No description available.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19528号 / 理博第4188号 / 新制||理||1601(附属図書館) / 32564 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20218号 / 理博第4303号 / 新制||理||1618(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 古市 剛史, 教授 Fred Bruce BERCOVITCH, 教授 平井 啓久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Studies suggest that adoptees are at risk for a number of psychopathological behaviors. To understand the etiology of this risk, 150 socially housed rhesus macaques were studied, including 107 infants reared with their biological mothers and 43 infants reared with unrelated adoptive mothers. Mother-infant behaviors were recorded across the first 6 months of life. Analyses were performed using a hierarchical linear mixed model. All reported results were tested at p<0.05. Adopted infants were observed on average to approach and leave their mothers more frequently, explore the environment and locomote longer, exhibit more anxiety-like behavior, spend less time being held to their mother's breast, and were rejected by their mothers more when compared to nonadopted infants, indicating they are more likely responsible for maintaining the relationship. They also direct and receive more noncontact aggression on average to other social group members, and showed evidence of higher anxiety exhibiting high levels of anxiety-like self-directed behavior when compared to nonadopted infants. Also, results indicate that adopted infants have significantly lower levels of the CSF serotonin metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid when compared to nonadopted infants.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24468号 / 理博第4967号 / 新制||理||1709(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 Huffman Michael Alan, 教授 古市 剛史, 教授 今井 啓雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Le traitement de référence de la maladie de Parkinson (MP) reste l’utilisation du précurseurdirect de la dopamine: la L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa). Le traitement chroniquedes patients parkinsoniens à la L-Dopa induit, en revanche, systématiquement desmouvements involontaires anormaux que l’on qualifie de dyskinésies induites par la L-Dopa(DIL). L’étude de l’expression des dyskinésies s’est essentiellement focalisée sur lesdysfonctions neuronales engendrées dans les régions motrices des ganglions de la base et apermis de révéler une surexpression significative de gènes de réponse précoce (GRP) tels que: ΔFosB, ARC, Zif268 et FRA2 dans le striatum de rats dyskinétiques traités chroniquement à la L–Dopa. En revanche, plusieurs autres régions dopaminoceptives, probablement affectées par la dopamine exogène nouvellement synthétisée, ont été négligées alors qu’elles pourraient jouer un rôle clé dans l’expression des dyskinésies. Par conséquent, nous avons quantifié l’expression de ΔFosB, ARC, FRA2 et Zif268 dans l’ensemble du cerveau de rats dyskinétiques que nous avons comparée à des rats non-dyskinétiques. Cette approche nous a permis d’identifier 9 structures, localisées en dehors des ganglions de la base, présentant une surexpression d’au moins 3 des GRPs cités ci-dessus. Parmi ces structures, le domaine dorsolatéral du « bed nucleus of the stria terminalis » (dlBST) et l’habenula latérale (LHb) montrent une corrélation significative entre l’expression de ΔFosB et la sévérité des dyskinésies. Nous avons donc fait l’hypothèse que ces 2 structures pouvaient être impliquées dans l’expression des dyskinésies. Par conséquent, pour évaluer le rôle potentiel du dlBST et de la LHb dans les dyskinésies, nous avons inhibé l’activité électrique des neurones exprimant FosB/ΔFosB en utilisant la méthode d’inactivation sélective du Daun02/ß-galactosidase que nous avons précédemment validée dans une structure bien connue pour être impliquée dans les dyskinésies: le striatum. Nous avons démontré que l’inhibition de ces neurones, à la fois dans le dlBST et la LHb, diminuait la sévérité des dyskinésies sans affecter l’effet bénéfique de la L-Dopa chez les rats dyskinétiques. Nous avons ensuite pu confirmer l’implication du dlBST grâce au model de référence des dyskinésies: le macaque dyskinétique lésé au MPTP. L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a ainsi permis de montrer, pour la première fois, l’implication fonctionnelle de 2 structures externes aux ganglions de la base dans l’expression des dyskinésies, offrant de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / The gold standard treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains the dopamine precursor L- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa). Long-term L-Dopa treatment systematically leads to abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) called L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). These manifestations first led to investigate the neuronal dysfunctions in the motor regions of thebasal ganglia and unravelled an overexpression of ΔFosB, ARC, Zif268 and FRA2 immediate-early genes (IEG) in the dopamine-depleted striatum of dyskinetic rats. However, other several dopaminoceptive structures, likely affected by the exogenously produced dopamine, have been neglected although they might play a key role in mediating LID. Hence, we assessed the expression of ΔFosB, ARC, FRA2 and Zif268 IEGs in the whole brain of dyskinetic rats compared to non-dyskinetic ones. Such approach shed light notably upon 9 structures located outside of the basal ganglia displaying an IEG overexpression. Among them, the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dlBST) and the lateralhabenula (LHb) displayed a significant correlation between ΔFosB expression and LID severity. We therefore postulated that these structures might play a role in LID manifestation. Therefore, to assess dlBST and LHb causal roles upon LID severity, we inhibited the electrical activity of FosB/ΔFosB-expressing neurons using the selective Daun02/β- galactosidase inactivation method that we previously validated in a well known structure involve in LID: the striatum. Interestingly, the inactivation of dlBST and LHb ΔfosBexpressing neurons alleviated LID severity and increased the beneficial effect of L-Dopa in dyskinetic rats. Remarkably, BST involvement in LID was confirmed in the gold standard model of LID, the dyskinetic MPTP-lesioned macaque. Altogether, our results highlight for the first time the functional involvement of 2 structures.

Natal dispersal may have considerable social, ecological and evolutionary consequences. While speciesspecific dispersal strategies have received much attention, individual variation in dispersal decisions and its fitness consequences remain poorly understood. We investigated causes and consequences of natal dispersal age in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a species with male dispersal. Using long-term demographic and genetic data from a semi-free ranging population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, we analysed how the social environment such as maternal family, group and population characteristics affected the age at which males leave their natal group. While natal dispersal age was unrelated to most measures of group or population structure, our study confirmed earlier findings that sons of high-ranking mothers dispersed later than sons of low-ranking ones. Natal dispersal age did not affect males\\\' subsequent survival, but males dispersing later were more likely to reproduce. Late dispersers were likely to start reproducing while still residing in their natal group, frequently produced extra-group offspring before natal dispersal and subsequently dispersed to the group in which they had fathered offspring more likely than expected. Hence, the timing of natal dispersal was affected by maternal rank and influenced male reproduction, which, in turn affected which group males dispersed to.

The use of Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT) for co-operation during routine husbandry and laboratory procedures is widely advocated as a means of promoting the welfare of nonhuman primates. However, while research originating in US zoos provide qualitative descriptions of how PRT may be used in the training of a wide variety of species, quantitative data and evidence to support the view that PRT reduces stress predominately comes from laboratory studies of primates whose training may have used other methods. Despite official guidelines, training is rarely carried out in the UK and the educational and wider organisational structures concerning training, present in the US are largely absent. The techniques used in the UK were assessed through detailed observations recorded when four stump-tailed macaques were trained to co-operate during venipuncture. Data recorded during training sessions showed that although food rewards were given, their delivery was slow and inconsistent. A certain amount of coercion was used which violates a principle of PRT which states that co-operation should be voluntary. The macaques showed increasing resistance to the process and a mild but detrimental effect on the subsequent behaviour of the study animals. When training resumed 18 months later there were considerable improvements in the techniques used. The macaques showed a greater willingness to participate and there were no significant changes in their behaviour when training days were compared to those when training did not take place. The behaviour of the macaques during venipuncture was judged to be arising from engineered compliance rather than voluntary co-operation. However, it was concluded that the technique observed, if carried out correctly, was a reasonable compromise between forced restraint and voluntary co-operation given the paucity of evidence showing the effectiveness of PRT for invasive procedures. However, it was also concluded that the use of coercion should be recognised and provide a focus for future refinement. The effectiveness and welfare implications ofPRT was assessed through the training of common marmosets to target and allow in-homecage weighing and to provide urine samples. It was found that the trained animals perfonned reliably and that time invested in training could be recouped through faster data collection. Following a period of training or increased positive contact with humans, observations of marmoset behaviour showed a decrease in stress related behaviours and an increase in allogrooming supporting the view that improved relations with humans had a beneficial effect. Following exposure to a mild stressor, trained marmosets showed no elevation in levels of urinary cortisol or stress related behaviours. Untrained animals showed increased levels of locomoting and selfscratching following exposure to the same stressor. It was concluded that PRT successfully reduced the stress associated with the presence of, and manipulation by, humans. Final recommendations were that training can promote the welfare of nonhuman primates and should be used in UK laboratories to a greater extent than is currently the case. However, the lack of educational opportunities for animal trainers in the UK needs to be addressed. It was also recommended that in light of the growing evidence showing the benefits that can arise from training and good relations with humans, the zero-handling policy practiced in many UK zoos should be reassessed.

Papio ursinus are dietary generalists that exploit a diverse repertoire of food resources. This study explored the foraging strategies of a group of Papio ursinus and the foraging differences between subgroups classified by age and sex. Food resource preference, nutritional properties of food resources, and nutritional demands were examined to test the hypotheses that the foraging strategies exhibited by the subgroups would differ and that food selection is driven by nutritional demands. Adult females and juveniles were found to seek out food resources higher in proteins, while adult males were found to prefer food resources higher in carbohydrates. The findings support the alternative hypotheses and suggest that nutritional pressures are the best predictor of foraging optimization. A pilot study, involving the observation of a provisioned group of Macaca mulatta, that proved elemental to the formulation of the research design employed in the study of Papio ursinus, is also described.