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Micromagnetic study of self-organized magnetic nanostructuresEngel-Herbert, Roman Harald 23 February 2007 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die mikromagnetische Struktur sowie das Ummagnetisierungsverhalten epitaktisch gewachsener MnAs Filme auf dem Substrat GaAs untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt steht die mikromagnetischen Struktur von anisotrop erspannten MnAs Filmen auf GaAs(001). Die Verspannung führt zur selbstorganisierten Anordnung ferromagnetischer Streifen. Ihre Domänenstruktur wurde mittels MFM (magnetischer Kraftmikroskopie) bestimmt und mit den Resultaten der XMCDPEEM (X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy) verglichen. Um eine vollständige Charakterisierung der mikromagnetischen Eigenschaften der Streifenstruktur zu erreichen, wurden die MFM Experimente in einem äusseren Magnetfeld durchgeführt. Die Beantwortung der zentralen Frage nach der Domänenstruktur ist mit der Entwicklung eines mikromagnetischen Simulators für dreidimensionale magnetische Strukturen auf mesoskopischer Skala gelungen. Die Stabilität der dreidimensionalen mikromagnetischen Struktur hängt von den Eigenschaften der selbstorganisierten Streifenstruktur ab, d.h. sowohl von der Filmdicke als auch vom Verhältnis ihrer Breite zur Filmdicke - und damit der Temperatur. Durch die Erkenntnis, dass eine magnetische Struktur in der Tiefe des Streifens vorhanden ist, können die verbleibenden Unterschiede in den XMCDPEEM- und MFM-Resultaten erklärt werden. Durch die Simulationsergebnisse in Kombination mit den Experimenten wird eine widerspruchsfreie Deutung der mikromagnetischen Struktur sowie deren Ummagnetisierungsverhalten ermöglicht. Zudem wird die mikromagnetische Struktur von MnAs auf GaAs(111) simuliert und damit das Verständnis der mikromagnetischen Strukturen auf alle vorhandenen Substratorientierungen vervollständigt. / In the present thesis the micromagnetic structure, as well as the magnetization reversal, of epitaxial MnAs films on GaAs substrates are studied. The investigation is focused on the micromagnetic structure of anisotropically strained MnAs films on GaAs(001). The strain originates a selforganized array of ferromagnetic stripes. The magnetic domains were investigated using MFM (magnetic force microscopy) and the results were compared with XMCDPEEM (X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy). To completely characterize the micromagnetic properties of the stripe structure, MFM experiments were performed in the presence of an external field. To unambiguously determine the domain structure a three-dimensional micromagnetic simulator was developed capable to calculate magnetic structures with mesoscopic dimensions. The stability of the three-dimensional micromagnetic structure depends on the properties of the selforganized stripe structure, i.e., on the film thickness as well as on the ratio of the stipe width to thickness - and thus the temperature. Taking into account the magnetization distribution in-depth, the remaining differences between the XMCDPEEM and the MFM results can be explained by the disturbing effect of the MFM tip. The results of the micromagnetic simulations, in combination with the experimental results, allow for a determination of the micromagnetic structure in an applied field throughout the phase coexistence regime. Moreover, the micromagnetic structure of MnAs films on GaAs(111) is simulated and thus the understanding of the micromagnetic properties have been extended on all substrate orientations.
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Local imaging of magnetic flux in superconducting thin filmsShapoval, Tetyana 04 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Local studies of magnetic flux line (vortex) distribution in superconducting thin films and
their pinning by natural and artificial defects have been performed using low-temperature
magnetic force microscopy (LT-MFM).
Taken a 100 nm thin NbN film as an example, the depinning of vortices from natural
defects under the influence of the force that the MFM tip exerts on the individual vortex was
visualized and the local pinning force was estimated. The good agreement of these results with
global transport measurements demonstrates that MFM is a powerful and reliable method to
probe the local variation of the pinning landscape. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the
presence of an ordered array of 1-μm-sized ferromagnetic permalloy dots being in a magneticvortex
state underneath the Nb film significantly influences the natural pinning landscape of
the superconductor leading to commensurate pinning effects. This strong pinning exceeds the
repulsive interaction between the superconducting vortices and allows vortex clusters to be
located at each dot. Additionally, for industrially applicable YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta} thin films the main
question discussed was the possibility of a direct correlation between vortices and artificial
defects as well as vortex imaging on rough as-prepared thin films. Since the surface roughness
(droplets, precipitates) causes a severe problem to the scanning MFM tip, a nanoscale wedge
polishing technique that allows to overcome this problem was developed. Mounting the sample
under a defined small angle results in a smooth surface and a monotonic thickness reduction
of the film along the length of the sample. It provides a continuous insight from the film
surface down to the substrate with surface sensitive scanning techniques.
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Local imaging of magnetic flux in superconducting thin filmsShapoval, Tetyana 26 January 2010 (has links)
Local studies of magnetic flux line (vortex) distribution in superconducting thin films and
their pinning by natural and artificial defects have been performed using low-temperature
magnetic force microscopy (LT-MFM).
Taken a 100 nm thin NbN film as an example, the depinning of vortices from natural
defects under the influence of the force that the MFM tip exerts on the individual vortex was
visualized and the local pinning force was estimated. The good agreement of these results with
global transport measurements demonstrates that MFM is a powerful and reliable method to
probe the local variation of the pinning landscape. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the
presence of an ordered array of 1-μm-sized ferromagnetic permalloy dots being in a magneticvortex
state underneath the Nb film significantly influences the natural pinning landscape of
the superconductor leading to commensurate pinning effects. This strong pinning exceeds the
repulsive interaction between the superconducting vortices and allows vortex clusters to be
located at each dot. Additionally, for industrially applicable YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta} thin films the main
question discussed was the possibility of a direct correlation between vortices and artificial
defects as well as vortex imaging on rough as-prepared thin films. Since the surface roughness
(droplets, precipitates) causes a severe problem to the scanning MFM tip, a nanoscale wedge
polishing technique that allows to overcome this problem was developed. Mounting the sample
under a defined small angle results in a smooth surface and a monotonic thickness reduction
of the film along the length of the sample. It provides a continuous insight from the film
surface down to the substrate with surface sensitive scanning techniques.
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Micromagnetic investigation of MnAs thin films on GaAs surfacesMohanty, Jyoti Ranjan 14 September 2005 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der mikromagnetischen Domänenstruktur und des gekoppelten magneto-strukturellen Phasenübergangs dünner epitaktischer MnAs-Filme auf GaAs. Im Besonderen wird der Einfluss der Substratorientierung, der Filmdicke und eines externen magnetischen Feldes auf die magnetischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften untersucht. Dabei kommen die komplementären Untersuchungsmethoden AFM (atomic force microscopy) / MFM (magnetic force microscopy) und LEEM (low energy electron microscopy) / XMCDPEEM (X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy) zum Einsatz. Im Zuge des Phasenübergangs erster Ordnung zeigen MnAs Filme auf GaAs (001) und (311)A eine regelmäßige Anordnung ferromagnetischer alpha-MnAs und paramagnetischer beta-MnAs Streifen. Die Breite der Streifen ist eine Funktion der Temperatur, während die Periodizität eine lineare Funktion der Filmdicke ist. Die Domänenstruktur hängt stark von der Breite bzw. dem Abstand der ferromagnetischen Streifen ab, da diese direkt die Formanisotropie bzw. die magnetische Kopplung beeinflussen. Die Domänenstrukturen wird, abhängig von der Zahl der Subdomänen entlang der leichten Magnetisierungsrichtung, klassifiziert, wobei bis zu drei elementare Domänentypen beobachtet werden. Bei MnAs-Filmen die auf der GaAs (111)B Oberfläche gewachsen wurden, führt die Epitaxie zu einem geänderten Spannungszustands des Films, wobei eine erhöhte Phasenübergangstemperatur beobachtet wird. Durch temperaturabhängige XMCDPEEM-, AFM- und MFM-Messungen kann gezeigt werden, daß durch den lokalen Abbau der Verspannung in der Nähe eines Risses die Phasenübergangstemperatur lokal erhöht ist. Um Ummagnetisierungsprozesse auf einer mikroskopischen Skala untersuchen zu können und um den Einfluß eines magnetischen Feldes auf die Domänenstruktur sichtbar zu machen, wurde das temperaturvariable Rastersondenmikroskop um einen variablen Magnetfeldaufbau ergänzt. / This work presents the study of the micromagnetic domain structure and the coupled magneto-structural phase transition of epitaxial MnAs thin films on GaAs. In particular, the influence of substrate orientation, film thickness and external magnetic field on the magnetic and structural properties are investigated, employing the complementary measurement techniques atomic force microscopy (AFM) / magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) / X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCDPEEM. In the course of the first-order phase transition MnAs films on GaAs (001) and (311)A substrates show a regular array of ferromagnetic alpha- and paramagnetic beta-MnAs stripes. The width of the ferromagnetic stripes are a function of the temperature, whereas the periodicity of the stripe pattern is a function of the film thickness. The domain structure strongly depends on the width and the distance of the ferromagnetic stripes, as it directly affects the shape anisotropy and magnetic coupling, respectively. The domain patterns are classified depending on the number of subdomains along the easy axis direction. Up to three basic domain types can be distinguished. For MnAs films grown on GaAs (111)B, the epitaxy leads to a different strain state of the film, resulting in polygonal ferromagnetic structures embedded in a honeycomb-like paramagnetic network, and a higher phase transition temperature. Using temperature-dependent AFM, MFM and XMCDPEEM it is shown that the local strain relaxation in the vicinity of cracks in the MnAs film results in a locally increased phase transition temperature. In order to study magnetization reversal processes on a microscopic scale, as well as the influence of the magnetic field on the domain structure, a variable-magnetic field set-up is employed.
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