioned tooth samples, as well as to the presence of wall lesions and outer lesions developed around composite restorations.