This diploma thesis is devoted to systematic study of structural trans- formations of Heusler alloys by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optical spectroscopy. Structural transformations in these alloys are induced by different microscopic mechanisms. Obtained experimental results were confronted with theoretical calculations. This allowed the discussion of obtained results and suggestion of their interpretation. In the case of Co- Fe-Si alloys, changes in optical and magneto-optical properties with change of Co-Fe ratio were observer. This was explained by lowering of the gap for minority spins with increasing Fe concentrations. Temperature dependent optical and magneto-optical properties of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy showed the pres- ence of so-called Martensitic transformation from cubic to tetragonal phase. A study of Mn-Rh-Co-Sn alloys did not show a clear dependence of physical properties upon the concentration of Rh and Mn. This was explained by strong strain inside the samples, which distorted obtained results. 1

This work presents study of magnetocaloric properties of compounds exhibiting unusual magnetic characteristics. Several systems were studied: TbNiAl, (Tb,Y)NiAl, TbNi(Al,In), TbFeAl, GdFeAl, Ni2MnGa based compounds and amorphous metallic alloy Gd-Co-Al-Y. Influence of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on magnetocaloric effect was studied on singlecrystalline sample of TbNiAl compound. The maximum of entropy change was measured with orientation of magnetic field along c axis and compared to polycrystalline sample a 100% increase was observed. Substitutions of Y and In in TbNiAl led to a change of magnetic ordering. Both substitution led to increase of RCP values of studied material. TbFeAl and GdFeAl compounds, characterized by partial disorder of Fe and Al atoms, showed magnetocaloric effect in wide temperature region which led to interesting values of RCP~350 J kg-1 . Very broad region of magnetocaloric effect was also observed on amorphous metallic material of Gd-Co-Al-Y. The effect of Er substitution in Ni2MnGa based compound on its magneto-structural transition, connected with inverse magnetocaloric effect, was studied. The direct measurement method of adiabatic temperature change is described and instrument for such measurement, developed in collaboration with FZU AVČR, v.v.i., is presented.

Microphotonics has been offering a body of ideas to prospective applicationsin optics. Among those, the concept of photonic integrated circuits (PIC’s) has recently spurred a substantial excitement into the scientific community. Relisation of the PIC’s becomes feasible as the size shrinkage of the optical elements is accomplished. The elements based on photonic crystals (PCs) represent promising candidacy for manufacture of PIC’s. This thesis is devoted to tailoring of optical properties and advanced modelling of two types of photonic crystals: (Bi3Fe5O12/Sm3Ga5O12)m and (TiO2/Er2O3)m potentially applicable in the role optical isolators and optical amplifiers, respectively. Deposition conditions of titanium dioxide were first investigated to maximise refractive index and minimise absorption as well as surface roughness of titania films. It was done employing three routines: deposition at elevated substrate temperatures, regular annealing in thermodynamically equilibrium conditions and rapid thermal annealing (RTA). RTA at 500 oC was shown to provide the best optical performance giving a refractive index of 2.53, an absorption coefficient of 404 cm−1 and a root-mean-square surface roughness of 0.6 nm. Advanced modelling of transmittance and Faraday rotation for the PCs (Bi3Fe5O12/Sm3Ga5O12)5 and (TiO2/Er2O3)6 was done using the 4 × 4 matrix formalism of Višňovský. The simulations for the constituent materials in the forms of single films were performed using the Swanepoel and Višňovský formulae. This enabled generation of the dispersion relations for diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the permittivity tensors relating to the materials. These dispersion relations were utilised to produce dispersion relations for complex refractive indices of the materials. Integration of the complex refractive indices into the 4 × 4 matrix formalism allowed computation of transmittance and Faraday rotation of the PCs. The simulation results were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental ones proving such a simulation approach is an excellent means of engineering PCs.

There is an increasing interest in using new composite materials in microwave devices, to reduce size and weight while maintaining similar performances. A new promising material group is named magneto-dielectric materials, which have the permittivity and permeability values both larger than one. Compared to the commercially used dielectric materials, magneto-dielectric materials can achieve a larger miniaturization factor with the equivalent properties as dielectric materials. There is a very limited availability of commercial magneto-dielectric materials. A recent addition was from Rogers Corporation with MAGTREX 555, [1], that is available as a printed circuit board laminate. The material is limited to 500 MHz operational frequency due to its increased magnetic and dielectric losses. In this thesis the purpose is to understand the loss mechanisms, characterize and understand the state-of-the-art magneto-dielectric materials at microwaves, and to produce a magneto-dielectric material in the lab to understand the material better. A new material was developed with magneto-dielectric properties. The material was based on a polymer base of polystyrene that serves as a dielectric material and doped with nickel nanoparticles that produce the magnetic properties. The contents of the nanoparticles in the mix is a design variable. Nickel-polystyrene samples with different nickel contents of 0%, 2.3% and 4.5%, were produced in the lab and measured in-house to understand the loss mechanism and RF performance.

Ce travail explore l'utilisation de l'effet magnéto-optique pour étudier la dynamique de spin des électrons de conduction dans les semi-conducteurs non magnétiques lorsqu'ils sont pompés avec des photons polarisés circulairement. En général, les moments magnétiques hors-équilibre induits optiquement dans les semi-conducteurs non magnétiques sont plus petits que ceux des matériaux magnétiques. L'effet magnéto-optique en principe offre une sensibilité suffisante pour détecter ces faibles moments magnétiques via une mesure de rotation Faraday dans la limite de bruit de photons. Nous avons comparés trois méthodes de détection: les polariseurs partiellement croisés, l’interféromètre de Sagnac et le pont optique. L'interféromètre de Sagnac se révèle fonctionnellement équivalent aux polariseurs partiellement croisés, avec une sensibilité diminuée par la perte de photons à chacun des séparateurs de faisceaux nécessairement présents dans cette configuration expérimentale. Par contre, il a été démontré précédemment que les interféromètres de Sagnac permettent de faire la distinction entre les rotations dites réciproques et non réciproques, et cette thèse propose de nouvelles géométries de Sagnac pour distinguer les rotations en fonction de leurs symétries en temps et en parité. La technique du pont optique présente les meilleures performances. Elle permet une mesure de l'angle de rotation de Faraday limitée par le bruit de photons, même avec des puissances lumineuses importantes reçues par les détecteurs, ce qui permet d'obtenir la meilleure figure de mérite possible. Dans les expériences conduites sur des matériaux magnétiques, un bruit de quelques nrad/√Hz a été mesuré pour une puissance de sonde de 10 mW. Une série de mesures de rotation Faraday pompe-sonde à température ambiante a été réalisée sur GaAs pompé optiquement. Les plus grands signaux sont obtenus lorsque le moment magnétique généré et détecté est maximisé en focalisant fortement les faisceaux pompe et sonde et en choisissant une longueur d'onde de la sonde accordée à une résonance optique dans la structure électronique. Les mesures en champ magnétique transversal montrent un champ Hanle de 0.43 T, à partir duquel on déduit la durée de vie de spin de 88 ps. / This work explores the use of the magneto-optical Kerr effect to study conduction electron spin dynamics in non-magnetic semiconductors when pumped with circularly polarized photons. Typically, non-equilibrium, optically-induced magnetic moments in non-magnetic semiconductors are orders of magnitude smaller than those of magnetized materials, including both magnetic and non-magnetic materials in an external magnetic field. The magneto-optical Kerr effect in principal offers sufficient sensitivity to detect such small magnetic moment via a measurement of the Faraday rotation angle of a probe beam in the photon shot noise limit. Three detection configurations have been experimentally compared: partially crossed polarizers, a Sagnac interferometer and an optical bridge. The Sagnac interferometer is shown to be functionally equivalent to partially crossed polarizers, although its sensitivity is compromised by lost photons at each of the obligatory beam splitters present in such a geometry. On the other hand, it has previously been shown that Sagnac interferometers can distinguish between so-called reciprocal and non-reciprocal rotations, and this thesis proposes novel Sagnac geometries to distinguish rotations according to their time and parity symmetries. The optical bridge technique allows for a photon-shot noise limited measurement of the Faraday rotation angle, even with large photon intensities on the detectors, thereby yielding the best possible figure-of-merit. In demonstrations on magnetic materials, a noise floor of a few nrad//√Hz was measured for a probe power of 10 mW. A series of room-temperature, pump-probe Faraday rotation measurements is performed on optically pumped GaAs to compare and contrast this method with standard polarized photo-luminescence techniques. The largest signals are found when the locally probed moment is maximized by strongly focusing the pump and probe beams, and by choosing a probe wavelength tuned to an optical resonance in the electronic structure. Measurements in transverse magnetic field show a Hanle field of 0.43 T, from which the spin lifetime of 88 ps is deduced.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17984号 / 工博第3813号 / 新制||工||1584(附属図書館) / 80828 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山川 宏, 教授 松尾 哲司, 准教授 中村 武恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19310号 / 工博第4107号 / 新制||工||1633(附属図書館) / 32312 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山川 宏, 教授 松尾 哲司, 准教授 中村 武恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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