M.S.

The time-honored profession of commercial fishing in the Florida Keys is in danger of extinction as each year passes and fewer commercial fishermen remain in an industry that is sinking in the wake of politicians, land developers, and financial woes. At the heart of the problem is the threat of overfishing, a subject that is increasingly at the forefront of media attention and environmental campaigns. The villain in this story of death and destruction more often than not are commercial fishermen. But the blame is misguided. Our fishermen work according to the letter of the law and strive to maintain healthy sustainable fish stocks and sound marine ecosystems. It is unlikely that the American hunger for seafood will diminish so in the absence of locally caught fish the public has no choice but to support the efforts of unchecked foreign fisheries—Fisheries that are not managed as well as ours and in some instances fish until there is nothing left to take. / text

La investigación se desarrolló en una empresa productora y comercializadora de todo tipo de conservas a base de diversos pescados, dentro de su oferta tienen diversas presentaciones, una de ellas son las conservas de caballa. Precisamente en esta línea de producción se presentaba el problema a resolver: excesivo tiempo muerto en el traslado manual del producto, mediante coches, de la línea a la autoclave. Este proyecto se enfocó específicamente en mejorar el proceso productivo, reduciendo tiempos en la producción de la elaboración de la caballa, implementando una paletizadora y modificando el coche a estibar que pasa a la autoclave. Con esta mejora, se ha logrado reducir en un 93% el llenado de coche de autoclave. The research was conducted at a producer and marketer of all kinds of canned fish using diverse within its range they have different presentations, one of which is canned mackerel. Precisely in this production line was presented the problem to solve: excessive downtime in the manual transfer of the product by car, line the autoclave. This project is specifically focused on improving the production process, reducing time in the production of mackerel developing, implementing and modifying palletizing stow the car passing the autoclave. With this improvement, it has been reduced by 93% the car filled autoclave.

The technological process of smoked mackerel (Scomber scombrus) manufacture was described in detail with a focus on quality of muscle. The smoked mackerel brined in 6%, 12% and 15% of brine was monitored by texture profile analysis (TPA) using a cylindrical probe P 75 and spherical probe P 1S. Textural properties of muscle, such as hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness were evaluated. With increasing concentrations of brine muscle hardness and chewiness significantly decreases. In texture measuring, using a cylindrical probe P 75, in 6% of brine approximately 10.4 % higher hardness can be achieved, about 1 % higher chewiness and about approximately 5 % lower springiness expect, than when brined in 12% of brine. When brined in 15% of brine about 6.7 % lower hardness, about approximately 11.2 % lower chewiness and about 6.5 % lower springiness expect, than when brined in 12% of brine. When using a spherical probe P 1S is at brined in 6% of brine about approximately 6.5 % higher hardness and about approximately 11 % lower chewiness that brined in 12% of brine. When brined in 15% of brine about approximately 13 % lower springiness and approximately 21.7 % lower chewiness expect, than when brined in 12% of brine. To a lesser extent springiness was influenced, cohesiveness with increasing concentrations of salt in brine was unchanged. Texture measurements were supplemented by microbiological analysis of the total count of microorganisms (TCM). This analysis confirmed that with increasing concentrations of salt brine the count of microorganisms decreases (on 103 using 6% of brine and on 102 using 12% and 15% of brine) as a result of reduced water activity (aw).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The marketing of fish has shown substantial increase; however, their place of origin and ways of handling and storage may pose health risk. The microorganisms in the food chain and in capture environments cause concern over the risk of disease transmission and the multiple resistance to several drugs. This study aimed at characterizing the antimicrobial resistance of 191 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 20 fish samples, ten saltwater samples: (5) mackerel (S. cavalla) and (5) snapper (L. purpureus) and ten freshwater samples: (5) curimatà (P. cearenses) and (5) tilapia (O. niloticus), sold in street markets of the city of Fortaleza (Cearà State), Brazil. The strains were isolated, identified and then subjected to susceptibility testing (20 antibiotics) in order to provide the resistance profile. Moreover, it was also performed: Multiple Resistance Index (MRI), the Antimicrobial Resistance Index (ARI), Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), plasmid "cure" and analysis of plasmid profile through DNA extraction. Strains isolated from marine and freshwater fish species showed distinct multidrug resistance profiles, but with broad resistance to penicillins and tetracyclines. There was high frequency of saltwater isolates resistant to chloramphenicol. Overall, low resistance to betalactamase inhibitors (ampicillin/sulbactam, and piperacillin/tazobactam) and aminoglycosides was observed, excepting streptomycin. The MRI has shown that about 50% of the isolates were resistant to five of the twenty tested antimicrobials, highlighting the strains from mackerel (55.5%). As for MIC, the percentage of isolates resistant to NAL, CIP, MFX, SUT and AMO stood out in saltwater fish strains. For bacteria from freshwater, greater resistance to high concentrations of antimicrobials were most significant for AMO, SUL and NAL. Chromosomal profiles in freshwater isolates were mostly composed of amoxicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfametazol/trimethoprim. For saltwater fish, there was predominance of quinolones. Analysis of the plasmid DNA showed the occurrence of a heterogeneous population of small plasmids distributed in various profiles. The greater diversity and lower molecular weight were observed in strains of marine fish samples. Thus, it is emphasized that the circulation of pathogenic E. coli with antimicrobial resistance characteristics poses a risk to the aquatic ecosystem and the marketing environment, there being need for continued vigilance to contaminant bacterial to fish so that the safety of these foods is guaranteed. / A comercializaÃÃo de pescado tem indicado aumento substancial, contudo, seu local de origem e formas de manipulaÃÃo e armazenamento, podem representar risco sanitÃrio. Os micro-organismos presentes na cadeia produtiva de alimentos e nos ambientes de captura ocasionam preocupaÃÃo pelo risco de transmissÃo de doenÃas e pela mÃltipla resistÃncia apresentada a diversos fÃrmacos. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a resistÃncia antimicrobiana de 191 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de 20 amostras de pescado, sendo dez amostras de pescado de Ãgua salgada: (5) cavala (S. cavalla) e (5) pargo (L. purpureus) e dez amostras de Ãgua doce: (5) curimatà (P. cearenses) e (5) tilÃpia (O.niloticus), comercializadas em feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza, CE. As cepas foram isoladas, identificadas e posteriormente submetidas a testes de susceptibilidade (20 antimicrobianos) a fim de conferir o perfil de resistÃncia. AlÃm disso, foram realizados: Ãndice de MÃltipla ResistÃncia (IMR), Ãndice de ResistÃncia a Antimicrobianos (IRA), ConcentraÃÃo InibitÃria MÃnina (CIM), âcuraâ plasmidial e anÃlise de perfil plasmidial, atravÃs de extraÃÃo de DNA. As cepas isoladas das espÃcies de pescado marinho e de Ãgua doce apresentaram perfis de multirresistÃncia distintos, porÃm com ampla resistÃncia Ãs penicilinas e Ãs tetraciclinas. Houve elevada frequÃncia de isolados de pescado marinho resistentes ao cloranfenicol. Foi observada, de forma geral, baixa resistÃncia para inibidores de betalactamases (ampicilina/ sulbactam e piperacilina/ tazobactam) e aminoglicosÃdeos, excetuando, estreptomicina. O IMR demonstrou que cerca de 50% dos isolados foram resistentes a cinco dos vinte antimicrobianos testados, destacando as cepas provenientes de cavala (55,5%). Nos testes de CIM observou-se que, cepas isoladas de pescados de Ãgua salgada apresentaram maiores percentuais de isolados resistentes a NAL, CIP, MFX, SUT e AMO. Maiores resistÃncias a elevadas concentraÃÃes de antimicrobianos, quando testadas bactÃrias oriundas de Ãgua doce, foram observadas para AMO, SUL e NAL. Os perfis cromossomiais em isolados de Ãgua doce foram na maioria compostos por amoxicilina, ampicilina, estreptomicina e sulfametazol ∕ trimetropim. Para o pescado de Ãgua salgada, foi verificado a predominÃncia de quinolonas. A anÃlise do DNA plasmidial mostrou a ocorrÃncia de uma populaÃÃo heterogÃnea de pequenos plasmÃdios distribuÃdos em vÃrios perfis. A maior diversidade e menor peso molecular foram observados em cepas de amostras de pescado de origem marinha. Dessa forma, destaca-se que a circulaÃÃo de E. coli patogÃnicas com caracterÃsticas de resistÃncia antimicrobiana representa um risco ao ecossistema aquÃtico e ao ambiente de comercializaÃÃo, havendo necessidade de vigilÃncia contÃnua a bactÃrias contaminantes do pescado, para que a seguranÃa desses alimentos seja garantida.

Large, mesopelagic teleosts have a potentially keystone position in the ecology of the pelagic water column, yet remain relatively unstudied when compared to large, commercially important fishes of the epipelagic zone. In this study, the ecological roles of four large, vertically migrating teleosts, oilfish, Ruvettus pretiosus, escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, snake mackerel, Gempylus serpens, longnose lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox, and shortnose lancetfish, Alepisaurus brevirostris, were examined. The stomachs of 61 oilfish, 35 escolar, 33 snake mackerel, and 34 lancetfish were collected from nighttime, pelagic, longline fishing operations in the epipelagic zone of the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico from 2007 to 2010. Stomach content analysis was used to determine predator-prey interactions. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were performed on white dorsal muscle tissue of 38 oilfish, 23 escolar, 28 snake mackerel, and 19 lancetfish also sampled for stomach content analysis. Crustaceans were abundant prey of small oilfish, lancetfish, and to a lesser degree, snake mackerel, and they were absent from large escolar diets. Lancetfish and snake mackerel showed diverse diets that included crustaceans, polychaetes, gymnosomes, salps, cephalopods, and fishes. Large escolar stomachs contained only squid and fish. Stable isotope analyses placed small oilfish in the lowest trophic position of the group, followed by lancetfish and snake mackerel, and large escolar occupied the highest trophic position of the four species.

Consacrée aux amphores à saumures de l’Hispania Ulterior/Bétique et de l’Hispania Citerior/Tarraconaise de la fin de la République et du Haut-Empire, la présente thèse se construit autour de deux problématiques principales. La première porte sur l’identification des formes par une refonte de la typologie. Notre classification a été construite à partir des amphores provenant des ensembles céramiques de référence au travers d’un examen morphologique et chronologique minutieux. Elle a été appliquée à quelques-unes des épaves du littoral français et aux amphores du Rhône dont celles inédites provenant du dépotoir de l’épave Arles-Rhône 3 récupérées lors de l’opération de renflouage de l’épave. Le second volet concerne l’étude des denrées halieutiques (salaisons et sauces) transportées dans ces conteneurs par l’examen des textes anciens et des données directes du contenu que sont les résidus organiques et les inscriptions peintes. L’inédit de la recherche réside dans la lecture critique des tituli picti, véritable publicité sur amphores. Elle suppose l’existence de différents formulaires commerciaux propres à tel ou tel type de denrée. / Dedicated to fish sauces and salted fish amphoras of Hispania Ulterior/Baetica and Hispania Citerior/Tarraconensis from the end of the Republic and the Early Roman Empire, this thesis is established on two main problematics. The first one is the identification of amphora forms by a review of the current typology. Our classification is built on a precise study, morphological and chronological, of amphoras from reference contexts. It has been used for some shipwrecks materials located on the French coast and the amphoras from the Rhone context, including thoses from the Arles-Rhône 3 shipwreck deposits collected during the salvage operation.The second problematic focuses on the study of fisheries commodity (fish sauces and salted fish) carried out in theses ceramic containers through the analysis of antique texts and direct data which are organic residues and painted inscriptions. The novelty of this research lies in the critical reading and interpretation of theses tituli picti, genuine advertising on amphoras. It involves the existence of different business forms suitable for a particular type of commodity.