Whether an individual's state of mind can influence the body's immune system has been studied for several decades. Historical notions of a homeostatic, self-contained, and self-monitored system have been discarded. Studies have explored conditioning effects and cognitive behavioral methods to affect the immune response. This study is based on the assumption that relaxation imagery can be used as an endogenous means to produce specific physiological change in the immune function. Subjects were instructed to make a directional change in the absolute number of peripheral lymphocytes using relaxation imagery.

Human palatine tonsil lymphocytes, when compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), were in an activated state, even though there was no in vitro stimulation. When these tonsil lymphocytes were cultured in the absence of serum and polyclonal mitogens or antigens, the supernatant fluid often inhibited the proliferative response of target PBL to concanavalin A. The extent of this suppression ranged from 22% to 84%, and target cell viability was 90% or greater. There was no evidence for the presence of immunoglobulins or α2-macroglobulin in whole supernatant fluids. The suppressor was partially denatured at 80°C and was rendered completely inactive upon exposure to 100°C for 5 min. It was trypsin-sensitive, and had an apparent molecular weight of 100,000 or greater. The protein adhered strongly to DE-52, and the most active material was eluted with 0.4–0.6 M NaCl. Only one component was detected in this fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The suppressor had an isoelectric point of 5.0 ± 0.6.

Depuis sa découverte, le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) a causé la mort de 33 millions de personnes, et 36,7 millions sont actuellement infectées. Malgré l’existence des thérapies antirétrovirales, celles-ci ne conduisent pas à d’éradiquer le virus. En outre, il n’existe pas de vaccin. Les lymphocytes B, dont la fonction est de produire les anticorps sont dysfonctionnels au cours du VIH-1. Or la majorité des stratégies vaccinales se basent sur la production d’anticorps dépendante des cellules T CD4. Ainsi, la première partie de mon doctorat a été consacré à la compréhension de l’impact du VIH-1 sur les cellules T CD4 folliculaires auxiliaires (Tfh) essentielles à l’activation des lymphocytes B et à la production d’anticorps spécifiques, dans la rate l’organe majeur de la réponse des lymphocytes B. Dans la deuxième partie, j’ai analysé les cellules T CD4 mémoires, Tfh et les lymphocytes B dans les ganglions mésentériques: un site inducteur de la réponse immunitaire intestinale, qui alimente la lamina propria (site effecteur) de la muqueuse intestinale en cellules mémoires. Étant donné l’impossibilité d’étudier ces organes profonds en particulier en phase aiguë chez l’homme, j’ai utilisé le modèle du macaque rhésus infecté par le virus de l’immunodéficience simienne (VIS). Les résultats de ces études montrent que l’évolution vers le SIDA est associée à une déplétion précoce des cellules Tfh et T CD4 mémoires dans la rate et les ganglions mésentériques. Concomitant à cela, je rapporte une déplétion des lymphocytes B mémoires dans la rate et un faible titre d’IgG anti-VIS dans le sérum. En plus, les cellules Tfh commutent leur phénotype d'effecteur mémoire vers celui de centrale mémoire associé à l’expriment de CD127 (récepteur de l’IL-7) et de T-bet (marqueur de cellules Th1). De plus, je montre que la déstructuration des organes lymphoïdes secondaires, ainsi que les cytokines environnementales comme l’IL-7 ou l’IL-27 peuvent contribuer au dysfonctionnement des cellules Tfh puisque ces dernières induisant les facteurs de transcription inhibiteurs des cellules Tfh tels que T-bet, Foxo1, Stat5 et KLF2. En conclusion, mes résultats permettent de mieux comprendre que le dysfonctionnement des lymphocytes B et l’immunodéficience dans la muqueuse intestinale sont associés à la déplétion soudaine des lymphocytes T CD4 mémoires et Tfh dans la rate et les ganglions mésentériques. Par conséquent, prévenir la perte de ces cellules pourrait être une approche thérapeutique et vaccinale prometteuse pour la neutralisation du virus et pour une meilleure immunité intestinale, afin d’empêcher la translocation bactérienne. / Since its discovery, HIV-1 has caused the death of 35 million people, and 36.9 million are living infected. Although researches have led to the development of antiretroviral therapies, which not only improve life expectation but also life quality of infected individuals, these therapies are not capable of eradicating the virus, and unfortunately there is no vaccine. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 is linked to a dysfunction of CD4 T cells that favors progression to AIDS. Therefore, given that most vaccines are based on T cell-dependent antibody production, the first part of my PhD research is devoted to understanding the impact of HIV-1 on CD4 T Follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which are essential for B cell activation and the production of specific antibodies. These cells are particularly crucial in the spleen, which is the major organ for B cell response. In the second part, I have analyzed the dynamics of memory CD4 T, Tfh and of B cells in mesenteric lymph nodes: an inductive site of the immune response that provides memory cells to the lamina propria (effector site) of the intestinal mucosa. Given the difficulties to study these deep organs, particularly during the acute phase in humans, I have used rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to study the dynamics of Tfh cells. My results show an early depletion of splenic Tfh cells during the acute phase; a depletion that persists during the chronic phase within macaques in which the infection rapidly progresses to AIDS. Concomitantly, we report a depletion of memory B cells and low titers of anti-SIV IgG titers in these macaques. Furthermore, I observed a massive depletion of memory CD4 T, Tfh and B cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as a phenotypic change of Tfh cells that become central memory cells associated with the upregulation of the expression of CD127 (IL-7 receptor). My results also show that environmental cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-27 contribute to their dysfunction as support the expression of transcription factors that inhibit Tfh cells such as T-bet, Foxo1 and Stat5. In conclusion, my results provide a better understanding of B cell dysfunction related to the early loss of the Tfh cells during HIV/SIV infection. Moreover, I hypothesize that the loss of immunity in the intestinal mucosa is due to the sudden depletion of memory CD4 T, Tfh and B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, maintaining Tfh and memory CD4 T cells during the early phase of infection could be a promising therapeutic and vaccine approach for neutralizing HIV/SIV, as well as preventing bacterial translocation.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chinese Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

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