This study was designed to accomplish two primary objectives: (1) to compare two test methods commonly used to evaluate toxicity of inhaled air pollutants, and (2) to observe the response as measured by each of the methods, of pulmonary alveolar macrophages exposed to 2μg hexavalent chromium. The firs t method evaluated featured use of intratracheal injections to simulate live inhalation exposures, and the second required exposure of macrophages cultured on petri plates. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested from Long Evans rats were used. The two cell function parameters measured in the evaluations were chemiluminescence and oxygen consumption (which was determined for cells at rest and during phagocytosis). These two tests have been shown to be sensitive indicators of macrophage damage. Results of CL output and oxygen consumption revealed the two methods were significantly different. Evaluation of macrophages from live animals treated with CrO3 or CaCrO4showed no differences between their respective untreated controls as determined by measurement of their chemiluminescence production or of oxygen consumption rates. Alveolar macrophages that were cultured in media during treatment with the same two forms of hexavalent chromium showed statistically significant differences from untreated controls. These comparisons indicate that choices of investigative toxicological models influence interpretation of data recorded.

Groundwater contamination is a concern due to the large number of people that can become exposed to the contaminant. The chemicals benzene and phenol are known groundwater contaminants. The main health problem caused by benzene or phenol is bone marrow toxicity. Benzene and phenol are also immunotoxins reported to cause decreased thymic weights, altered lymphocyte mitogenic responses, and lower antibody production. Cytokines are key signaling molecules produced by the cells of the immune system to activate other cells in the immune system, produce antibodies, and recruit other cells to sites of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to benzene or phenol in drinking water for 30 days could lead to alterations in IL-l, IL-6, and TNFa production in in vitro activated murine macrophages, or in IL-2, IL-3, and IFNy production in in vitro activated murine lymphocytes. Cytokine mRNA and protein production were evaluated to determine if any alteration occurred. Benzene and phenol exposure resulted in significantly decreased thymus weights. Interleukin-2 mRNA production was increased at the medium dose (200 mg/L) but the IL-2 protein secreted from the lymphocytes of benzene-treated mice was unchanged. The macrophages from benzene-treated mice showed a decrease at all dosage levels in both TNFa mRNA and protein production. These macrophages also produced increased JLIa mRNA at the medium benzene concentration, although this increase did not mean an increase of IL-Ia protein secreted. Mice given phenol at the medium (20 mg/L) and high (100 mg/L) dosages had decreased 30-day body weights. The production ofiL-3 mRNA was decreased in the lymphocytes of mice receiving both low and high concentrations of phenol. Lowered TNFa mRNA values were observed in the macrophages from phenoltreated mice. Interleukin-la mRNA production was increased in the macrophages of mice given the low (5 mg/L) dose of phenol. The TNFa cytokine protein was decreased at the low and medium doses, and the IL-l a protein level was decreased at the medium and high doses. The results indicate that benzene and phenol in groundwater should continue to be a concern for public and regulatory agencies.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20265号 / 医博第4224号 / 新制||医||1021(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳田 素子, 教授 武田 俊一, 教授 野田 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20801号 / 医博第4301号 / 新制||医||1025(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 道行, 教授 山下 潤, 教授 宮本 享 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13167号 / 論医博第2154号 / 新制||医||1029(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 宮本 享, 教授 小泉 昭夫, 教授 柳田 素子 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21617号 / 医博第4423号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 川口 義弥, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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L’athérosclérose est un important facteur de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires ischémiques. Cette pathologie est caractérisée par la formation de plaques lipidiques dans l’intima des vaisseaux sanguins. Le récepteur éboueur cluster de differentiation-36 (CD36) est impliqué dans l’internalisation et l’accumulation de lipoprotéines au sein des macrophages qui vont devenir des cellules spumeuses, ce qui est à l’origine de la formation de lésions athérosclérotiques. Notre hypothèse est que les azapeptides, dérivés du peptide de relâche de l’hormone de croissance 6 (GHRP-6), vont interférer avec l’internalisation des lipoprotéines par les macrophages et ainsi réduire la progression des lésions. Nous avons utilisé des souris déficientes en apolipoprotéine E (apoe-/-) qui ont été traitées quotidiennement par une injection sous-cutanée de 300 nmol/kg de MPE-001 ou de MPE-003. Les effets des azapeptides ont été étudiés sous deux régimes alimentaires, soit le maintien d’une diète enrichie en lipides et en cholestérol (HFHC) pendant la durée de l’étude, ou par une diète HFHC suivie d’une diète normale pendant la période de traitement. Nos résultats montrent que les azapeptides ont réduit la progression des lésions à différents sites aortiques et artériels et induit leur régression au niveau des sinus aortiques du coeur. Ces effets ont été associés à une diminution de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires au niveau plasmatique et à une augmentation des marqueurs caractéristiques des macrophages anti-inflammatoires (M2). Nos travaux ont montré que l’effet athéroprotecteur des azapeptides dépend de la présence du récepteur CD36. Ces résultats appuient le développement de ligands sélectifs du récepteur CD36 dans le traitement de l’athérosclérose. / Atherosclerosis is an important risk factor for the development of ischemic heart disease. This pathology is characterized by the formation of lipid plaques in the intima of the blood vessels. The receptor cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is involved in the internalization and retention of lipoproteins within macrophages that will become foam cells, which induce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Our hypothesis is that azapeptides, derived from growth hormone release peptide-6 (GHRP-6), will interfere with the internalization of lipoproteins by macrophages and thereby reduce the progression of lesions. We used apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoe-/-) which were treated daily with a subcutaneous injection of 300 nmol / kg of MPE-001 or MPE-003. The effects of azapeptides were studied under two diets regimen, the mice were either maintained under a diet enriched in fat and cholesterol (HFHC) for the duration of the study or were given a HFHC diet followed by a normal diet during the treatment period. Our results show that azapeptides reduced the progression of lesions at different aortic and arterial sites and induced their regression in the aortic sinuses of the heart. These effects have been associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators in plasma and an increase in markers characteristic of anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). Our work has shown that the atheroprotective effect of azapeptides depends on the presence of the CD36 receptor. These results support the development of selective ligands for the CD36 receptor in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Neutrophils and macrophages accumulate at sites of inflammation and cause chronic inflammation leading to various diseases. Therefore, to better understand chronic disease pathways it is important to investigate the properties of macrophage accumulation in inflamed tissues. The I-domain of the macrophage receptor integrin aDb2 plays a vital role in macrophage retention by binding to CEP (carboxyethyl pyrrole), a ligand available at inflammatory sites. This thesis mainly focuses on evaluating the binding site within integrin aDb2 that binds carboxyethyl pyrrole (CEP)-modified proteins. So, a recombinant plasmid construct containing the integrin I-domain was developed. Seven non-conserved amino acids were mutated by PCR-site-directed mutagenesis to create a mutant construct. After expressing in E. coli, the binding affinities of wild-type and mutant I-domains to CEP were analyzed using biolayer interferometry. It was found that a patch of seven positively charged amino acids contributes to the strong binding of the I domain to CEP.