Les biocapteurs optiques ont connu une évolution sans précédent au cours des dernières années, principalement en raison de la forte interaction entre la biotechnologie, l’optique et la chimie des matériaux. Dans cette thèse, deux différentes plates-formes de biocapteurs optiques ont été conçues pour la détection sensible et spécifique des biomolécules. Plus précisément, le premier système de détection optique est construit sur la base de la bioluminescence de cellules bactériennes d'Escherichia coli génétiquement modifiées. L’émission de lumière induite par cette interaction peut donc être utilisée pour la détection des substances toxiques. Le second système utilise des nanoparticules de métaux précieux (or et argent) aux propriétés plasmoniques accordables qui permettent de sonder les interactions des biomolécules spécifiques à l'interface nano-bio par la résonance plasmonique de surface (LSPR). Ces nanoparticules ont été obtenues par traitement thermique à haute température d’un film métallique déposé sur du verre à l’aide d’une grille de TEM ou déposé sur une couche de bactéries fixée sur le verre. Après une optimisation appropriée des nanostructures métalliques en termes de morphologie et de fonctionnalisation, une sensibilité élevée et une grande spécificité peuvent être simultanément obtenues avec ces immunocapteurs plasmonique. Ces deux plateformes ont été utilisées pour détecter des pesticides comme le carbofuran et l’atrazine / Optical biosensors have witnessed unprecedented developments over recent years, mainly due to the lively interplay between biotechnology, optical physics and materials chemistry. In this thesis, two different optical biosensing platforms have been designed for sensitive and specific detection of (bio)molecules. Specifically, the first optical detection system is constructed on the basis of bioluminescence derived from engineered Escherichia coli bacterial cells. Upon stressed by the toxic compounds, the bacterial cells produce light via a range of complex biochemical reactions in vivo and the resulted bioluminescent evolution thus can be used for toxicant detection. The bacterial bioluminescent assays are able to provide competitive sensitivity, while they are limited in the specificity. Therefore, the second optical detection platform is built on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) immunosensors. In this optical biosensor, the noble metal (gold and silver) nanoparticles with tunable plasmonic properties are used as transducer for probing the specific biomolecules interactions occurred in the nano-bio interface. These nanoparticles were obtained after a high temperature thermal treatment of an initially thin-metallic film deposited on a glass substrate through a TEM grid or on a bacteria layer fixed on the glass. After appropriate optimization on metal nanostructures morphology and surface biomodification, the applicable sensitivity and specificity can be both guaranteed in this LSPR immunosensor

The lighting retrofit method is adopted as one of the solutions to reduce lighting energy consumption and improve lighting quality in existing buildings. Lighting controls and energy-efficient light sources are used to achieve the goals of the lighting retrofit. Nowadays, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are replacing traditional lighting technology owing to their high efficiency and longevity. One of the advantages of LEDs is the controllability function, which allows users to set the light level according to their preferences. This saves more energy and satisfies users’ lighting needs. However, over time, the performance of lighting retrofit projects deteriorates subject to failure of the retrofitted lights. Therefore, to maintain the performance of lighting retrofit projects, maintenance must be planned and performed. The impacts of the users’ lighting level requirements on LEDs’ life characteristics and lighting system performance are investigated by using lighting controls. Light and occupancy sensors adjust artificial light to the light level required by users and detect the presence of users in the zones, respectively. Light sensors measure the average illuminance in the zones. The measured illuminance is compared to the users’ set illuminance; if the measured illuminance is higher than the users’ set illuminance, lamps are dimmed to meet users’ lighting preference, when the measured illuminance is less than the users’ set illuminance, lamps in the zone are replaced by new ones. The dimming level in each zone at each sampling interval is used to estimate the operating junction temperature, thereafter the degradation rate and luminous flux are calculated. Light levels at workspace are modelled using the lumen method. This model helps to quantify energy savings and predict when lamps will fail to deliver the required light levels. In existing studies, users’ lighting level requirements are neglected when investigating the lifetime of the lighting system; however, users’ profile and driving schemes affect the operating conditions of a lighting system. From the simulation results, it is noted that lumen output degradation increases when the user’s set illuminance is above the illuminance required under normal operating conditions and decreases when the user’s set illuminance is below the illuminance required under normal operating conditions. Increased lumen output degradation shortens the lifetime of LEDs and reduces energy savings, while decreased lumen output degradation extends the lifetime and increases energy savings. Generally, lighting retrofit projects contain a large lighting population; investigating when each lamp will fail can be time-consuming and costly. In this research, a mathematical model is formulated to model LEDs’ failure by analysing the statistical properties of the lumen degradation rates. Based on the statistical properties of the degradation rates, the cumulative probability of failure distribution and the survival function are modelled. The formulated survival function is incorporated into the lighting maintenance optimization problem to balance energy savings and maintenance costs. A case study carried out shows that, in 10 years, the optimal lighting maintenance plan would save up to 59% of lighting energy consumption with acceptable maintenance costs. It is found that the proposed maintenance plan is more cost-effective than full maintenance. It is concluded that lumen degradation failure should be considered when investigating the performance of lighting retrofit projects, as this may not only affect energy savings but also reduce the level of illumination, which can cause visual discomfort. The initial investment costs of LEDs are still a barrier to the implementation of LED lighting systems in residential buildings. Energy-efficiency projects often face hurdles to access capital investments because decision-makers and funders do not have enough information about operational savings the project can provide and specific financial requirements applied to efficiency investment. In this research, an optimization model is formulated to give decision-makers and funders detailed information about the performance and operational savings that a LED lighting retrofit project can offer and its economic viability. The lumen degradation failure model developed is used to monitor and estimate the energy savings, and the optimal maintenance plan is scheduled to replace failed lamps. In the existing studies, the economic analysis of the lighting retrofit projects is assessed based on lighting population decay due to burnout failure while in this research economic analysis is assessed by considering the lumen degradation failure. The case study results show that the substitution of halogen light bulbs with LED light bulbs could save up to 291.4 GWh of energy consumption, and reduce 273:92 103 tons of CO2 emissions over 10-year period. The optimization model formulated is effective to help the decision-makers and funders to quantify the savings and assess the economic viability of the LED lighting retroïnˇA˛t project. This optimization model can help the decision-makers and funders to make an informed decision. / Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD (Electrical Engineering) / Unrestricted

In this thesis, I analyze the physical conditions such as temperature, volume density and column density of the molecular gas in four Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs): Arp 55, NGC 1614, VV 114 and NGC 2623. LIRGs are systems where two gas-rich galaxies are in the process of merging. The goal of my thesis is to look for trends in the molecular gas properties during the merger process. I use several observations of transitions of carbon monoxide (12CO) and its isotopologue 13CO from the Submillimeter Array, Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The high-resolution observations allow me to analyze the molecular gas at several positions inside a single galaxy. The observations are fitted to models obtained from a radiative transfer code using a Bayesian likelihood method. I find that advanced mergers such as NGC 2623 and VV 114 have warmer (≥40 K), less dense (≤ 10^3 cm^−3) molecular gas than early/intermediate stage mergers such as Arp 55 and NGC 1614. I suggest that there are mechanisms such as stellar winds, supernovae and AGN activity that dissipate the molecular gas and thus lower the density and warm the gas as the merger progresses. The molecular gas pressure of the advanced mergers is found to be lower by nearly an order of magnitude when compared to the early/intermediate stage mergers. I also find that the [12CO]/[13CO] abundance ratio in NGC 1614, VV 114 and NGC 2623 is unusually high (> 100) when compared to the interstellar medium value near the center of the Milky Way (∼ 30). Interestingly, Arp 55 does not conform to this trend with a [12CO]/[13CO] value of ∼ 30, similar to the Milky Way center. I suggest that nucleosynthesis may play a big role in enhancing the abundance ratio and/or the molecular gas from the outer radii of Arp 55 has not reached the central inner regions to drive the abundance ratio up. Nevertheless, Arp 55 is in an interesting merger stage. Finally, I measured the CO luminosity to molecular gas mass conversion factor, alpha_{CO}, across the sample in search of the transition stage from a Galactic-like alpha_{CO} to the 4-5 times lower value found in LIRGs. iii The four sources all have measured alpha_{CO} values that are consistent with the LIRG value of 0.8 M_{sol} (K km s^−1 pc^2)^−1. I suggest that we look at an even earlier merger stage such as Arp 240 to find the point of transition. With the golden age of submillimeter astronomy upon us, this is just the beginning of furthering our knowledge of the merger process and what happens to the molecular gas, the fuel for all star formation. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis report deals with the meaning of dynamics in lighting in context of the current state oflighting technology and how certain aspects of those can be applied to a specific space.Former studies discovered that biophilic aspects in design can create great benefits for the usersof a space. Natural elements is what we humans most affiliate to. Based on those findings I implementedaspects of dynamics in lighting into my design proposal assuming to be able to give theusers of the MIDDLA space benefit by recreating some degree of ‘virtual biophilia’.MIDDLA is the laboratory of the Media Technology and Interaction Design department of KTH.Characteristics of these facilities are unique as it is located in the attic floor of the oldest buildingon campus which is rather restricted in terms of daylighting and room clearance. Focus is put onthe corridor to evolve into an extension of the laboratory itself as a study area.Future post-occupancy research could be worthwhile of being conducted in combination with furtherdevelopment of the lighting design.

No description available.

This master´s thesis deals with the reverse calculation of luminous curves for roads according to ČSN EN 13201. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part describes the basic requirements and procedures for calculating the luminous curves. The practical part describes the program, created in the Matlab environment, which is designed for the practical calculation of the ideal luminous curve, for each situation given by the user. Further particular example of the calculation is given.

The master’s thesis deals with photometry units used in light engineering. There are defined the methods of modelling the illumination systems, their advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of using. Furthermore, the thesis deals with modelling of two illumination systems by ray-tracing in programming environment of MATLAB. The master’s thesis describes the analysis of the problem and the program designing process. Acquired model results are then compared with the real measurements of both illumination systems which allow the discussion of the results and the deviations of the models.

No presente estudo, avaliou-se a microdureza da resina composta Z250 (3M ESPE), quando ativada em diferentes tempos (s), diferentes densidades de potência (mW/cm²), em relação à quantidade de energia irradiada (8, 12 e 16 J/cm²), com a finalidade de estabelecer uma densidade de energia luminosa mínima capaz de polimerizar adequadamente os compósitos. Foi utilizado um aparelho com fonte de luz halógena Degulux-Degussa, com 600 mW/cm² e dois aparelhos de fonte de luz LED, Ultraled XP (Dabi-Atlante) com 150 mW/cm² e LED Ultrablue-IS (DMC) com 300 mW/cm² e 600 mW/cm². Duas matrizes bipartidas de PTFE, de 1 e de 2 mm de espessura e um orifício central de 5 mm de diâmetro, foram usadas para confeccionar 60 corpos-de-prova, 5 em cada grupo. As duas partes da matriz foram contidas em um anel metálico com as mesmas espessuras. O material foi inserido na matriz e fotoativado de acordo com os diferentes tempos e a quantidade de densidade de energia luminosa para cada fonte de luz. Para obter os valores de microdureza Knoop, os espécimes foram levados ao microdurômetro Shimadzu HMV-2, com carga estática de 300 g por 5 segundos, para aferir as superfícies exposta (topo) e oposta (base) à fonte de luz, totalizando 120 medições. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA e Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Com os dados obtidos foi possível concluir que, com valores a partir de 16 J/cm² e 12 J/cm² de densidade de energia luminosa, espessuras de 2 mm de resina composta podem ser adequadamente polimerizadas utilizando-se fonte de luz halógena (600 mW/cm²) e LED (a partir de 300 mW/cm²) respectivamente. Contudo, estudos clínicos adicionais ainda são necessários para complementar este estudo / At this study it was evaluated the microhardness of the Z250 (3M ESPE) resin composite, when light cured for different periods of time (s), with different power densities (mW/cm²), related to the irradiated luminous energy density (8 J/cm², 12 J/cm² and 16 J/cm²), in order to establish a minimal energy density capable of adequately polymerize the composites. One halogen light curing unit Degulux- Degussa, with 600 mW/cm² of power density and two light-emitting diodes curing units Ultraled XP (Dabi-Atlante) with 150 mW/cm² and LED Ultrablue-IS (DMC) with 300 mW/cm² and 600 mW/cm² were used. Two bipartite PTFE matrices, with 1 and 2 mm of depth and a central orifice of 5 mm diameter, were used to make 60 specimens, 5 per group. The halves of the matrix were positioned inside a brass ring with both depths to prepare the specimens. The resin composite was inserted and light-activated according to the different periods and energy densities of each lightcuring unit. To evaluate Knoop microhardness, specimens were taken to a microdurometer Shimadzu HMV-2 with a static load of 300 g for 5 seconds, evaluating both exposed to light (surface) and opposite to light (base) exposition surfaces, totalizing 120 measurements. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukeys test with 5% significance level. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that, starting from 16 J/cm² and 12 J/cm² of energy luminous density, 2 mm depth resin composite can be adequately polymerized utilizing halogen (600 mW/cm²) and LED ( starting from 300 mW/cm²) curing-units respectively. However, additional clinical studies are necessary to complement this investigation.

In business buildings, great part of the required power is spent on the air conditioning of internal settings. The transparent façades on such buildings are greatly significant on such matters, since a notable percentage of the thermal exchanges happen trough these elements. This paper structures an overview on the historical changes on the use of glasses on business buildings in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, highlighting the contemplation of the aspect of thermal and luminosity control on built environments. For each historical period, it s notable that the availability of different types of glasses on the market, chosen by architects, changes, resulting in diverse thermo-environmental and visual behaviors. The present paper was based on historical data, ranging from the period of 1992 to 2008, allowing analyses based on the performance of each alternative, taking into consideration the glasses spectrophotometric characteristics, solar factor values, visible transmission and thermal transmittance and the relation within the amount of energy required for cooling and heating the considered settings. 25 buildings were analyzed in the city and, from those, seven were selected for being considered to be representative of their period, with different solutions on their glass coverings. The data obtained was the basis for comparing their performances, on the various solar orientations, with that of a common glass. A trend of specifying lenses less reflective has been observed, with an increase in the amount of energy inflowing the rooms; and insulated glasses also, that hamper trade among environments. / Em edifícios comerciais, grande parte da energia necessária é gasta para o condicionamento térmico dos ambientes. Os fechamentos transparentes destes edifícios têm grande importância neste fato, pois significativo percentual das trocas térmicas ocorre através destes elementos. Este trabalho faz uma avaliação das mudanças históricas na utilização de vidros em prédios comerciais na cidade de Porto Alegre no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, evidenciando a consideração do aspecto do controle térmico e luminoso dos ambientes. Para cada período histórico, observa-se que as opções de vidros disponíveis no mercado, e especificados, são diferentes, resultando em comportamentos ambientais térmicos e visuais também diferentes. Este trabalho foi baseado em dados históricos do período de 1992 a 2009, permitindo uma análise dos desempenhos de cada solução, considerando-se as características espectrofotométricas dos vidros, valores de fator solar, transmissão no visível e transmitância térmica, e sua relação com a quantidade de energia necessária para refrigerar e aquecer suas salas. Foram analisados 25 edifícios comerciais na cidade, e destes, foram selecionadas sete considerados representativos para sua época, com soluções diferentes em seus envidraçamentos. Os dados obtidos serviram de base para comparar suas performances, nas devidas orientações solares, com as de um vidro comum. Observou-se que há uma tendência pela especificação de vidros menos refletivos, favorecendo o aumento da quantidade de energia que adentra as salas, e também de vidros insulados, que dificultam as trocas térmicas entre ambientes.

Frente ao desenfreado desenvolvimento da sociedade nas suas diversas esferas, busca-se novas maneiras de habitar o planeta, de forma a preservá-lo para as futuras gerações. Uma das vertentes nas quais o homem pode intervir e, assim, ajudar a preservar os recursos naturais do planeta, diz respeito à busca por economia energética. Em edificações de uso prolongado e onde são desenvolvidas atividades visuais intensas, o uso da luz natural é de extrema valia, não apenas resultando em economia de energia elétrica, mas também contribuindo para o conforto ambiental e bem estar de seus usuários através dos benefícios proporcionados por esta luz. Portanto, o uso da luz natural sendo complementada pela luz artificial é de profunda importância para o bom desempenho lumínico da edificação. Fruto dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pelo grupo de pesquisa em Edificações e Comunidades Sustentáveis do NORIE/UFRGS, a edificação escolar analisada nesta pesquisa foi projetada a partir de estratégias sustentáveis e bioclimáticas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho lumínico de uma sala de aula da edificação supracitada, para, assim, proporcionar considerações acerca das decisões projetuais tomadas. A metodologia utilizada para a obtenção destas informações consistiu na análise das intenções projetuais dos autores da edificação, no levantamento das características físicas e construtivas da escola e em medições lumínicas realizadas ao longo de um dia, em datas próximas aos solstícios e equinócios, no interior e no exterior da edificação. E, para verificar a eficiência de alguns elementos da edificação e propor melhorias de forma a incrementar o seu desempenho lumínico, foram realizadas simulações da sala de aula. A partir dos resultados gerados nesta pesquisa pretende-se não apenas fornecer informações sobre o desempenho lumínico desta edificação, como levantar questões que poderão embasar futuros projetos preocupados em fazer um melhor uso desta fonte natural, gratuita e de qualidade: a luz natural. / New manners on how to inhabit the planet are sought due to the increasing society development, in order to preserve it for the future generation. The seeking for low-energy consumption alternatives is one of the key issues the man can intervene in order to preserve earth´s natural resources. The usage of natural light is extremely valuable in edifications where intensive visual activities are developed; not only resulting in electric energy savings but also contributing for the environmental comfort and users´ well-being through the benefits provided by this light. Hence, the natural light usage complemented by the artificial light has a great importance in the edification´s luminous performance. The scholar edification analyzed by this research was projected with sustainable and bioclimatic strategies, based on information developed by NORIE/UFRGS research group on Sustainable Edifications and Communities. This research’s objective is to evaluate the luminous performance of one of the scholar edification´s classroom in order to provide considerations in relation to the project´s decisions. The selected methodology for these information gathering was based on the edification authors´ project intensions, the physical and constructive school´s characteristics, and the luminous measurements taken along a hole day. These measurements were taken on dates close to solstices and equinoxes, in the edification´s interior and exterior. Classroom model simulations were developed in order to verify some building´s elements efficiency and to propose improvements for its luminous performance. The research´s results intends to provide relevant information about this particular edification´s luminous performance; and also to rise useful knowledge for future projects regarding daylight usage, a free and natural source of energy.